Class 09 | Science | Chapter 07

Motion
Introduction:
1. Differentiate between rest and motion.
An object is said to be in motion if its position changes with respect to its
surroundings in a given time. On the other hand, if the position of the object does
not change with respect to its surroundings, it is said to be at rest.

2. What is reference point called in physics?

A reference point is a place or object used for comparison to determine if something
is in motion. An object is in motion if it changes position relative to a reference point.

3. Differentiate between scalar and vector quantity.

Scalar Vector
A scalar quantity has only magnitude, Vector quantity has both magnitude
but no direction. and direction.
It changes with the change in their It changes with the change in their
magnitude. direction or magnitude or both.
Examples: mass, distance, time, speed Examples: Weight, velocity,
etc. acceleration etc.

Distance and Displacement

4. Differentiate between distance and displacement.

Distance Displacement
The complete length of the path between any Displacement is the direct length between any
two points is called distance. two points when measured along the minimum
path between them.

Distance can only have positive values. Displacement can be positive, negative and
even zero.
Denoted By - d Denoted by - s
To calculate distance, the direction is not To calculate displacement, the direction is
considered. taken into consideration.
Distance is a scalar quantity as it only Displacement is a vector quantity as it depends
depends upon the magnitude and not the upon both magnitude and direction.
direction.

Questions
1. John travels 250 miles to North but then back-tracks to South for 105 miles to pick
up a friend. What is John’s total displacement?

2. An athlete covers 3 rounds on a circular track of radius 50 m. Calculate the total

distance and displacement travelled by him.

3. A car travels along a straight road 100 m east then 50 m west. Find distance and
displacement of the car.
4. A person walks 4 meters east, then walks 3 meters north. Determine distance and
displacement.
5. An object has moved through a distance. Can it have zero displacement? If yes,
support your answer with an example.
6. A farmer moves along the boundary of a square field of side 10 m in 40 s. What will
be the magnitude of displacement of the farmer at the end of 2 minutes 20 seconds
from his initial position?
7. Which of the following is true for displacement?

(a) It cannot be zero.

(b) Its magnitude is greater than the distance travelled by the object.

8. An athlete completes one round of a circular track of diameter 200 m in 40 s. What

will be the distance covered and the displacement at the end of 2 minutes 20 s?

Uniform and Non – Uniform Motion

5. Differentiate between Uniform Motion and Non – Uniform Motion.
Speed and Velocity
6. Differentiate between speed and Velocity.

7. Give the formula of Average speed and Average velocity.

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 =
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑇𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛

𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 + 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦

𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 =
2

Questions

1. An object travels 16 m in 4 s and then another 16 m in 2 s. What is the average

speed of the object? [Ans. 5.33 m/s]
2. The odometer of a car reads 2000 km at the start of a trip and 2400 km at the end
of the trip. If the trip took 8 h. calculate the average speed of the car in km/h and
m/s. [Ans. 50 km/h; 13.9 m/s]
3. Usha swims in a 90 m long pool. She covers 180 m in one minute by swimming
from one end to the other and back along the same straight path. Find the
average speed and average velocity of Usha. [Ans. 3 m/s; 0]
4. Ahmed is moving in his car with a velocity of 45 km/h. How much distance will he
cover (a) in one minute and (b) in one second? [Ans. 750 m; 12.5m]
5. An electric train is moving with a velocity of 120 km/h. How much distance will it
move in 30s? [Ans. 1000 m]
6. A body is moving with a velocity of 15 m/s. If the motion is uniform, what will be
the velocity after 10 s? [Ans. 15 m/s ]
 7. A train travels some distance with a speed of 30 km/h and returns with a speed of 45
km/h. Calculate the average speed of the train. [Ans. 36 km/h]
8. A train 100 m long moving on a straight level track passes a pole in 5 s. Find (a) the
speed of the train (b) the time it will take to cross a bridge 500 m long. [Ans. (a) 20
m/s (b) 30 s]
9. A car travels along a straight line for first half time with speed 40 km/h and the second
half time speed 60 km/h. Find the average speed of the car. [ Ans. 50 km/h]
10. A motorcyclist drives from A to B with a uniform speed of 30 km h-¹ and returns back
with a speed of 20 km h-¹. Find its average speed. [ Ans. 24 km/h]

Acceleration:
8. Define Acceleration. Give its SI unit.
Acceleration is defined as the change in the velocity of an object with respect to
time.
The SI unit of acceleration is m/s2.

9. How can you change acceleration of an object?

Acceleration is the name we give to any process where the velocity changes. Since
velocity is a speed with direction, so we can change the acceleration of an object by
bringing: change in the speed or change in the direction—or by changing both.

10. Differentiate between uniform and non – uniform acceleration.

Uniform Acceleration Non-Uniform acceleration

If an object experiences an equal rise in If an object's velocity changes by uneven
velocity over an equal period of time, it is amounts across equal time intervals, it is
said to travel with uniform acceleration. said to have non-uniform acceleration.

For uniform acceleration, the velocity-time A curving line represents the velocity-time
graph is linear. graph for non-uniform acceleration.

For example, An object in free fall Examples: all circular motion patterns in
experiences uniform acceleration. which the direction changes at each point
while the speed remains constant.

Questions

1. Starting from a stationary position, Rahul paddles his bicycle to attain a velocity of 6
m s–1 in 30 s. Then he applies brakes such that the velocity of the bicycle comes
down to 4 m s-1 in the next 5 s. Calculate the acceleration of the bicycle in both the
cases.
2. A bus decreases its speed from 90 km h−1 to 54 km h−1 in 5 s. Find the acceleration
of the bus.
 3. A bus decreases its speed from 80 km h–1 to 60 km h–1 in 5 s. Find the acceleration
of the bus.
4. A train starting from a railway station and moving with uniform acceleration attains
a speed 40 km h−1 in 10 minutes. Find its acceleration.
5. A motorboat starting from rest on a lake accelerates in a straight line at a constant
rate of 3.0 m s–2 for 8.0 s. How far does the boat travel during this time?

Distance – time graph: Slope of D – t graph

𝑑2 − 𝑑1
𝑚=
𝑡2 − 𝑡1

Slope of v – t graph
Velocity – time graph: 𝑣2 − 𝑣1
𝑚=
𝑡2 − 𝑡1

Area under the v – t graph = Displacement

 Questions

1. What is the nature of the distance-time graphs for uniform and non-uniform
motion of an object? 2.
2. What can you say about the motion of an object whose distance-time graph is a
straight line parallel to the time axis?
3. What can you say about the motion of an object if its speed - time graph is a
straight line parallel to the time axis?
4. What is the quantity which is measured by the area occupied below the velocity-
time graph?
5. The graph in below figure shows the positions of a body at different times.
Calculate the speed of the body as it moves from (i) A to B (ii) B to C and (iii) C to D.

6. The velocity time graph of an ascending passenger lift is given below. What is the
acceleration of the lift: (i) during the first two seconds (ii) between 2nd and 10th
second (iii) during the last two seconds.
Figure - B

7. A car is moving on a straight road with uniform acceleration. The following table
gives the speed of the car at various instants of time:
Time (s) 0 10 20 30 40 50
Speed 5 10 15 20 25 30
(m/s)
Draw the speed time graph choosing a convenient scale. Determine from it (i) the
acceleration of the car (ii) the distance travelled by the car in 50 sec.

8. The graph given shown above in fig. (b) is the velocity-time graph for a moving
body. Find (i) velocity of the body at point C (ii) acceleration acting on the body
between A and B (iii) acceleration acting on the body between B and C.
Equations of Motion:

𝟏. 𝒗 = 𝒖 + 𝒂𝒕
𝟏
𝟐. 𝒔 = 𝒖𝒕 + 𝒂𝒕𝟐
𝟐
𝟑. 𝟐𝒂𝒔 = 𝒗𝟐 − 𝒖𝟐

UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION:

• When an object moves in a circular path with a constant velocity, its motion is
called uniform circular motion. In uniform circular motion, the magnitude of the
velocity is constant at all points and the direction of the velocity changes
continuously.

• We know that the circumference of a circle of radius r is given by 2 r . If the

athlete takes t seconds to go once around the circular path of radius r, the velocity
v is given by
2𝜋𝑟
𝑣=
𝑡

Questions

1. A car increases its speed from 20 km/h to 50 km/h in 10 seconds. What is its acceleration?
2. A ship is moving at a speed of 56km/h. One second later, it is moving at 58km/h. What is its
acceleration?
3. A scooter acquires a velocity of 36km/h in 10 seconds just after the start. Calculate the
acceleration of the scoter.
4. A racing car has uniform acceleration of 4m/s2 . What distance will it cover in 10 seconds
after start?
5. A car acquires a velocity of 72km/h in 10 seconds starting from rest. Find (a) the
acceleration (b) the average velocity (c) the distance travelled in this time.
6. A body is accelerating at a constant rate of 10m/s2 . If the body starts from rest, how much
distance will it cover in 2 seconds?
7. An object undergoes an acceleration of 8m/s2 starting from rest. Find the distance travelled
in 1 second.
8. A moving train is brought to rest within 20 seconds by applying brakes. Find the initial
velocity, if the retardation due to brakes is 2m/s2 .
9. A car accelerates uniformly from 18km/h to 36 km/h in 5 seconds. Calculate (i) acceleration
and (ii) the distance covered by the car in that time.
10. A body starts to slide over a horizontal surface with an initial velocity of 0.5 m/s. Due to
friction, its velocity decreases at the rate of 0.05 m/s2 . How much time will it take for the
body to stop?
11. A train starting from the rest moves with a uniform acceleration of 0.2 m/s2 for 5 minutes.
Calculate the speed acquired and the distance travelled in this time.
12. A bus was moving with a speed of 54 km/h. On applying brakes, it stopped in 8 seconds.
Calculate the acceleration and the distance travelled before stopping.
13. A motor cycle moving with a speed of 5 m/s is subjected to an acceleration of 0.2 m/s 2 .
Calculate the speed of the motor cycle after 10 seconds and the distance travelled in this
time.
14. The brakes applied to a car produce an acceleration of 6 m/s2 in the opposite direction to
the motion. If the car takes 2 seconds to stop after the application of brakes, calculate the
distance it travels during this time.
15. A train starting from rest attains a velocity of 72 km/h in 5 minutes. Assuming that the
acceleration is uniform, find (i) the acceleration and (ii) the distance travelled by the train
for attaining this velocity.
16. Calculate the speed of the tip of second’s hand of a watch of length 1.5 cm.
17. A cyclist goes once round a circular track of diameter 105m in 5 minutes. Calculate his
speed.
18. A cyclist moving on a circular track of radius 50m complete revolution in 4 minutes. What is
his (i) average speed (ii) average velocity in one full revolution?
19. The length of minutes hand of a clock in 5 cm. Calculate its speed.
20. A car starts from rest and moves along the x-axis with constant acceleration 5m/s2 for 8
seconds. If it then continues with constant velocity, what distance will the car cover in 12
seconds since it started from the rest?
21. An object is dropped from rest at a height of 150m and simultaneously another object is
dropped from rest at a height 100m. What is the difference in their heights after 2 seconds
if both the objects drop with same acceleration? How does the difference in heights vary
with time?