BAEEE101: Basic Engineering

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Overview

I What is a circuit?
I Current and Voltage
I Power and Energy
I Sample problems
I Types of sources

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Circuit

I Circuit is an interconnection of circuit elements or devices

I It transfers energy from one point to another point

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Figure: (a) General circuit element connected to a battery (b) Practical example.
Charge
I Charge is the electrical property of the matter (C)
I matter → atoms → nucleus
I Nucleus is surrounded by electron cloud

jhfghjgfghkj

(a) (b) (c)

Figure: Atomic structure (a) Silicon (b) Copper (c) Argon

I Conductor is a material in which electrons can move freely

I Ideal conductors offer zero resistance
I Insulators oppose electron flow
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Current
I The net flow of charge gives rise to current (A)
I It is the time rate of change of charge
I dq
Mathematically it is expressed as i = dt

I 1 ampere = 1 coulumb/second
I The charge transferred in the time interval [t0 , t1 ] is
∫t
Q = t01 i dt

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One ; ; Cloud o f \
se co n d ^ ....... |---- 6.24x10’® 1
later i ; J
k electrons

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Figure: Cloud of electrons moving from left to right

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Current contd....

I There are two types of currents

I Direct current (DC), remains constant with time
I Alternating Current (AC), varies sinusoidally with time

(a)
I
i

0 t

0 t

(a) (b)

Figure: Types of current (a) DC (b) AC

I The sinusoidal waveform is represented as A sin(ωt + ϕ)

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Voltage
I Voltage is the energy required to move a unit charge through the
element (V)
I The potential difference or voltage between two points a and b is given
as

dw
vab =
dq
where w is energy (J) and q is charge (C)
a
+

vab

−
b

Figure: Voltage polarity

I The voltage across the element is vab = −vba

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Power

I Power is the rate at which the energy is converted into a particular form
I Mathematically it is expressed as

dw
p=
dt
dw dq
p= = vi
dq dt

I Consider a car battery with v = 12 V and i = 5 A. The head light

converts electrical energy into heat or light
I The battery delivers a power of p = 12 × 5 = 60 watts
I The sign convention is decided by the current direction

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Power contd....
I Power absorbed in Fig. (a) is p = +4 × 3 = +12 W, power supplied in
Fig. (b) is p = −4 × 3 = -12 W

3A 3A

+ −

4V 4V

− +

(a) (b)
(b)

Figure: Power (a) Absorbing power of 12 W (b) Supplying power of 12 W

I The algebraic sum of power in a circuit is zero Σ p = 0

I Energy is the capacity to do work (J)
∫ t1
w= p dt
t0

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Ohms law
I When electric current flows in a wire there will be some opposition to
the flow of current known as resistance (R), R = ρ Al

l i

+
v R
−
Material with
resistivity r
Cross-sectional
area A
(a) (b)

Figure: a) Resistor b) Circuit symbol

I Voltage across a resistor is directly proportional to the current flowing

through the resistor

v α i
v = iR
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Resistor
v
I Resistance (R) is the ability to opposes the current flow, R = Ω
i
I In the previous figure the current flows from higher potential to lower
potential, v = +i R
I If current flows from lower to higher potential then v = −i R
I R can vary from 0 to ∞, R = 0 is short-circuit and R = ∞ is
open-circuit

+ i + i=0

v=0 R=0
v R=∞

−
−

(a)
(a) (b)

Figure: (a) Short circuit (b) Open Circuit

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Resistors...

(a)

(a) (a) (a) (b) (b)

(a) (b) (c) (d)

Figure: Fixed resistors (a) wirewound (b) carbon film (c) Variable resistor
composition type (d) Variable resistor slider pot

(a) (b)
Figure 2.4
Figure: Circuit representation a) variable resistor b) potentiometer
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Resistor..
I Resistor is a linear element (obeys Ohm’s law)

Conductance
I Inverse of the resistance is known as conductance (G)
I It is the ability of an element to allow the current flow

1 i
G= =
R v
I The unit is mho (f) or siemens (S)

I The power dissipated by the resistor is

v2 i2
P = v i = i2 R = =
R G
I Resistor always absorb power (passive element)

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Inductor

(a) (b) ͙Ε͚

Figure: (a) Wire connected to a source (b) Wire coiled into turns

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Inductor....

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(a) (b)
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Figure: Types of current (a) DC (b) AC
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O-4(#!"((D#64!!#4D*,0)3"#*-"#,"&0",#*#*-"#3D3".*#+#&D#4D0)3*,F#0"+4D4D #6-&*#&D#4D0)3*,#4(F#-6#4*#6,P(F#&D0#3%%D
)("(#+#4D0)3*,(#4D#),#"5",10&1#6,!02
I When a time-varying current flows through a coil magnetic field is
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produced. The magnetic field will create a current that opposes the
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changes through it (Lenz’s law). This current will induce some voltage
which is proportional to the rate of change of current

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Inductor....

I It is expressed as

di(t)
vL (t) = L
dt

µN 2 A
L=
l
where L is inductance(H), µ is permeability of the material, N is [Link]
turns, A- cross-sectional area (m2 ) and l is length of the coil (m)
I Inductor acts as short-circuit to dc

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Inductor....

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.
(a) (b) (c)

Figure: Inductors (a) Aircore (b) Iron core (c) Ferrite core

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Inductor....

Figure: Representation of different type of inductors

I The current through the inductor is

∫ t1
1
iL (t) = iL (t0 ) + vL (τ )dτ
L t0
I If the initial current is zero
∫ t1
1
iL (t) = vL (τ )dτ
L t0
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Inductor....

I The power (instantaneous) absorbed by the inductor is

di(t)
pL (t) = vL (t) iL (t) = LiL (t)
dt
I Energy absorbed/delivered by the inductor is

∫ t1 ∫ t1 ( ) ∫ iL (t1 )
diL (τ )
WL (t0 , t1 ) = pL (τ ) = L iL (τ ) dτ = L iL diL
t0 t0 dτ iL (t0 )
1
= L[i2L (t1 ) − i2L (t0 )].
2
I The general expression or zero initial conditions is given as
1 2
WL = Li
2

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Capacitor
Dielectric with permittivity e

Metal plates, + −
each with area A +
+q −q
+ −
+
+ −
+

+ −
v
d

(a) (b)

i C i C

+ v − + v −
(c)

Figure: (a) Capacitor (b) Capacitor connected to source (c) Circuit model

I A capacitor consists of two parallel plates separated by insulator or

(dielectric)
I Plates may be aluminium foil and dielectric may be ceramic, air, paper
and mica
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Capacitor....
I When a voltage source is connected positive charge (+q) is deposited
on one plate and a negative charge (−q) is deposited on the other plate
I Potential difference will be developed between the two plates because
of the two opposite charges
I The potential difference will create electric field (E) between two plates

v
E= , v − supply voltage d − distance b/w two plates
d
I The capacitor stores the energy in electric field
I The amount of charge stored is given as
q
q = Cv ⇒ C =
v
where C is Capacitance
I The ability to store the charge is capacitance, denoted by farad (F)
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Capacitor....

I The capacitance depends on the physical dimension of the capacitor

εA
C=
d
I The current and voltage relation can be obtained from Eq. 1 as

dq dv dv
=C ⇒i=C
dt dt dt
I Capacitors block DC and allows ac
I Voltage across the capacitor cannot change instantaneously
I The voltage equation for the capacitor is given as
∫
1 t1
v(t) = iC (τ )dτ + v(t0 )
C t0

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Capacitor....

I The power delivered by the capacitor is

dv
p = vi = Cv
dt
I The energy stored in the capacitor is

∫ t1 ∫ t1 ∫ v(t1 )
dv
w= p(τ )dτ = C v dτ = C vdv
t0 t0 dτ v(t0 )
1
= C[v2 (t1 ) − v2 (t0 )]
2
I Under zero initial conditions energy is given as
1 2
w= Cv
2

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Capacitor....

Figure: Capacitors

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Summary

Table: Summary of resistor, inductor and capacitor

Qty. Resistor Inductor Capacitor

di 1 ∫t
voltage(v) iR L i(τ )dτ
dt C 0
v 1 ∫ t1 dv
current(i) v(τ )dτ C
R L t0 dt
di(t) dv
power(p) i2 R Li Cv
dt dt
∫ 1 2 1
energy(W) p dt Li C v2
2 2

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Reference

Charles K Alexander, Mathew N O Sadiku, ’Fundamentals of Electric

Circuits’, Tata McGraw Hill.

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