INVESTIGATORY PROJECT ON PHYSICS
A Project Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of Physics Practical
Examination
THE RELATION BETWEEN THE RATIO OF 1. INPUT AND OUTPUT
VOLTAGE 2. NUMBER OF TURNINGS IN THE SECONDARY COIL
AND PRIMARY COIL
NAME:SARANYA R
CLASS:XII
ROLL NO:
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project entitled “THE RELATION
BETWEEN THE RATIO OF 1. INPUT AND OUTPUT VOLTAGE
2. NUMBER OF TURNINGS IN THE SECONDARY COIL AND
PRIMARY” is being submitted by SARANYA R (Roll
No:………………….) during the year 2025-2026 in partial fulfilment
of Physics practical examination Conducted by………………………
…………………………………………………………………………
Teacher’s Signature Examiner’s Signature
INTRODUCTION
The transformer is a device used for converting a low alternating voltage to a high
alternating voltage or vice versa. A Transformer based on the Principle of mutual
induction according to this principle, the amount of magnetic flux linked with a
coil changing, an e.m.f is induced in the neighboring coil. A transformer is an
electrical device which is used for changing the A.C. voltages. A transformer is
most widely used device in both low and high current circuit. As such
transformers are built in an amazing strength of sizes. In electronic, measurement
and control circuits, transformer size may be so small that it weight only a few
tens of grams where as in high voltage power circuits, it may weight hundred of
tones. A transformer which increases the voltages is called a step-up transformer.
A transformer which decreases the A.C. voltages is called a step-down
transformer. Transformer is, therefore, an essential piece of apparatus both for
high and low current circuits.
OBJECTIVE
To investigate the relation between the ratio of: –
1. Input and output voltage.
2. Number of turnings in the secondary coil and primary coil of a self-made
transformer.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
i. Iron rod
ii. Copper wire
iii. Ammeter
iv. Volt meter
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
THEORY
When an altering e.m.f. is supplied to the primary coil p1p2, an alternating current
starts falling in it. The altering current in the primary produces a changing
magnetic flux, which induces altering voltage in the primary as well as in the
secondary. In a good transformer, whole of the magnetic flux linked with primary
is also linked with the secondary, and then the induced e.m.f. induced in each turn
of the secondary is equal to that induced in each turn of the primary. Thus if Ep
and Es be the instantaneous values of the e.m.f induced in the primary and the
secondary and Np and Ns are the no. of turns of the primary secondary coils of
the transformer and
dф / dt = rate of change of flux in each turnoff the coil at this instant, we have
Ep = -Np dф/dt ……………….. (1)
And
Es = -Ns dф/dt ………………..(2)
Since the above relations are true at every instant, so by dividing 2 by 1, we get
Es / Ep = - Ns / Np ……………(3)
As Ep is the instantaneous value of back e.m.f induced in the primary coil p1, so
the instantaneous current in primary coil is
due to the difference (E – Ep ) in the instantaneous values of the applied and back
e.m.f. further if Rp is the resistance o, p1p2 coil,
then the instantaneous current Ip in the primary coil is given by
Ip = E – Ep / Rp
E – Ep = Ip Rp
Thus back e.m.f = input e.m.f
Hence equation 3 can be written as
Es / Ep = Es / E
= output e.m.f / input e.m.f
= Ns / Np = K
Where K is constant, called turn on transformation ratio.
PROCEDURE
1. Take thick iron rod and cover it with a thick paper and wind a large number
of turns of thin Cu wire on thick paper (say 60). This constitutes primary
coil of the transformer.
2. Cover the primary coil with a sheet of paper and wound relatively smaller
number of turns (say 20) of thick copper wire on it. This constitutes the
secondary coil. It is a step down transformer.
3. Connect p1, p2 to A.C main and measure the input voltage and current
using A.C voltmeter and ammeter respectively.
4. Similarly, measure the output voltage and current through s1and s2.
5. Now connect s1and s2to A.C main and again measure voltage and current
through primary and secondary coil of step up transformer.
6. Repeat all steps for other self made transformers by changing number of
turns in primary and secondary coil.
OBSERVATION
1. Least count of AC Voltmeters
2. Zero error Voltmeters
3. Range of Voltmeters
4. L.C of AC Ammeter
5. Zero error of ammeter
6. Range error of ammeter
7. Applied AC Voltage
8. Number of turns in primary coil
9. Number of turns in secondary coil
[Link] in primary coil
[Link] in primary coil
[Link] in secondary coil
[Link] in secondary coil
CONCLUSIONS
1. The output voltage of the transformer across the secondary coil depends
upon the ratio (Ns/Np) with respect to the input voltage.
2. The output voltage of the transformer across the secondary coil depends
upon the ratio (Ns/N p) with respect to the input voltage.
3. There is a loss of power between input and output coil of a transformer.
PRECAUTIONS
1. Keep safe yourself from high voltage.
2. While taking the readings of current and voltage the A.C should remain
constant.
SOURCES OF ERROR
1. Values of current can be changed due to heating effect.
2. Eddy current can change the readings.
GRAPH
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Help from Teachers
2. Help from Internet
3. NCERT Text book