Disorder Symptoms Psychological Causal Factors Biological Causal Factors Treatments
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) Excessive worry Psychoanalytic Viewpoint Neurotransmitter & Neurohormonal Abnormalities Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
restlessness Perceptions of Uncontrollability & Unpredictability GABA Deficiency Mindfulness-Based Therapies
fatigue Reinforcing Properties of Worry Serotonin and Norepinephrine: Medications
difficulty concentrating Negative Consequences of Worry CRH System Combined Therapy
irritability Cognitive Biases for Threatening Information Lifestyle Changes
muscle tension Support Groups
sleep disturbance Self-Care Practices
Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD) Intense fear of social situations Learned Behavior Temperamental Variables Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)
negative evaluation Evolutionary Context Genetic Factors Exposure therapy
avoidance of social interactions Perceptions of Uncontrollability Cognitive restructuring
physical symptoms like sweating and trembling Cognitive Biases Medications
Specific Phobia Intense, irrational fear of specific objects or situations Conditioning, Genetic Predisposition Exposure therapy
avoidance behavior Observational Learning, Brain Structure and Function Participant modeling
physical symptoms Informational Transmission Neurotransmitter Imbalances
Agoraphobia Fear of places or situations where escape is difficult Cognitive Theory of Panic Genetics Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)
panic attacks Comprehensive Learning Theory Brain Activity Medications
avoidance behavior Anxiety Sensitivity and Perceived Control Neurotransmitters Combined Treatments
physical symptoms Behavioral Factors
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD Obsessions (intrusive thoughts) OCD as Learned Behavior Genetics and Heredity Behavioral & Cognitive-Behavioral Treatments
compulsions (repetitive behaviors) OCD and Preparedness Brain Structure and Function Medications
functional impairment Cognitive Causal Factors Neurotransmitters Neurosurgery
Combination Therapy
Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) Depressed mood Severe Life Events & Depression Onset Genetic Factors Medications
loss of interest Stressful Events and Severity of Depression Neurochemical Factors Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
weight changes Independent vs. Dependent Events Hormonal Abnormality Interpersonal Therapy (IPT)
sleep disturbance Mild Stress and Chronic Stress Neurophysiological & Neuroanatomical Influence Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
fatigue, guilt Sleep & Other Biological Rhythms
difficulty concentrating
suicidal thoughts
Persistent Depressive Disorder (PDD) Chronic depressed mood Chronic Stress Genetics Psychotherapy
poor appetite or overeating Negative Thinking Patterns Neurochemical Imbalances Medications
insomnia or hypersomnia Early Life Adversities Brain Structure Abnormalities Lifestyle Modifications
low energy
low self-esteem,
poor concentration
hopelessness
Bipolar I Disorder Manic episodes Stressful Life Events Genetic Predisposition Mood stabilizers (lithium, valproate)
Elevated, expansive, or irritable mood Cognitive Styles Neurochemical Factors antipsychotics
Inflated self-esteem Personality Factors Brain Structure and Function antidepressants
Increased talkativeness psychotherapy (CBT, IPSRT)
decreased need for sleep
Racing thoughts
Distractibility
Increased goal-directed activity
Depressive Episodes:
Depressed mood
Loss of interest or pleasure
Changes in appetite or weight
Sleep disturbances
Fatigue or loss of energy
Feelings of worthlessness or excessive guilt
Difficulty concentrating
Recurrent thoughts of death or suicide
Bipolar II Disorder Hypomanic episodes Stressful Life Events Genetic Predisposition Mood stabilizers (lithium, valproate)
Elevated, expansive, or irritable mood Cognitive Styles Neurochemical Factors antidepressants
Inflated self-esteem Personality Factors Brain Structure and Function psychotherapy (CBT, IPSRT)
Increased talkativeness
decreased need for sleep
Racing thoughts
Distractibility
Increased goal-directed activity
Depressive Episodes:
Depressed mood
Loss of interest or pleasure
Changes in appetite or weight
Sleep disturbances
Fatigue or loss of energy
Difficulty concentrating
Recurrent thoughts of death or suicide
Cyclothymia Hypomanic Phase Chronic Stress Genetics Psychotherapy
Increased physical and mental energy Cognitive Distortions Neurochemical Imbalances Medications
Enhanced creativity and productivity Early Life Adversities Brain Structure Abnormalities Lifestyle Modifications
Elevated mood
Decreased need for sleep
Depressive Phase
Loss of interest or pleasure in activities
Low energy
Feelings of inadequacy
Social withdrawal
Pessimistic and brooding attitude