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Noun Phrases

Modification

Noun Phrase

 There are several possible words

that can join together with a noun to
create what is called a noun phrase.

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Modification

Adjectives

Determiners

Adjectives

Adjectives are words that describe

or modify other words.
Black(Adj) pen(N)

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Adjectives

Adjectives can identify or modify

person, place, thing or state in the
sentence.
Good man perfect job
Amazing place horrible boredom

Adjectives

Adjectives are usually positioned

before the noun or the pronoun
that they modify.

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Types of Adjectives

 There are five kinds of adjectives :

Types of Adjectives
 There are five kinds of adjectives :
1) Descriptive Adjective

2) Possessive Adjective

3) Demonstrative Adjective

4) Numeral Adjective

5) Interrogative Adjective

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One of them is Descriptive adjectives :

JOYFUL WEDDING
HAPPY COUPLE
WHITE DRESS

Four of them are limiting adjectives :

1) Possessive Adjective
My room is tidy

2) Demonstrative Adjective
Those items are expensive

3) Numeral Adjective
The third plate is mine

4) Interrogative Adjective
What book are you reading?

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Adjectives specify the qualities of the noun’s

content.
enough coffee beans
“coffee” describe the kind of beans
The word “enough”
Quantify the beans

Descriptive Adjectives

 We use adjectives to describe or give

more information about nouns.

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Descriptive Adjectives

Descriptive
Adjectives

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Adjectives

Descriptive Adjectives

 Most adjectives
can be used in
front of a noun.

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Negative Positive

Adjectives
The flower
Tells more about
the flower but limits
the application (it
rules out all other
qualities).

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Adjectives
The wet orange flower‘

Tells still more, but

expanding the field
still further.
Wetness and colour

The wet swaying orange flower

Swaying enrich the description

; yet, limits the application

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How may Adjectives

look like?

How may Adjectives

look like?

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Negative Adjectives
 un-: unhappy, unfortunate, unpleasant;
 in-: inaccurate, inartistic, inattentive;
 im-: impossible, imperfect. immodest
 ir-: irresponsible, irregular. irresolute;
 il-: illegal, illegitmate
 dis-: disagreeable; disrespectful dishonest;
 -less helpless ,hapless, useless valueless.

Adjectives
 Adjectives can be used attributively when they qualify a
noun

Henry is an honest hardworking boy.

John has a new, powerful and very, expensive car,

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Adjectives
 Adjectives can be used attributively when they
qualify a noun

 Attributive adjectives come before the noun as

PREMODIFIER

Adjectives
 Adjectives can be used Predicatively: a part of a
predicate

Richard is very tired, The dog was hungry.

I thought him intelligent, That boiler makes the water hot.
His efforts proved useless; Tom has fallen asleep.
Mary dyed her hair brown,

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Adjectives
 Most adjectives can be used ATTRIBUTIVELY or
PREDICATIVELY; but some, especially those that
begin with a~ can only be used PREDICATIVELY.
asleep; alone; awake; afloat,
afraid; ashamed; alive; aware;
unable.
Some can only be used ATTRIBUTIVELY
former, latter, inner, outer

ADJECTIVES functioning as NOUNS

 Adjectives preceded by the definite article and, If
so, they, refer to people. They are plural in
meaning and take plural verbs,
 The blind are taught trades at St. Dunstan's to fit them
for work in the world.
 The nurses must look after the sick and the wounded, the
old and the young.
 Fortune prefers the brave

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NOUNS functioning as ADJECTIVES

 Words that are generally nouns can act as adjectives, e.g.
 a stone wall, a leather belt, a gold watch, a silver wedding,
a Turkey carpet, the University football match...spring
onions, A corner seat (in a railway carriage), a garden
table, rubber gloves. a cotton frock, lawn tennis, a
London policeman, Shakespeare play, rice pudding, the
Loch Ness monster.

PARTICIPLES functioning as ADJECTIVES

 Many participles, both present and past have all
the characteristics of adjectives, thus, they can
be used attributively or predicatively;
 They can be modified by adverbs like, very;
too; quite;
 They form their comparative by adding more
and superlative' by adding most

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PRESENT PARTICIPLES
 He told a very amusing story.
 They made a lasting impression on my mind.

 My flight was a terrifying experience.

 He is a never-failing help in time of trouble.

PARTICIPLES functioning as ADJECTIVES

 Henry is a more promising pupil than Richard,
but John is the most promising them all.

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PAST PARTICIPLES

 The was a lot of broken bottles

 A confused mob stormed the MP with eggs

 The exhausted man fell asleep

COMPARISON and ADJECTIVES

Comparison can express
 equality

 Superiority

 Inferiority

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COMPARISON and ADJECTIVES

 There are three degrees of Comparison:

Positive Comparative Superlative
old older oldest
hot hotter hottest
careful more careful most careful

Possessive
Adjectives

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Possesive Adjectives
 Possessive Adjectives are different
from Possessive Pronouns.
This is your book (possessive adjective)
and this is mine (possessive pronoun).

1. Possesive Adjectives

We use Possessive
adjectives more in the
sense of relationship
than ownership.

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Possesive Adjectives

(ii) for relations and friends:

My mother is a doctor.
How old is your sister?

Possesive Adjectives
We use possessive adjectives to show
(i) something belongs to somebody:

That’s our house.

My car is very old.

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Possesive Adjectives

(iii)for parts of the body:

He’s broken his arm.

She’s washing her hair.
I need to clean my teeth.

1. Possesive Adjectives

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Possesive Adjectives
1. She brushes teeth three
times a day.

Possesive Adjectives
2. We are checking luggage in. Can I call you
back in five minutes?

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Possesive Adjectives
3. The dog wagged tail when it saw the postman.

Possesive Adjectives
4. Do you open eyes under water?

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Possesive Adjectives
5. I can't touch toes
any more. Time to go to the
gym.

Determiners
 Determiners are words which come at the beginning of
the noun phrase to determine it’s referents number,
scope and volume.

Determiners tell us whether the noun phrase is

general or specific .

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Indefinite Articles a, an

Definite Article the

Determiners

Cardinals One , two, three , …

Ordinals first, second, last

Quantifiers: Partitive Some, most, much few

Quantifiers: Intensifiers Each, whole, every, both

Demonstrative This, that, these, those

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• This / These are used to talk about/point

to people, animals or things which are
near us.

• That / Those are used to talk about/point

to people, animals or things which are far
away from us.

THIS THAT THESE THOSE

That boy

This girl

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Tom:THIS
These
THATflowers are for you, Miss.
THESE THOSE

Kim: And this apple is for you, Miss

Martha: Thank you.

What’s
that
mum?

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It’s a
Bull,
dear

What are
those
mum?

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Those are
cows, dear

This - These That - Those

(far)
(near)

That is a cat.
This is a rabbit.

(near) (far)
These are rabbits.
Those are cats.

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............shoes. ............ eagle.

These
............shoes. That eagle.
............

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.......... balloons. .......... hat.

Those
.......... balloons.
This hat.
..........

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Cardinal numbers

Cardinal and ordinal numbers specify the

reference of countable nouns

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Cardinal numbers

Cardinal numbers say how many people or

things there are.
Examples:
 Ron is ten years old.

Cardinal numbers

There are five books on the desk.

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Cardinal numbers

Ron is second runner.

Indefinite Articles
A & AN

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Indefinite articles

Indefinite articles

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Indefinite articles

Indefinite articles

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Indefinite articles
 In English, the two indefinite articles are a and an.
 You use one or the other, depending on the first letter of the
word following the article, for pronunciation reasons.
Use a when the next word starts with a consonant,
 Use a before words starting in u and eu when they sound
like you.
 Use an when the next word starts with a vowel (a,e,i,o,u) or
with a mute h.

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Indefinite articles

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Case 1: Referentiality and

Definiteness
I got a new PHONE.

Case 1: Referentiality and

Definiteness
a cheap IPHONE 8.

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Indefinite articles
 Use a to refer to something for the first time

Would you like a drink?

I've finally got a cheap Iphone8.
An elephant and a mouse fell in love.

Case 1: Referentiality and

Definiteness
The IPHONE cost me $750.

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Indefinite articles
 We use the indefinite article, a/an, with

 count nouns when the hearer/reader does not

know exactly which one we are referring to:
Police are searching for a 14 year-old girl.
 We also use it to show the person or thing is one of a
group:
She is a pupil at London Road School.

Use Indefinite
articles ‘a’ with
names of jobs
John is a doctor.

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Use Indefinite articles

‘a’ with names of jobs

Peter is an architect.

Indefinite articles

 Use Indefinite article ‘a’ with

nationalities in the singular

 Mr Bean is an Englishman.

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 Use Indefinite
articles ‘a’ with
names of
religions in the
singular

 George Bush is a
Christian.

Indefinite articles
 Use a with the names of days of the week when
not referring to any particular day.

I was born on a Thursday.

Could I come over on a Saturday sometime?

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Indefinite articles
Indefinite article
Select the reason why the indefinite article is or is not used in each
of the sentences.
(A woman) has the right to a career.
a. We don't know exactly which one
b. One of a group
c. Plural noun
d. Uncount noun
e. A job
f. All things of that kind

Indefinite articles
Indefinite article
Select the reason why the indefinite article is or is not used in each
of the sentences.
(Pandas) eat only one specific type of bamboo.
a. We don't know exactly which one
b. One of a group
c. Plural noun
d. Uncount noun
e. A job
f. All things of that kind

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Indefinite articles
Indefinite article
Select the reason why the indefinite article is or is not used in each
of the sentences.
The house was bought by (an Italian couple)
a. We don't know exactly which one
b. One of a group
c. Plural noun
d. Uncount noun
e. A job
f. All things of that kind

Definite Article
THE

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Indefinite articles:

The
Teacher:

Definite article
 The definite article the is the most frequent word in English.
 We use the definite article in front of a noun when we believe
the hearer/reader knows exactly what we are referring to.

THERE IS ONLY ONE:

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THERE IS ONLY ONE:

The Pope is visiting

Russia.

THERE IS ONLY ONE:

The moon is very bright

tonight.

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THERE IS ONLY ONE:

The Shah of Iran was

deposed in 1979.

Definite article
We live in a small village next to the (the church in our
=
church. village)
(the car that belongs to
Dad, can I borrow the car? =
our family)
When we stayed at my grandmother’s (the beach near my
=
house we went to the beach every day. grandmother’s house)
Look at the boy in the blue shirt over (the boy I am pointing
=
there. at)

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Definite article
This is why we use the
definite article with a
superlative adjective:

 Heis the tallest

boy in the class.

Definite article
This is why we use the
definite article with a
superlative adjective:

This is the oldest mosque in Iraq

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Definite article
 With adjectives like rich, poor, elderly, unemployed to talk
about groups of people:
 Life can be very hard for the poor.
I think the rich should pay more taxes.
She works for a group to help the disabled.

 We have already mentioned it:

A woman who fell 10 metres from High Peak was lifted to safety
by a helicopter. The woman fell while climbing. The rescue is
the latest in a series of incidents on High Peak. In January last
year two men walking on the peak were killed in a fall.

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Definite article:
to say
something
about all the
things referred
to by a noun:
The wolf is not really
a dangerous animal
(= Wolves are not
really dangerous
animals)

Definite article:
toMental
say Spaces
something
about all the
things referred
to by a noun:
The brain controls the
body. (= Hearts
controls bodies)

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USE Definite
Article To refer
to a service:

USE Definite
Article To refer
to a service:

Take the train,

it is faster

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USE Definite Article

To refer to a system

Definite article
We use “the” with:
countries whose
names include words
like kingdom, states
or republic:
the United Kingdom;

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Definite article
As well as:
countries like
Untied states

Definite article
As well as:
countries like
the People’s
Republic of
China :.

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THE with
countries which
have plural nouns as
their names:

the Netherlands;
the Philippines

Definite article
Geographical features,
such as mountain ranges,
groups of islands, rivers, seas,
oceans and canals:
the Himalayas; the Canaries;
the Atlantic Ocean; the Amazon;
the Panama Canal.

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Geographical features,

Liz: We ‘ve been to the

Himalayas once, me and
my husband, you know

Geographical features,

Liz: We ‘ve been to the

Himalayas once, me and
my husband, you know

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Geographical features,

Liz: We ‘ve been to the Sara: My husband took

Himalayas once, me and me to the Canaries for my
my husband, you know honeymoon. We spent
lovely time on the beach

Geographical features,

Liz: We ‘ve been to the Sara: My husband took

Himalayas once, me and me to the Canaries for my
my husband, you know honeymoon. We spent
lovely time on the beach

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Definite article
newspapers:
The Times;
The Washington Post

Well-known
works of art:

The Mona Lisa

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Well-known
buildings
or works
of art:

The Tahj Mahl

Definite article
Organisations:
the United Nations

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We do not normally use

the definite article with
names:

William Shakespeare
wrote Hamlet.

We do not normally use

the definite article with
names:

Paris is the capital of France.

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Adjectives

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