Session : 2025-26 AS PER NEW NTA SYLLABUS

Total Questions : 384

NEET BIOLOGY
[Link] REPRODUCTION
Single Correct Answer Type

1. Milk secreted from the cells of alveoli of mammary lobes reaches to the nipple by Lactiferous duct (L),
Mammary duct (M), mammary Tubule (T) and mammary Ampulla (A) in following order
a) T A M L b) T M A L c) M T A L d) A T M L
2. The diagram shows some of the changes in blood hormone concentration which occur during the
menstrual cycle. Match A,B,C,D,E,F,G and H of graph with the hormones and events given below

Hormones and Events

I. Oestrogen
II. Ovulation
III. Repair of endometrium
IV. Luteinizing hormone
V. Menstruation
VI. Luteal phase
VII. Progesterone
VIII. Ovarian phase
a) I-H, II-G, III-F, IV-E, V-D, VL-C, VII-B, VIII-A b) I-D, II-E, III-F, IV-G, V-H, VI-A, VII-C, VIII-C
c) I-D, II-G, III-F, IV-C, V-H, VI-B, VII-E, VIII-A d) I-A, II-C, III-E, IV-G, V-H, VI-F, VII-D, VIII-B
3. In frog, gastrulation process involves
a) Epiboly b) Emboly c) Invagination d) All of theses
4. Name the most important hormone which causes the uterine contraction strongly
a) Oxytocin b) Inhibin c) Protection d) Progesterone
5. Correct sequence of hormone from beginning of menstrual cycle to the end is
a) FSH, progesterone, LH b) Oestrogen, FSH and progesterone
c) FSH, oestrogen, progesterone d) Oestrogen, progesterone, FSH
6. Which of the following is incorrectly matched?
a) Rabbit – Microlecithal, isolecithal b) Frog – Mesolecithal, telolecithal
c) Human – Mesolecithal, centrolecithal d) Birds – Macrolecithal, telolecithal
7. Capacitation takes place in
a) 12 hrs b) 10 hrs c) 8 hrs d) 6 hrs
8. Grey crescent is the area

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 a) At the point of entry of sperm into ovum
b) Just opposite to the site of entry of sperm into ovum
c) At the animal pole
d) At the vegetal pole
9. Both corpus luteum and macula lutea are
a) Found in human ovaries b) A source of hormones
c) Characterized by a yellow colour d) Contributory in maintaining pregnancy
10. A cross section at the midpoint of the middle piece of a human sperm will show
a) Centriole, mitochondria and 9+2 arrangement of b) Centriole and mitochondria
microtubules
c) mitochondria and 9+2 arrangement of d) 9+2 arrangement of microtubules only
microtubules
11. Fertilization is
a) Fusion of male and female gametes b) Fission of male and female gametes
c) Formation of gametes d) Formation of embryo
12. Cleavage is
a) Meiosis of zygote into blastomeres b) Mitosis of zygote into blastomeres
c) Reductional division of zygote d) Reductional division of embryo
13. How many phases (stages) are there in menstrual cycle?
a) 2 b) 6 c) 4 d) 5
14. Rapid secretion of LH in ovulation causes
a) Repturing of Graafian follicle b) Releasing of ove
c) Ovulation d) All of the above
15. The phase of menstrual cycle in humans that lasts for 7-8 days, is
a) Follicular phase b) Ovulatory phase c) Luteal phase d) Menstruation
16. Correct sequence in development is
a) Fertilization → zygote → cleavage → morula → blastula → gastrula
b) Fertilization → zygotes → blastula → cleavage → gastrula
c) Fertilization → cleavage → morula → zygote → blastula
d) cleavage → zygote → morula → zygote → blastula
17. Fertilization of ovum takes place in rabbit, man and other placental mammals in
a) Ovary b) Fallopian tube c) Cervix d) Uterus
18. Placenta acts as an
a) Endocrine gland b) Exocrine gland c) Apocrine gland d) Merocrine gland
19. Extraembryonic membranes, chorion and amnion are formed by
a) Inner mass cells b) Trophoblast c) Both (a) and (b) d) None of these
20. Extraembryonic membranes are also called
a) Foetal membranes b) Embryonic membranes
c) Outer membranes d) Inner membranes
21. Capacitation of sperm occurs in
a) Female genital tract b) Vas deferens c) Vas efferens d) Vagina
22. Temporary storage of sperms takes place in
a) Vasa deferentia b) Vasa efferentia c) Epididymis d) Rete testis
23. The immediate cause of induction of ovulation in female is the large plasma surge of
a) Progesterone b) Oestriadiol c) LH d) FSH
24. Which hormone level increases in the luteal phase?
a) LH b) Progesterone c) Testosterone d) FSH
25. Process of maturation and development of sperm is called
a) Oogenesis b) Spermatogenesis c) Spermiogenesis d) None of these
26. The collective term used for acrosomal chemicals is
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 a) Sperm living b) Sperm lysins c) Pectinase d) Cellulase
27. Which of the following structures are derivatives of the endoderm?
a) Alimentary canal and respiratory structure b) Muscles and blood
c) Excretory and reproductive structure d) Skin and nerve cord
28. Graafian follicle contains
a) Oogaonial cells b) Corpus luteum
c) Theca externa and theca interna d) Corpus albicans
29. If mammalian ovum fails to get fertilized, which one of the following is unlikely?
a) Corpus luteum will disintegrate b) Oestrogen secretion further decreases
c) Primary follicle starts developing d) Progesterone secretion rapidly declines
30. Identify 𝐴, 𝐵 and 𝐶 in the following figure

a) A-Secondary spermatocytes, B-Primary b) A-Spermatids, B-Primary spermatocytes, C-

spermatocytes, C-Spermatids Spermatocytes
c) A-Spermatids, B-Secondary spermatocytes, C- d) A-Primary spermatocytes, B-Secondary
Primary spermatocytes spermatocytes, C-Spermatids
31. Which is regarded as urinary bladder of embryo?
a) Amnion b) Allantois c) Chorion d) Yolk sac
32. Each ovary is bout 2-4 cm in length connected to the …A… wall by …B… Each ovary is covered by a thin
epithelium which encloses the ovarian stroma. Stroma is divided into two zones …C… and …D…
Fill the suitable choices for A to D
a) A-inner medulla, B-peripheral cortex, C-ligament, D-pelvic wall
b) A- pelvic, B- ligament, C- peripheral cortex, D- inner medulla
c) A- pelvic, B-peripheral cortex, C-ligament, D- inner medulla
d) A-inner medulla, B-peripheral cortex, C-ligament, D-pelvic wall
33. The female structures that corresponds (homologous) to the scrotum of the male are
a) Labia Minora b) Labia majora c) Clitoris d) Urethral folds
34. Which part of ovary in mammals acts as an endocrine gland after ovulation
a) Graafian follicle b) Stroma c) Germinal epithelium d) Vitelline membrane
35. According to which theory, ageing is due to accumulation of harmful protein?
a) Error catastrophe b) Free radicle c) Cross linking d) Somatic mutation
36. Vasa efferentia are the ductules leading from
a) Testicular lobules to rete testis b) rete testes to vas deferens
c) Vas deferens to epididymis d) Epididymis to urethra
37. Hormone injected by doctors to induce delivery is
a) Inhibin b) Oxytocin c) Oestrogen d) Prolactin
38. Which one of the following is the most likely reason of not occurring regular menstruation cycle in
females?
a) Fertilization of the ovum b) Maintenance of the hypertrophical endometrial
lining
c) Maintenance of high concentration of sex- d) Retention of well-developed cropus luteum
hormones in the blood stream
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39. Corpus luteum release
a) Oestrogen b) Progesterone c) Both (a) and (b) d) Androgen
40. In the human female, menstruation can be deferred by the administration of
a) LH only b) Combination of FSH and LH
c) Combination of oestrogen and progesterone d) FSH only
41. Which of the following embryonic-membrane structure is excretory in function?
a) Amnion b) Allantois c) Yolk sac d) Vitelline chorion
42. I. Sperm cells the immediately when they are released from the body and are placed in a petri plate.
II. Semen contains chemicals that causes females smooth muscles to contract
a) Statement I is true, but II is false b) Both statements I and II are false
c) Statement I is false, but II is true d) Both statements are true
43. The diagram shows the changes that take place in the endometrium during a normal menstruation

a) A-ovulation; B-menstruation b) A-ovulation; C-menstruation

c) C-ovulation; A-menstruation d) B-ovulation; D-menstruation
44. Sertoli’s cells are found in
a) Ovaries and secrete progesterone b) Adrenal cortex and secrete adrenaline
c) Seminiferous tubules and provide nutrition to d) Pancreas and secrete cholecystokinin
germ cells
45. Ovum receives the sperm in the region of
a) Animal pole b) Vegetal pole c) Equator d) Pigmented area
46. hCS (Human Chorionic Somatomammotrophin) previously called
a) Human placental lactogen (hPL) b) Chorionic thyrotrophin
c) Chorionic corticotropin d) Relaxin
47. Women who consumed the drug thalidomide for relief from vomiting during early months of pregnancy
gave birth to children with
a) No spleen b) Hare-lip
c) Extra fingers and toes d) Under developed limbs
48. Which of the following is not correct for gasrtulation?
a) Archenteron is formed b) All germinal layers are formed
c) Morphogenetic movements d) Some blastomeres and blastocoel degenerate
49. Release of semen by penis into vagina during copulation (coitus) is called
a) Insemination b) Fertilisaton c) Zygote d) Gametogenesis
50. Temperature of human testis is
a) 2-2.5 below body temperature b) 38°C
c) 33°C d) 2.25 above body temperature
51. Follicular phase is also called
a) Secretory phase b) Luteal phase c) Proliferative phase d) Menstrual phase
52. Name 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶 chormones in the given figure

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 a) A-Prostaglandin, B-Oxytocin, C-Oestrogen
b) A- Oestrogen, B-Oxytocin, C- Prostaglandin
c) A- Oestrogen, B- Prostaglandin, C- Oxytocin
d) A-Prostaglandin, B- Oestrogen, C- Oxytocin
53. The vasa efferentia leave the testis and opens into the …A…, located along the …B… surface. Here A and B
refers to
a) A-rete testis; B-epididymis b) A-epididymis; B- rete testis
c) A-epididymis; B-posterior d) A-epididymis; B-anterior
54. Where do sperms get matured?
a) In seminal vesicle b) Seminiferous tubules
c) In epididymis d) Vasa efferentia
55. Sertoli cells are also called
a) Subtentacular cells b) Sperm cells c) Interstitial cells d) Leyding cells
56. Given below the diagram refers to the TS of testis showing sectional view of a few seminiferous tubules

a) A-Sertoli cells, B-Secondary spermatocyte, C-Interstitial cells, D-Sperms

b) A-Interstitial cells, B-Spermatogonia, C-Sertoli cells, D-Sperms
c) A-Sertoli cells, B-Spermatozoa, C-Interstitial cells, D-Sperms
d) A-Sertoli cells, B- Spermatogonia, C-Interstitial cells, D-Sperms
57. Lobules contain cluster of cells called …A… which secretes …B… . Alveoli opens into mammary tubules,
which joins to form ….C…
A, B and C here, refers to
a) A-milk, B-alveoli, C-mammary duct b) A- mammary duct, B-alveoli, C- milk
c) A- mammary duct, B- milk, C- alveoli d) A- alveoli, B- milk, C-mammary duct
58. Female pronucleus is
a) Cytoplasm of ovum
b) Nucleus of ovum
c) Nucleus of quaternary oocyte
d) Both (b) and (c)
59. Correct statement with reference to a test tube bay is

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 a) The fertilized egg is placed in the womb of the mother where the gastrula period is completed
b) Unfertilized egg is placed in the womb and allowed to grow parthenogenetically
c) A prematurely born baby is reared in an incubator
d) Fertilized egg is taken out and grown in a large test tube
60. Ovum is
a) Secondary oocyte b) Primary oocyte c) Tertiary oocyte d) None of these
61. Sperm lysins contains
a) Hyaluronidase
b) Corona penetrating enzyme
c) Acrosin
d) All of the above
62. The seminal plasma along with the sperm is called
a) Spermatid b) Spermatozoa c) Semen d) All of these
63. The superior portion of the uterus is
a) Body b) Cervix c) Fundus d) Infundibulum
64. hCG (Human Chorionic Gonado trophin) and hPL (Human Placental Lactogen) are released
a) Before pregnancy
b) During pregnancy
c) At parturition
d) During lactating stage
65. Process of delivery of the foetus is called
a) Parturition b) Implantation c) Fertilization d) Lactation
66. At which stage of the cell cycle, secondary oocyte gets arrested before pregnancy?
a) Anaphase-I b) Prophase-II c) Metaphase-III d) Telohase-I
67. Lactation produces milk
a) Towards the end of pregnancy b) Towards the beginning pregnancy
c) Towards the beginning of puberty d) Through out the life cycle
68. Which one of the following statements with regard to embryonic development in humans is correct?
a) Cleavage divisions bring about considerable increase in the mass of protoplasm
b) In the second cleavage division, one of the two blastomeres usually divides a little sooner than the
second
c) With more cleavage divisions, the resultant blastomeres become larger and larger
d) Cleavage division results in a hollow ball of cells called morula
69. Which of the following hormones is not a secretory product of human placenta?
a) Human chorionic gonadotropin b) Prolactin
c) Oestrogen d) Progesterone
70. Hyaluroniadase acts on ground tissue of …A… cells. Corona penetrating enzyme dissolves the …B… and
zonalysin dissolve the ….C… . Here A, B and C refers to
a) A-follicle, B-corona radiata, C-zona pellucida
b) A- zona pellucida, B-corona radiata, C- follicle
c) A-follicle, B- zona pellucida, C-zona radiata
d) A- corona radiata, B- zona pellucida, C- follicle
71. The corpus luteum secretes progesterone which negatively feeds back and inhibits the release of
a) ABP and ICSH b) LH and ICSH c) LH and FSH d) FSH and TSH
72. Find out spermatid and Sertoli cell in given diagram

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 a) D to E b) E to F c) A to C d) B to E
73. During embryonic development, endoskeleton and muscle develop from which germinal layer?
a) Ectoderm b) Endoderm c) Mesoderm d) Blastopore
74. Eggs which have yolk in the centre surrounded by cytoplasm are called
a) Centrolecithal b) Homolecithal c) Microlecithal d) Alecithal
75. Whether a child died after normal birth or died before birth can be confirmed by measuring
a) Tidal volume of air b) Residual volume of air
c) The weight of the child d) The dead space air
76. The movement of spermatozoa, from the epididymal duct and seminal fluid into the ejaculatory duct to
urethra is under the control of
a) Parasympathetic and sympathetic nerve
b) Parasympathetic nerve only
c) Sometimes sympathetic and sometimes parasympathetic nerves
d) Sympathetic nerve only
77. Sertoli’s cell are regulated by the pituitary hormone known as
a) FSH b) GH c) Prolactin d) LH
78. Inflammation of the seminiferous tubules could interfere with the ability to
a) Make semen alkaline b) Secrete testosterone
c) Produce spermatozoa d) Eliminate urine from the bladder
79. The gestation period of elephant is about
a) 11 months b) 15 months c) 22 months d) 32 months
80. Which one of the following systems is not mesodermal in origin?
a) Circulatory system b) Muscular system c) Nervous system d) None of the above
81. In the diagram of section of Graafian follicle, different parts are indicated by alphabets; choose the answer
in which these alphabets have been correctly matched with the parts they indicate.

a) A –Theca externa, B-Theca interna, C-Ovum

D-Cumulus oophorus, E-Antrum, F-Membrana granulosa
b) A - Membrana granulosa, B- Theca externa, C- Ovum
D-Cumulus oophorus, E-Antrum,

F-Theca interna,

c) A - Membrana granulosa, B-Theca interna,

C-Ovum,D-Cumulus oophorus,
E-Antrum,

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 F-Theca externa

d) A –Theca externa, B-Theca interna, C-Ovum

D-Membrana granulosa, E-Antrum,

F-Cumulus oophorus,
82. Which part of a sperm enters into an ovum during fertilization?
a) Head b) Tail c) Whole of it d) Middle piece
83. Graafian follicle after releasing ovum is called
a) Corpus luteum b) Polar body c) Nuclear body d) Ootid
84. External genitalia of male are called
a) Testis b) Penis c) Scrotum d) All of these
85. Enzyme present in sperm acrosome to dissolve egg membrane is
a) Sperm lysine b) Ovolysin c) Spermatogenolysin d) Spermatocynin
86. The second maturation division of the mammalian ovum occurs
a) Shortly after ovulation before the ovum makes entry into the fallopian tube
b) Until after the ovum has been penetrated by a sperm
c) Until the nucleus of the sperm has fused with that of the ovum
d) In the Graafian follicle following the first maturation division
87. Luteal phase is also called
a) Secretory phase b) Bleeding phase
c) Menses phase d) Ovulatory phase
88. Spermatogenesis is influenced by
a) Progesterone b) FSH c) STH d) LTH
89. How many mature, functional follicles are produced by a female in a lifetime?
a) About 1 million b) 400 c) 4000 d) 350000
90. Androgen Binding Protein (ABP) and inhibin are secreted by
a) Interstitial cells b) Leydig cells
c) Sertoli cells d) Germinal epithelium
91. Neubenkern is a part to
a) Human ovum b) Foetus c) Human sperm d) Graafian follicle
92. Enlarged end of penis (called the glans penis) is covered by the skin called
a) Foreskin b) Prepuce c) Both (a) and (b) d) None of the above
93. Interstitial cells secrets
a) Androgens b) Oestrogen c) FSH d) Inhibin
94. Most mammals have their testis sac called scrotal sac which is for
a) Protection b) Ova formation
c) Sperm formation d) Temperature regulation
95. The main function of trophoectoderm in mammalian embryo is
a) Protection of the developing cells b) Drawing food for the developing cell
c) Formation of future ectoderm d) Formation of placenta
96. The correct sequence of male reproductive structures of rabbit through which sperms pass out is
I. Rete testes
II. Vasa efferentia
III. Epididymis
IV. Vasa deferentia
a) I, II, III, IV b) II, III, IV, I c) II, III, I, IV d) I, III, II, IV
97. Label the following diagram which illustrates the fertilization followed by cleavage and the early stages of
embryonic development. Identify 𝐵, 𝐸, 𝐹, 𝐺 and 𝐻

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 a) B-Ovary, E-Morula, F-Blastocyst, G-Cervix, H-Vagina
b) B-Ovary, E- Blastocyst, F- Morula, G-Cervix, H-Vagina
c) B-Ovary, E- Blastocyst, F- Morula, G- Vagina, H- Cervix
d) B-Ovary, E- Blastocyst, F-Gastrula, G- Vagina, H- Cervix
98. Binary fission is a mode of
a) Micropropagation b) Vegetative propagation
c) Macropropagation d) Sexual reproduction
99. Read the graph and correlate the uterine events that takes place according to the hormonal levels on A. 6-
15 days B. 16-25 days C. 26-28 days (if the ovum is not fertilized)

a) A-Degeneration of endometrium, B-Myometrium thickens, becomes vascularized ready to receive and

implant embryo, C-Regeneration of endometrium
b) A-Degeneration of endometrium, B-Endometrium thickens, becomes vascularized, ready to receive and
implant embryo, C-Regeneration of endometrium
c) A-Degeneration of endometrium, B- Endometrium thicknes, becomes vascularized, ready to receive and
implant embryo, C-Regeneration of endometrium
d) A-Regeneration of endometrium, B- Endometrium thickens, becomes vascularized ready to receive and
implant embryo, C-Degeneration of endometrium
100. In human beings
a) Chorion and amnion are well developed b) Allantois and yolk sac are less developed
c) Yolk cell have very little yolk d) All of the above
101. The part of fallopian tube closest to the ovary is
a) Isthmus b) Infundibulum c) Cervix d) Ampulla
102. Human male ejaculates …A… to …B… million sperm. Atleast …C… should have normal shape and size and
…D… should show vigorous motility. Here A, B, C and D refers to
a) A-100, B-200, C-30%, D-40% b) A-200, B-300, C-60%, D-40%
c) A-300, B-400, C-60%, D-40% d) A-400, B-500, C-60%, D-40%
103. Acrosome secretes
a) Hyaluronic acid b) Hyaluronidase c) TSH d) Fertilizin
104. Find out the spermatogonium and spermatozoa in above figure
a) A and F b) C and D c) F and A d) D and E
105. Second meiotic division in ovum leads to the formation of
a) Haploid ovum b) Second polar body c) Tertiary polar body d) Both (a) and (b)
106. In implantation the blastocyst attached to the …… wall of uterus
a) Endometrium b) Myometrium c) Perimetrium d) Mesoderm

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107. Which of the following groups of cell in the male gonad, represent haploid cells?
a) Spermatogonial cells b) Germinal epithelial cells
c) Secondary spermatocytes d) Primary spermatocytes
108. Parturition is
a) Child birth
b) Expulsion of the baby from uterus
c) Both (a) and (b)
d) None of the above
109. Several mammary ducts joins to form a wider mammary ampulla, which is connected to
a) Lactiferous duct b) Seminiferous duct c) Seminiferous tubules d) Lactiferous canal
110. External opening of penis is called
a) Ureter b) Urinary bladder c) Urethral meatus d) Prepuce
111. Insemination is
a) A sperm injection to increase male fertility b) A cure of male infertility
c) Inability of male to produce sperms d) The transfer of sperms by male in to the genital
tract of female
112. Sertoli’s cells are found
a) Between these seminiferous tubules b) In the germinal epithelium of ovary
c) In the upper part of the fallopian tube d) In the germinal epithelium of the seminiferous
tubules
113. The maximum growth rate occurs in
a) Stationary phase b) Senescence phase c) Lag phase d) Exponential phase
114. Heart is formed is embryo during …… of development
a) 15 days b) One months c) 1.5 months d) 2 months
115. The figure given below illustrates the changes taking place during the human menstruation cycle

Identify hormones 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶, 𝐷 and 𝐸 from the figures

In the boxes shown in the figure write the name of the hormone (or hormones) controlling the stage in the
human menstrual cycle
a) A-FSH, B-LH, C-LH, D-Oestrogen, E-Progesterone
b) A- LH, B- FSH, C-LH, D-Oestrogen, E-Progesterone
c) A-FSH, B-LH, C- FSH, D-Oestrogen, E-Progesterone
d) A-FSH, B-LH, C-LH, D- Progesterone, E- Oestrogen
116. Organogenesis is the formation of
a) Organs b) Tissue c) Ova d) Spinal cord
117. …A… is composed of endoderm inside and splanchonopleuric extraembryonic mesoderm outside. In
humans it is small and non-functional except for …B… to placenta. A and B in the statement refers to
a) A-Allantois; B-blood vessel b) A- Blood vessel; B- allantois
c) A-Amnion; B-amniotic cavity d) A-Endoderm; B-ectoderm
118. In vitro fertilization is a technique that involves transfer of which one of the following into the fallopian
tube?
a) Embryo only, upto 8 celled stage
b) Either zygote or early embryo upto 8 celled stage

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 c) embryo of32celled stage
d) Zygote only
119. What happens during the follicular phase of menstrual cycle?
a) Proliferation of endometrium wall b) Reduction of endometrium wall
c) Shadding of endometrium wall d) No effect on endometrium wall
120. Adrenal gland is derived from
a) Ectoderm b) Mesoderm
c) Both (a) and (b) d) Ectoderm and endoderm
121. The males of honey bee are produced by
a) Sexually b) Budding c) Spore formation d) Parthenogenesis
122. During pregnancy which one of the following is excreted?
a) hCG b) FSH c) LH d) Progesterone
123. Identical twins are
a) Monozygotic b) Isozygotic c) Bizygotic d) All of these
124. If for some, reason, the vasa efferentia in the human reproductive system get blocked, the gametes will not
be transported form
a) Epididymis to vas deferens b) Ovary to uterus
c) Vagina to uterus d) Testes to epididymis
125. Which one of the following pairs correctly matches a hormone with a disease resulting from its deficiency?
a) Luteinizing hormone – failure of ovulation b) Insulin - Diabetes insipidus
c) Thyroxine - Tetany d) Parathyroid hormone - Diabetes mellitus
126. Pouch in which is the testes are suspended outside the abdominal cavity, is
a) Tunica albuginia b) Inguinal canal c) Epididymis d) Scrotum
127. Hormone which causes the parturition is
a) Oestrogen b) Oxytocin c) Prostaglandin d) All of these
128. Select the correct statement.
a) Cleavage follows gastrulation b) Yolk content in egg has no role in cleavage
c) Cleavage is repeated mitotic division of zygote d) Gastrulation and blastulation are followed by each
other
129. Colostrum is important for newly born because
a) Colostrum have antigen
b) Colostrum have antibody
c) Both (a) and (b)
d) Colostrum have more nutrients than ordinary milk
130. A pair of bulbourethral gland also called …A… gland present on the either side of …B… . It secrets …C…
fluid and …D… for lubricating the penis. Here A, B, C and D are
a) A-Cowper’s, B-Urethra, C-Alkaline, D-Mucous
b) A-Prostate, B-Urethra, C-Acidic, D-Mucous
c) A-Cowper’s B-Scrotum, C-Acidic, D-Mucous
d) A-Prostate, B-Scrotum, C-Alkaline, D-Mucous
131. ZIFT is
a) Transfer of zygote into the fallopian tube
b) Transfer of embryo into the uterus
c) Transfer of mixture of sperms and ova into the fallopian tube
d) Transfer of mixture of sperms and ova into the uterus
132. Maturation of sperm before penetration is called
a) Spermatogenesis b) Spermiogenesis c) Capacitation d) Spermatid
133. Attachment of blastocyst of uterine wall is called
a) Fertilization b) Implantation c) Deplantation d) All of these

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134. In testis, the immature germ cells produce sperm by …A… at puberty …B… present on the inside wall of
seminiferous tubules multiply by …C… division and increase their number. Identify A, B and C from the
above statement
a) A-secondary spermatocytes, B-primary b) A- primary spermatocytes, B- secondary
spermatocytes, C-mitosis spermatocytes, C-mitosis
c) A-spermatogenesis, B-spermatogonia, C-mitosis d) A- spermatogonia, B- spermatogenesis, C-meiosis
135. Ovaries are the …A… sex organs which produce ovum and several steroid hormone called …B… Here A
and B refers to
a) A-secondary; B-testosterone b) A-tertiary; B-inhibin
c) A-primary; B-ovarian hormones d) A-primary; B-testosterone
136. Ceasation of menstrual cycle at the age of 50 is called
a) Ovulation b) Gametogenesis c) Menses d) Menopause
137. Programmed cell death is scientifically termed as
a) Autotomy b) Cell lysis c) Apoptosis d) None of these
138. During spermatogenesis, which stage is the first to contain haploid number of chromosomes?
a) Spermatogonium b) Primary spermatocyte
c) Secondary spermatocyte d) Spermatid
139. The figure given below depicts a diagrammatic sectional view of the female reproductive system of
humans. Which one set of three parts out of A-F have been correctly identified?

a) C-Infundibulum, D-Fimbriae, E-Cervix b) D-Oviducal funnel, E-uterus, F-Cervix

c) A-Perimetrium, B-Myometrium, C-fallopian tube d) B-Endometrium, C- Infundibulum, D- Fimbriae
140. Middle piece of sperm contains
a) Mitochondria, Golgi bodies, centriole
b) Axial filament, centriole, axial filament
c) Mitochondria, centriole, axial filament
d) Golgi bodies, axial filament, centriole
141. Ejaculation is the …A… response. Erection is a …B… response. Here, A and B refers to
a) A-parasympathetic, B-sympathetic b) A-parasympathetic, B-parasympathetic
c) A-sympathetic, B-parasympathetic d) A-sympathetic, B-sympathetic
142. The polar body of human ovum is formed
a) Before birth b) After birth c) During birth d) Both (a) and (b)
143. Find out primary follicle and tertiary follicle in question number 114
a) B and C b) C and D c) D and E d) A and F
144. With increasing age, secretion of which of the following reduces to almost half?
a) GTH b) Melatonin c) hGH d) Oestrogen
145. Soon after implantation, the inner cell mass differentiation into outer ….A…. and inner …B… occurs ….C….
soon appears between ectoderm and mesoderm. A, B and C in the above sentence are
a) A-mesoderm, B-ectoderm, C-endoderm
b) A-ectoderm, B-mesoderm, C-endoderm
c) A-ectoderm, B-endoderm, C-mesoderm
d) A-mesoderm, B-endoderm, C-ectoderm
146. Luteal phase last for how many days?
a) 15-20 days b) 15-28 days c) 15-25 days d) 15-22 days
147. Saheli is a oral contraceptive containing
a) Oestrogen and progesterone b) Oestrogen
c) Progesterone d) Testosterone and FSH
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148. What stage of the menstrual cycle is characterized by the event labelled 𝐴 in the figure of previous
question?
a) Corpus luteum formation b) Ovulation
c) Flow d) Fertilization
149. Cauda epididymis lead to
a) Vas efferens b) Vas deferens c) Ejaculatory duct d) Rete testis
150. After implantation, finger-like projections on the trophoblast are called …A…. which are surrounded by
…B… and maternal blood.
Here A and B refers to
a) A-chorion; B-foetal cell b) A-chorionic villi; B-uterine tissue
c) A-uterine tissue; B-chorionic villi d) A-foetal cell; B-chorion
151. Ovulation takes place in menses between
a) 9-14 days b) 14-16 days c) 16-28 days d) 20-26 days
152. Male’s testes are contained in the scrotal sacs because
a) Other organs do not make space of the testes in the abdominal cavity
b) Testes in the abdomen will hamper maturation of sperms
c) It provides temperature that is slightly lower than body temperature required for formation of
functional sperms
d) It facilitates ejaculation
153. Two major entities seen in human testis TS are
a) Sertoli cells and interstitial cells b) Spermatozoa and Sertoli cells
c) Seminiferous tubules and Leydig cells d) Seminiferous tubules and Sertoli cells
154. Oviducts are also called
a) Fallopian tubes b) Uterus c) Vagina d) Ovary
155. Seminal plasma in human males in rich in
a) Fructose and calcium
b) Glucose and Calcium
c) DNA and testosterone
d) Ribose and potassium
156. Given a diagram showing a portion of a seminiferous tubule. Identify the marked alphbates

a) A-Sertoli cells, B-Spermatogonium, C-Primary spermatocyte, D-Secondary spermatocyte, E-Spermatids,

F-Leydig cell
b) A- Leydig cells, B- Primary spermatocyte, C- Spermatogonium, D-Secondary spermatocyte, E-
Spermatids, F- Sertoli cells
c) A- Leydig cells, B-Spermatogonium, C-Primary spermatocyte, D-Secondary spermatocyte, E-
Spermatozoa, F- Sertoli cell
d) A- Leydig cells, B-Spermatogonium, C-Primary spermatocyte, D-Secondary spermatocyte, E-Spermatids,
F- Sertoli cell
157. The egg of frog is
a) Telolecithal b) Microlecithal c) Alecithal d) centrolecithal
158. Which hormone level reaches peak during luteal phase of menstrual cycle?
a) Luteinizing harmone b) Progesterone

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 c) Follicle stimulating harmone d) Oestrogen
159. Skin epidermis, tooth, enamel, lens and corner of outer ear, brain, spinal cord, skeletal muscles of human
head are derived from
a) Ectoderm b) Mesoderm c) Endoderm d) Both (c) and (d)
160. Primary sex organ is males is
a) Testes b) Sertoli cells c) Ovum d) Spermatogonia
161. The signals for parturition originates from
a) Placenta only b) Placenta as well as fully developed foetus
c) Oxytocin released from maternal pituitary d) Fully developed foetus only
162. Infertility could develop when the sperm cells display
a) A count of 120 million/mL semen b) Increased acrosomal activity
c) Normal morphology d) Count of less than 20 million/mL semen
163. Exact time of human gestation period is
a) 9 month ± 15 days b) 9 month ± 20 days c) 9 month ± 7 days d) 9 month ± 1 days
164. Vitellogenesis occurs during the formation of
a) Primary oocyte in the Graafian follicle
b) Oogonial cell in the Graafian follicle
c) Ootid in the fallopian tube
d) Secondary oocyte in the fallopian tube
165. In mammals, corpus luteum is found in which organ?
a) Brain b) Ovary c) Liver d) Eyes
166. External genitalia develops in the …… of development
a) 2nd month b) 5th month c) 3rd month d) 1st month
167. Acrosome is the modified
a) Mitochondria b) Lysosome c) Golgi body d) Nucleus
168. The following is a diagram of the just spawned frog’s egg; with the parts labelled from A to E. identify the
parts and choose the correct option from those given figure.

a) A –cytoplasm, B-plasma membrane, C-vitelline b) A –cytoplasm, B- vitelline membrane, C- plasma

membrane, D-yolk, E-jelly coat membrane, D-yolk, E-jelly coat
c) A -yolk, B- plasma membrane, C- vitelline d) A - yolk, B-jelly coat, C- vitelline membrane, D-
membrane, D- cytoplasm, E- jelly coat cytoplasm, E-plasma membrane
169. The chemical substance released by activated spermatozoa that acts on the ground substances of the
follicle cells is known as
a) Progesterone b) Hyaluronidase c) Relaxin d) Gonadotropin
170. The haemoglobin of a human foetus
a) Has lower affinity for oxygen than that of the adult b) has affinity for oxygen same as that of an adults
c) Has only two protein subunits instead of four d) Has higher affinity for oxygen than that of an adult
171. When did the structure labelled 𝐵 in the given figure starts to form

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 a) Infancy
b) Before birth
c) At the start of the menstrual cycle
d) At puberty
172. In human, cleavage/divisions are
a) Slow and synchronous b) Fast and synchronous
c) Show and asynchronous d) Fastand asynchronous
173. There is no DNA in
a) An enucleated ovum b) Mature RBCs
c) A mature spermatozoan d) Hair root
174. Natural parthenogenesis is found in
a) Housefly b) Honey bee c) Drosophila d) All of these
175. Inner cell mass contains certain cells called ……, which have the potency to give rise to all the tissues and
organs. The suitable word for blank in the above sentence is
a) Stem cell b) Germ cell c) Mesodermal cell d) Special cell
176. The given diagram refers to ovum surrounded by few sperms. Identify 𝐴, 𝐵 and 𝐶 in the diagram

a) A-Zona pellucida, B-Perivitelline space, C-Corona reticulata

b) A-Zona pellucida, B-Viteline membrane, C-Corona radiata
c) A-Zona pellucida, B-Perivitelline space, C-Corona radiata
d) A-Oolemma, B-Perivitelline space, C-Corona radiata
177. Which chemical event of fertilization involves the presence of hyaluronidase enzyme?
a) Acrosomal reaction b) Cortical reaction c) Amphimixis d) Activation of egg
178. Leydig’s cells are concerned with
a) Ovary b) Seminiferous tubule c) Liver d) Pituitary gland
179. Tunica albugenia is the covering of
a) Liver b) Spleen c) Testis d) Penis
180. Which of the following cells present in the mammalian testis and nourishes the sperm?
a) Leydig cells b) Oxyntic cells c) Interstitial cell d) Sertoli cell
181. Progesterone is needed for the maintenance
a) Of ovary b) Of ovum
c) Of endometrium wall d) Of ootid
182. The target ICSH is
a) Prostate b) Seminiferous tubule c) Interstitial cells d) Seminal vesicle
183. Proliferation of endometrium of uterus is controlled by

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 a) Relaxin b) Oxytocin c) Progesterone d) Oestrogen
184. Sugar fructose is present in the secretion of
a) Bartholin’s gland b) Cowper’s gland c) Seminal vesicles d) Prostate gland
185. …A… are the certain agents that causes abnormal development in the developing embryo. The most well
known is …B… which causes phenomelia is foetus
a) A-Barbiturates, B-anesthetic
b) A-Thalidomide, B-teratogens
c) A-Teratogens, B-thalidomide
d) A-Aspririn, B-anesthetis
186. The number of autosomes in human primary spermatocyte is
a) 46 b) 44 c) 23 d) 22
187. Seminal vesicles are present at the base of
a) Penis b) Bladder c) Testis d) Prostate gland
188. The main function of fimbriae of Fallopian tube is
a) Help in development of ovary
b) Help in collection of the ovum after ovulation
c) Help in development of ova
d) Help in fertilization
189. Saheli is a
a) Oral contraceptive for females b) Surgical sterilization method for females
c) Diaphragm for females d) Surgical method of sterilization in males
190. The nutritive cells found in seminiferous tubules are
a) Leydig cells b) Sertoli cells c) Spermatogonial cells d) Follicular cells
191. Label 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶, 𝐷 in following diagram

a) A-Ureter, B-Seminal vesicle, C-Prostate, D- b) A-Ureter, B-Prostate, C- Seminal vesicle, D-

Bulbourethral gland Bulbourethral gland
c) A-Vas deferens, B-Seminal vesicle, C-Prostate, D- d) A- Vas deferens, B-Vesicle, C-Bulbourethral gland,
Bulbourethral gland D-Prostate
192. The following diagram refers to the female reproductive system of human. Identify 𝐴 to 𝐹

a) A-Ampulla, B-Isthums, C-Infundibulum, D-Fallopian tube, E-Ovary, F-Uterine fundus

b) A- Isthums, B- Infundibulum, C- Ampulla, D-Fallopian tube, E-Ovary, F-Uterine fundus
c) A- Isthmus, B- Ampulla, C-Infundibulum, D-Fallopian tube, E-Ovary, F-Uterine fundus
d) A-Ampulla, B- Infundibulum, C-Isthmus, D-Fallopian tube, E-Ovary, F-Uterine fundus
193. Identify the odd one

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 a) Labia minora b) Fimbriae c) Infundibulum d) Isthmus
194. FSH is given to a rat which don’t have anterior lobe of pituitary. What will not happen in rat?
a) Proliferation of endometrium
b) Development of corpus luteum
c) Maturation of Graafian follicle
d) Build-up of oestrogen in blood stream
195. Ejaculatory duct contains
a) Sperms b) Secretion of seminal vesicles
c) Both (a) and (b) d) Androgen
196. At what stage in test tube babies, the zygote is implanted in human female?
a) 32-celled stage b) 64-celled stage c) 100-celled stage d) 164-celled stage
197. Notochord, skeletal system and dermis of the skin are the derivatives of
a) Mesoderm b) Endoderm c) Ectoderm d) All of these
198. Chorionic villi are formed by the modification of
a) Outer layer of trophoblast b) Inner layer of trophoblast
c) Inner mass cell d) Blastocyst
199. Male pronucleus is
I. Head of sperm
II. Neek of sperm
III. Middle piece of sperm
IV. Tail of sperm
a) I and III b) III and IV c) I d) II and IV
200. Hormones plays a very significant role in puberty. …A… secreted by …B… stimulates …C… lobe of pituitary
to secrete …D… and …E… hormones. Testosterone brings developmental of secondary sex organs and
secondary characters.
A, B, C, D and E in the above statement are
a) A-FSH, B-hypothalamus, C-posterior, D-LH, E-ICSH
b) A-GnRH, B-hypothalamus, C-anterior, D-LH, E-FSH
c) A- GnRH, B- anterior, C- hypothalamus, D-LH, E- FSH
d) A- GnRH, B-hypothalamus, C-posterior, D-LH, E- FSH
201. Which cells come earliest in the sequence of sperm production?
a) Spermatozoa b) Spermatocyte c) Spermatid d) Spermatogonia
202. Superficial meroblastic cleavage occurs in
a) Reptiles b) Birds c) Mammals d) Insects
203. Which of the following is viviparous?
a) Running birds b) Whales c) Bats d) Both (b) and (c)
204. The dominant hormone controlling the proliferative phase of the uterine endometrium is
a) Oestrogen b) FSH c) LH d) Progesterone
205. Test tube baby means a baby born when
a) The ovum is fertilized externally and thereafter implanted in the uterus
b) It develops from a non-fertilized egg
c) It is developed in a test tube
d) It is developed through tissue culture method
206. Withdrawal of which of the following hormones is the immediate cause of menstruation?
a) Oestrogen b) FSH c) FSH-RH d) Progesterone
207. Fertilization takes place in
a) Cervix
b) Isthmus
c) Ampullary isthmic junction
d) Follicle

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208. In teloecithal egg
a) Yolk is present in the centre b) Yolk is unevenly distributed
c) Yolk is absent d) Yolk is present all over the ovum
209. Which hormone is produced throughout the menstrual cycle?
a) FSH b) Oestrogen c) LH d) Progesterone
210. Accessory sexual character in female is promoted by
a) Androgen b) Progesterone c) Oestrogen d) Testosterone
211. Uterine endometrium, epithelial glands and connective tissue are broken in menstrual phase. This is due
to
a) Over secretion of FSH b) Lack of oestrogen
c) Lack of progesterone d) Over production of progesterone
212. Which one of the following statements is incorrect about menstruation?
a) During normal menstruation about 40 mL blood is b) The menstrual fluid can easily clot
lost
c) At menopause in the female, there is especially d) The beginning of the cycle of menstruation is
abrupt increase in gonadotropic hormones called menarche
213. Ovulatory phase lasts for
a) 1 day b) 2 days c) 3 days d) 4 days
214. In the beginning of menstruation what will happen?
a) Ovulation takes place b) Corpus luteum degenerates
c) Levels of LH and FSH increases d) Progesterone and oestrogen land increase
215. Type of cell division taking place at I, II and III stages of previous question are
a) I-meiosis, II-mitosis, III-mitosis-II
b) I- mitosis, II-mitosis, III- meiosis
c) I-meiosis-I, II- meiosis-II, III-mitosis
d) I- mitosis, II-mitosis-I, III- meiosis -II
216. Fusion of dissimilar gametes is known as
a) Fertilization b) Dichogamy c) Autogamy d) Allogamy
217. Identify 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶 and 𝐷 in the figure given below

a) A-Yolk sac, B-Amnion, C-Allantois, D-Chorion

b) A-Chorion, B-Amnion, C- Yolk sac, D- Allantois
c) A-Chorion, B-Amnion, C-Allantois, D- Yolk sac
d) A-Chorion, B- Allantois, C- Amnion, D- Yolk sac
218. At the time of birth, the oocyte have the stage
a) Prophase-I b) Prophase-II c) Meiosis-II d) Mitosis
219. Vaginal orifice, urethral orifice are open in
a) Vulva b) Labia majora c) Labia minora d) Cervix
220. The extra-embryonic membranes of mammalian embryo are derived from
a) Trophoblast b) Follicle cells c) Formative cells d) Inner cell mass
221. Relaxin (a hormone) is secreted by
a) Placenta b) Ovary
c) Anterior lobe of pituitary d) Posterior lobe of pituitary
222. Leydig cells secretes …. hormone

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 a) Testosterone b) Inhibin c) Oxytocin d) FSH
223. Which of the following is correct about mammalian testes?
a) Graafian follicles, sertoli’s cells, Leydig’s cells b) Graafian follicles, sertoli’s cells, seminiferous
tubules
c) Sertoli’s cells, seminiferous tubules, Leydig’s cells, d) Graafian follicles, Leydig’s cells, seminiferous
tubules
224. Given the diagrammatic sectional view of mammary gland. Identify 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶 and 𝐷

a) A-Alveolus, B-Mammary duct, C-Lactiferous duct, b) A-Alveolus, B- Lactiferous duct, C- Mammary duct,
D-Areola D-Areola
c) A-Alveolus, B-Mammary duct, C-Lactiferous duct, d) A- Mammary gland, B-Mammary duct, C-
D-Lactogenic spot Lactiferous duct, D-Areola
225. During oogenesis, the small structure separated from egg is
a) Polar bodies b) Secondary endosperm
c) Herring bodies d) Hela cells
226. Structure connecting the foetus to placenta is
a) Umbilical cord b) Amnion c) Yolk sac d) Chorion
227. Sperm is a microscopic structure composed of head, neck, …A… and …B… Sperm head contains elongated
haploid nucleus, which is covered by cap like structure called …C… .
A, B and C in the above statement refers to
a) A-middle piece, B-tail, C-acrosome
b) A- tail, B- middle piece, C-acrosome
c) A- tail, B- acrosome, C- middle piece
d) A-middle piece, B- acrosome, C- tail
228. Which part of the sperm is motile?
a) Head b) Neck c) Middle d) Tail
229. Cytoplasm of ovum does not contain
a) Golgi complex b) Centrosomes c) Mitochondria d) Ribosomes
230. Appearance of hair on head is observed during …… of development
a) 2nd month b) 3rd month c) 4th month d) 5th month
231. A. Humans reproduces…..
B. Humans are…….
C. Fertilization is …. in humans
D. Male and female gametes are…..
E. Zygote is…..
F. The process of release of ovum from a mature follicle is called…..
G. Ovulation is induced by a hormone called……
H. The fusion of male and female gametes is called…….
I. Zygote divides to form… which is implanted in uterus
J. The structure which provides vascular connection between foetus and uterus is called……
Blanks in the statements A to J in the above statement is
a) A-asexually, B-viviparous, C-external, D-diploid, E-haploid, F-ovulation, G-LH, H-fertilisation, I-
blastocyst, J-placenta

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 b) A-sexually, B-viviparous, C-external, D- haploid, E- diploid, F-ovulation, G-LH, H-fertilisation, I-
blastocyst, J-placenta
c) A-asexually, B-viviparous, C-internal, D- haploid, E- diploid, F-ovulation, G-LH, H-fertilisation, I-
blastocyst, J-placenta
d) A-sexually, B-viviparous, C-internal, D- haploid, E- diploid, F-ovulation, G-LH, H-fertilisation, I-
blastocyst, J-placenta
232. Given below is a diagrammatic sketch of a portion of human male reproductive system. Select the correct
set of the names of the parts labelled A, B, C, D.

A B C C
a) Ureter prostat seminal bulbouret b) Vas Seminal prostat bulbouret
e vesicle hral gland deferens vesicle e hral gland
c) Vas seminal bulbour prostate d) Ureter seminal prostat bulbouret
deferen vesicle ethral vesicle e hral gland
s gland
233. Blastopore is found in
a) Blastula and is opening of archenteron b) Blastula and is opening of blastocoels
c) Gastrula and is opening of archenteron d) Gastrula and is opening of blastocoels
234. Seminal vesicle secretes 60% of semen content, these contents are
a) Glucose, prostaglandin, clotting protein b) Cellulose, prostaglandin, clotting factor
c) Fructose, prostaglandin, clotting protein d) Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, prostaglandin,
clotting factor
235. A sectional view of mammary gland shows
I. Nipple areola
II. Mammary lobes (alveolus) and duct
III. Antibody and ribs
IV. Ampulla and lactiferous duct
Choose the correct option from the above
a) I, II, IV b) I, II, III c) III, IV, II d) I, IV, III
236. The Bartholin glands of female resembles the male’s
a) Cowper’s gland b) Vastibular gland c) Seminal vesicles d) Prostate gland
237. Cleavage in frog’s zygote is
a) Diplobalstic b) Heteroblastic c) Holoblastic d) meroblastic
238. Post-embryonic period is also called
a) Prenatal b) Postnatal c) Embryonal period d) None of the above
239. Match each function below with its associated part (or parts) of the human female reproductive system
shown in the figure

I. Where is the egg produced?

II. Where does fertilization occur?
III. Where would implantation of a fertilized egg take place?
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 IV. Where are oestrogen and progesterone produced?
V. What part receives the penis during copulation?
a) I-D, II-C, III-B, IV-E, V-A b) I-D, II-C, III-B, IV-A, V-E
c) I-D, II-C, III-B, IV-D, V-A d) I-E, II-C, III-B, IV-D, V-A
240. Spermatogenesis starts at puberty due to
a) GnRH b) Lactin c) Testosterone d) Oestrogen
241. Mark the odd one
a) Acrosome b) Endometrium c) Corpus luteum d) Graafian follicle
242. Name the hormone, which stimulates growth and development of breast in preparation for lactation?
a) Oestrogen b) Human placental lactogen
c) Progesterone d) Chorionic gonadotropin
243. At which stage of the development, ovum is released from the ovary of human female?
a) Primary oocyte b) Oogonium c) Secondary oocyte d) Ootid
244. The 60% of semen is produced by the
a) Prostate gland b) Seminal vesicle c) Cowper’s gland d) Testes
245. Choose the correct combination of the labelling for the following structure.

a) A-Oviduct, B-Uterus, C-Cervix, D-Ovary b) A- Cervix, B-Uterus, C-Ovary, D- Tumor

c) A- Uterus, B-Uterus cavity, C-Oviducal funnel, D- d) A- Cervix, B- Uterine cavity, C-Fallopian tube, D-
Ovary Ovary
246. Foetus develops limbs and digits in its … of development
a) 2nd month b) 3rd month c) 4th month d) 5th month
247. Spermatogenesis is induced by
a) FSH b) ACTH c) ICSH d) ATH
248. Identify 𝐴 to 𝐹 in the diagram given below

a) A-Tunica vaginalis, B-Rete testis, C-Caput epididymis, D-Vas deferens, E-Septa of testis, F-Cauda
epididymis
b) A-vaginalis, B-Rete testis, C- Cauda epididymis, D-Mediastinum testis, E- Vas deferens, F- Caput
epididymis
c) A-Tunica vaginalis, B-Rete testis, C- Cauda epididymis, D-Vas deferens, E-Tunica albuginea, F- Caput
epididymis
d) A-Tunica vaginalis, B-Rete testis, C-Caput epididymis, D- Mediastinum testis, E- Vas deferens, F-Cauda
epididymis
249. Sertoli’s cells are nourishing cells in the testis. They also secrete a hormone. Identify the same
a) Gonadotropin b) Testosterone c) Relaxin d) Inhibin
250. Through invagination of which of the following, mesoderm is formed?
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 a) Primitive streak b) Inner mass of cell c) Endoderm d) Ectoderm
251. The receptor site of acrosome are exposed and become active to penetrate the egg. This process is called
a) Activation b) Capitation c) Reactivation d) Deactivation
252. Primary oocyte surrounded by a layer of granulosa cells is called
a) Secondary follicle b) Ootid c) Primary follicle d) Tertiary follicle
253. In human secretion, which of the following is used to confirm implantation of emryo?
a) Gastrula b) Trophoblast c) Inner mass of cell d) Blastocyst
254. When both ovaries are removed from rat, which hormone is decreased in blood?
a) Oxytocin b) Prolactin
c) Oestrogen d) Gonadotrophic releasing factor
255. Study the following sentences.
V. Testosterone influences the male secondary sexual characters.
VI. Gestation period in rabbit is approximately 276 days.
VII. Bulbourethral glands secrete a vaginal lubricant.
VIII. Placenta secretes oestrogen
Identify the correct statements.
a) I and IV b) II and III c) III and IV d) I and II
256. Secretion from which of the following structures is preparing inner wall of uterus for implantation?
a) Ovary b) Pituitary gland c) Corpus luteum d) Ovarian follicle
257. At the time of implantation, the human embryo is called
a) Embryo b) Blastocyst c) Zygote d) Foetus
258. Vas deferentia receives a duct from …A… and opens into the …B… as ejaculatory duct.
A and B in above statement is
a) A-vas deferens; B-urinary bladder b) A-seminal vesicles; B-urethra
c) A-urethra; B-seminal vesicles d) A-urethra; B-urinary bladder
259. In numans, dermis of skin, circulatory system and muscles are derived from
a) Mesoderm b) Ectoderm c) Endoderm d) Both (a) and (b)
260. …A… completely surrounds the embryo and protect it. It also take part in formation of ….B… .
A and B here refers to
a) A-Chorion; B-Placenta b) A-Ammion; B-Amniotic cavity
c) A-Allantois; B-Endoderm d) A-Yolk sack; B-Endoderm
261. Cu ions released from copper- releasing Intra Uterine Devices (IUDs)
a) Make uterus unsuitable for implantation b) Increase phagocytosis of sperms
c) Suppress sperm motility d) Prevent of ovulation
262. Which one of the following is the most widely accepted method of contraception in India, at present?
a) Tubectomy b) Diaphragm
c) IUDs (intra uterine devices) d) Cervical caps
263. Which of the following undergoes, the meiosis-I division?
a) Primary spermatocytes b) Secondary spermatocytes
c) Sertoli cell d) Leydig cell
264. The following graph of relative concentrations of the four hormones present in the blood plasma of a
woman during her menstrual cycle. Identify the hormones 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶 and 𝐷

a) A-FSH, B-Progesterone, C-LH, D-Oestrogen

b) A- LH, B-Progesterone, C- FSH, D-Oestrogen

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 c) A-FSH, B- Oestrogen, C-LH, D- Progesterone
d) A- LH, B- Oestrogen, C- FSH, D- Progesterone
265. A chemical fertilizin is produced from
a) Polar bodies b) Middle piece of sperm
c) Acrosome d) Mature eggs
266. Milk secretion is maintained by …A… . This hormone inhibits the release from the pituitary and counters
the …B… and …C… . Hence in nourishing mother, the menstrual cycle is suppressed. Here A, B and C are
a) A-FSH, B-LH, C-prolactin
b) A-prolactin, B-FSH, C-LH
c) A-LH, B-FSH, C-prolactin
d) A-LH, B-prolactin, C-FSH
267. Which one of the following events is correctly matched with the time period in a normal menstrual cycle?
a) Release of egg - 5th days
b) Endometrium regenerates - 5 -14 days
c) Endometrium secretes
Nutrients for implantation - 11-18days
d) Rise in progesterone level - 1-15 days
268. A single ejaculation contains …A… to …B… million spermatozoa. Semen has pH of …C… to …D… . Its
alkalinity helps to neutralize the acidity of urethra. Here A, B, C and D refers to
a) A-300, B-400, C-8, D-9
b) A-200, B-300, C-7.35, D-7.50
c) A-100, B-200, C-5, D-6
d) A-150, B-200, C-7, D-8
269. Some important events in the human female reproductive cycle are given below. Arrange the events in
proper sequence.
[Link] of FSH
[Link] of cropus luteum
[Link] of the follicle and oogenesis
[Link]
[Link] increase in the levels of LH
a) III → I → IV → II → V b) I → III → V → IV → II

c) I → IV → III → V → II d) II → I → III → IV → V
270. Mammary gland is a
a) Modified sweat gland b) Modified perineum
c) Modified ear wax gland d) Both (a) and (c)
271. The tertiary follicle changes into
a) Graafian follicle b) Oocyte
c) Megaspore mother cell d) ovum
272. Male accessory glands includes …A…, …B… and …C… . Here A, B and C represents
a) A-one seminal vesicle, B-a pair of prostate gland, C-a bulbourethral gland
b) A-pair of seminal vesicle, B-prostate gland, C-a pair of bulbourethral gland
c) A-two pairs of seminal vesicle, B-two pairs of prostate gland, C-two pairs of bulbourethral gland
d) A-three pairs of seminal vesicle, B-three pairs of prostate gland, C-three pairs of bulbourethral gland
273. GnRH stimulates two hormones from anterior lobe of pituitary
a) FSH and GH
b) FSH and LH
c) LH and testosterone
d) Testosterone and LH
274. Female gamete mother cell are called
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 a) Oogonia b) Ovum c) Ootid d) Oocyte
275. Why the fusion of sperm and ova do not occur during pregnancy?
a) High levels of oestrogen and progesterone maintained by corpus luteum or placenta during pregnancy
inhibit the secretion of gonadotropin and ovulation
b) Woman cannot intercourse during pregnancy
c) High level of HCl kill the releasing ovum
d) The ova releasing during pregnancy is abnormal
276. Identify of 𝐴, 𝐵 and 𝐶 in the figure given below

a) A-Secondary oocyte, B-Oogonia, C-Primary oocyte

b) A- Oogonia, B- Primary oocyte, C- Secondary oocyte
c) A-Secondary oocyte, B- Primary oocyte, C- Oogonia
d) A- Oogonia, B- Secondary oocyte, C-Primary oocyte
277. 2𝑛=16 is a primary spermatocyte, which is in metaphase of first meiotic division. What shall be the total
number of chromatids in each of the secondary spermatocyte?
a) 32 b) 8 c) 16 d) 24
278. Which of the following statement is correct?
a) hCG, hPL and relaxin are produced women only during pregnancy
b) During pregnancy the level of other hormones like oestrogens, progestogens, cortisol, prolactin,
thyroxine, etc., are increased several folds in the maternal blood
c) Increased production of hcG, hPL, progesterone, etc., is essential for supporting the foetal growth,
metabolic changes in the mother and maintenance of pregnancy
d) All of the above
279. …A… are the paired folds of tissue under the labia majora. The opening of vagina is covered partially by
…B… …C… is the finger-like projection, which lies at the upper junction of two labia minora and urethral
opening.
A, B and C in the above statements are
a) A-Labia minora, B-Hymen, C-Clitoris b) A-Labia minora, B- Clitoris, C- Hymen
c) A- Hymen, B-Clitories, C- Labia minora d) A- Hymen, B- Labia minora, C- Labia majora
280. The seminiferous tubules of the testis opens into the vasa efferentia by
a) Vasa deferentia b) Rete testis
c) Epididymis d) Seminiferous tubules
281. …A… is made up of trophoblastic mesoderm inside and somatopleuric extraembryonic mesoderm outside.
The space between embryo and the amnion is called …B… which is filled with clear watery fluid secreted
by both embryo and membrane. It protects the embryo from shock and desiccation. A and B in above
sentence are
a) A-Chorion; B-Placenta b) A-Amnion; B-Amniotic cavity
c) A-Chorion; B-Amniotic cavity d) A-Yolk sac; B-Amniotic cavity
282. Placenta secretes
a) hCG (Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin) b) Human placental lactogen
c) Oestrogen d) All of the above

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283. Scrotum remains connected with abdomen or pelvic cavity by
a) Spermatic cord b) Inguinal canals c) Testis d) Lobules
284. Hormone responsible for ovulation is
a) LH b) FSH c) Progesterone d) Testosterone
285. Wall of each seminiferous tubules is formed of a single layer called
a) Germinal epithelium
b) Germ cell
c) Spermatogonia
d) Spermatozoa
286. Reproduction in larval stage is called
a) Neoteny b) Parthenogenesis c) Parthenocarpy d) Paedogenesis
287. The …A… secrete human chorionic gonadotropin hormone. The hCG maintains the …B… and stimulates it
to secrete …C… The latter maintains the …D… of the uterus and causes it to grow throughout pregnancy
This also prevents …E… Progesterone also cause increased secretion of mucous in the cervix of the uterus
that forms a protective plug during pregnancy
A to E in above paragraph, is
a) A-trophoblastic cell, B-corpus luteum, C-progesterone, D-endometrium, E-menstruation
b) A-trophoblast, B-corpus luteum, C-progesterone, D- menstruation, E- endometrium
c) A-trophoblast, B-corpus luteum, C- endometrium, D- menstruation, E- progesterone
d) A-trophoblast, B- progesterone, C- corpus luteum, D- menstruation, E- endometrium
288. Human placenta is derived from
a) Ectoderm b) Trophoblast c) Endoderm d) Mesoderm
289. In which of the following animal, cleavage divisions are restricted to a small part of cytoplasm and nucleus
in animal pole of egg?
a) Cockroach b) Frog c) Chick d) Rabbit
290. Fertilization is
a) Fission of sperm and ova
b) Fusion of sperm and ova
c) Zygote formation
d) Gamete formation
291. Maturation of sperm before penetration is called
a) Spermatogenesis b) Spermiogenesis c) Capacitation d) Spermatid
292. At menopause, there is rise in urinary excretion to
a) FSH b) STH c) LH d) MSH
293. Identify 𝐸, 𝐹, 𝐺 and 𝐻 in the diagram of previous question
a) E-Glans penis, F-Foreskin, G-Testis, H-Urethra
b) E-Testis, F-Foreskin, G-Glans penis, H-Urethra
c) E-Urethra, F-Testis, G-Foreskin, H-Glans penis
d) E-Glans penis, F-Foreskin, G-Testis, H-Urethra
294. The events of the menstrual cycle are represented below. In which of the following option the level of FSH,
LH an progesterone is mentioned correctly

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 13-14 Day 21st to 23rd
day
FSH LH Proges FSH LH Proges
terone t erone
a) Hi Hi Low Low Low Hi-
- - gh
gh gh
b) Hi Hi Hig- Low Low Lo-
- - h w
gh gh
c) Lo L Low Hig- Hig- Hi-
-w o h h gh
w
d) Lo L Hig- Hig- Low Lo-
-w o h h w
w
295. Mammary glands are modified
a) Sweat gland b) Sebaceous gland c) Lacrimal gland d) Endocrine gland
296. Primary sex organ in man is
a) Scrotum b) Accessory gland c) Testis d) Urinary bladder
297. Find out 𝐴, 𝐵 and 𝐶 in the figure given below

a) A-Sertoli cell, B-Testosterone, C-Inhibin

b) A- Inhibin, B- Sertoli cell, C-Testosterone
c) A-Testosterone, B-Sertoli cell, C-Inhibin
d) A-Testosterone, B-Sertoli cell, C-Testosterone
298. In menstrual phase, the production of LH considerably
a) Reduced b) Increases c) Does not change d) None of these
299. Cytoplasm surrounding mitochondria present in the middle piece of sperm is
a) Manchette b) Centroplasm c) Microplasm d) Acrosome
300. During menstrual phase, the hormones which show reduction in sufficient quantity are
a) Progesterone b) LH c) Inhibin d) Both (a) and (b)
301. A woman with a typical 28 day menstrual cycle is most likely to become pregnant as a result of sexual
intercourse on ….. of cycle
a) 1-3 days b) 5-8 days c) 12-15 days d) 24-28 days
302. What is the purpose of polar bodies during oogenesis?
a) Polar bodies serves both as a dumping ground for extra sets of chromosomes and ensure that the ovum
will have most of the cytoplasm
b) They rid the body of defective sets of chromosomes, leaving the ‘good’ set within the ovum
c) They are merely the by-product of meiosis and serve no function
d) They prevent the development of most sets of multiple birth
303. Funnel-shaped part closer to the ovary is called
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 a) Filmbriae b) Infundibulum c) Ampulla d) Isthmus
304. Give the name of two hormones 𝐴 and 𝐵 in the figure given below

a) FSH and GH b) LH and androgen c) GH and LH d) GH and lactin

305. Which of the following represents a condition, where the motility of the sperms is highly reduced?
a) Oligospermia b) Athenospermia c) Azoospermia d) Poolyspermy
306. Male reproductive system contains a pair of …A… along with accessory …B… and …C… and an external
…D… . Here A, B, C, and D refers to
a) A-genitalia, B-glands, C-ducts, D-testis
b) A- testis, B-glands, C-ducts, D- genitalia
c) A-urethra, B-testis, C-foreskin, D-rete testis
d) A-uterus, B-vasa deferentia, C-epididymis, D-rete testis
307. The wolffian duct gives rise of
a) Scrotum b) Labia majora c) Both (a) and (b) d) Epididymis
308. Second meiotic division in ova takes place
a) After ovulation b) After spermatogenesis
c) After fusion of sperm and ova d) After sperm reaches to the oviduct
309. Which of the given option maintains?
I. Endometrium wall
II. Pregnancy
a) Graafian follicle b) Secondary oocyte c) Corpus luteum d) Corona radiata
310. Which of the following provides nutrition to sperm?
a) Leydig’s cell b) Scrotum c) Sertoli’s cell d) Epididymis
311. Identify 𝐴 and 𝐵 and their respective functions

A B Function of 𝐴 Function of 𝐵
a) Trophoblast Inner cell get attached to the differentiated as
Mass endometrium embryo
b) Inner cell Trophoblast get attached to the differentiated as
Mass endometrium embryo
c) Trophoblast Inner cell differentiated as get attached to the
Mass embryo endometrium
d) Ectoderm Endoderm differentiated as get attached to the
embryo endometrium
312. The leydig’s cells secrete
a) Oestrogen b) Testosterone c) Progesterone d) Corticostierone
313. Germinal epithelium gives rise to
a) Sertoli cells b) Interstitial cells c) Spermatogonium d) Scrotum
314. The cells of the trophoblast in contact with inner mass of cells, are called

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 a) Cells of embryo
b) Cells of rauber
c) Cells of organogenesis
d) Cells of blastula
315. The cell division that takes place in a zygote is known as
a) Meiosis b) Mitosis c) Cleavage d) Differentiation
316. If the size of a fertilized egg of frog is compared with the size of its blastula and gastrula stages, which of
the following observations will be correct?
a) There is a progressive increase in size from zygote to blastula to gastrula
b) All the three will be of the same size
c) Zygote will be smaller, while blastula and gastrula will be larger
d) Gastrula will be larger, while zygote and blastula will be of same size
317. Bartholin glands are also called
a) Vestibular glands b) Lenticular glands c) Rudimentary glands d) Does not exist
318. Sperm acrosome is derived from
a) Golgi bodies
b) Endoplasmic reticulum
c) Lysosome
d) Mesosome
319. Chorionic villi and uterine tissue become interdigiated with each other and jointly form
a) Trophoblast b) Inner cell mass c) Placenta d) Implantation
320. Menstruation is due to sudden
a) Reduction of FSH b) Increase of LH
c) Reduction in oestrogen and progesterone d) None of the above
321. Anti-fertilizin is present on
a) Egg b) Tail c) Ovum d) Spermatozoa
322. During early and middle fetal life, the testis are located in the
a) Inguinal canal b) Abdominal cavity c) Pelvic cavity d) Scrotal saes
323. Human egg is
a) Alecithal b) Centrolecithal c) Telolecithal d) Megagalecithal
324. Cleavage forms 2-4-6-8-16 cells. These cells are called
a) Blastocysts b) Blastomeres c) Morula d) Trophoblast
325. In frog , chromosome number is reduced to half
a) When 2nd polar body is separated b) When 2nd polar body is divided
c) When 3rd polar body is separated d) When 1st polar body is separated
326. Testicular lobules contains
a) 3-5 seminiferous tubules b) 2-6 seminiferous tubules
c) 5-7 seminiferous tubules d) 1-3 seminiferous tubules
327. Lowest regeneration power is found in
a) Amoeba b) Sponges c) Coelenterates d) Brain cells
328. Which of the following is a mechanical barrier used in birth control?
a) Tubectomy b) Dalcon shield c) Vasectomy d) Diaphragm
329. Amphimixis is
a) Fusion of sperm with egg b) Fusion of pronucleus of sperm with egg
c) No fusion d) Fusion of diploid cells
330. Our all bones are derived from the mesoderm. Except
a) Facial b) Femur c) Redula d) Occipital
331. Layers of an ovum from outside to inside is
a) Corona radiate, zonapellucida and vitelline b) Zona pellucida, Corona radiate, and vitelline
membrane membrane
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 c) vitelline membrane, zona pellucida, and Corona d) Zona pellucida, vitelline membrane, and Corona
radiate radiate
332. A human female has the maximum number of primary oocytes in her ovaries
a) At birth b) Just prior to puberty
c) Early in her fertile years d) Midway through her fertile years
333. Onset of menstruation of human female is called
a) Menopause b) Puberty c) Gestation d) Menarche
334. Ovulation takes place in a month between
a) 11-14 days b) 14-16 days c) 15-28 days d) 21-26 days
335. The best definition of the process of gastrulation is that it is a process where the
a) Single layered blastula become two layered b) Archenteron is formed
c) Zygote gets converted into larva d) Cells move to occupy their definite position
336. A boy who has not passed through puberty sustains an injury to his anterior pituitary such that FSH is no
longer released, but LH secretion is normal. After he grows to maturity, one would expect that he would
a) Develop secondary sex characters
b) Be sterile
c) Have improper functioning of the testicular interstitial cells
d) Both (a) and (b)
337. Which of the following is not a case of epimorphosis?
a) Formation of sperms from small clumps of cells b) Regeneration of tail in a lizard
c) Replacement of several arm in starfish d) Replacement of limb in salamander
338. Androgen stimulates the …A… FSH acts on the …B… and stimulates factors for spermiogenesis. Here A and
B refers to
a) A-Sertoli cell; B-Leydig cell
b) A-Spermatogenesis; B-Spermatid
c) A-Spermatogenesis; B-Sertoli cell
d) A- Spermatogenesis; B-Leydig cell
339. Which of the following is the group of external genitalia in human female?
a) Labium minora, labium majora, vagina
b) Labium minora, labium majora, clitoris
c) Labium minora, labium majora, oviduct
d) Labium minora, labium majora, cervix
340. Cushion of fatty tissue covered by skin and pubic hair is called
a) Mono pubis b) Labia majora c) Labia minora d) Clitoris
341. A. The mature follicle is called Graafian follicle
B. The mature follicle is called secondary follicle
a) Statement A is correct, statement B is incorrect
b) Statement B is correct, statement A is incorrect
c) Both statement are incorrect
d) Both statement are correct
342. After one month of pregnancy, the embryo’s …A…. is formed. By the end of the …..B… month of pregnancy,
the foetus develops limbs and digits. By the end of …C… most of the major organ systems are formed for
example, the limbs and external genital organs are well-developed. By the end of …D….. the body is
covered with fine hair, eyelids separate, and eyelashes are formed
Here A and D refers to
a) A-heart, B-second, C-first trimester, D-second trimester
b) A-heart, B-second, C-first month, D-second month
c) A-heart, B-second, C-first week, D-second week
d) A-heart, B-fourth, C-first trimester, D-second trimester
343. Find out the correct statement.

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 a) Amnion is the outer layer containing amniotic fluid that acts as shock absorber to the soft embryo
b) Yolk sac is foetal membrane that helps in the nourishment of the embryo in general
c) In mammals, allantois is not excretory in function
d) Chorio-allantoic membrane davelops villi and contribute much to the development of placenta
344. Identify 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶 and 𝐷 in the given diagram

a) A-Urinary bladder, B-Bulbourethral gland, C-Prostate gland, D-Seminal vesicles

b) A-Urinary bladder, B-Seminal vesicles, C-Prostate gland, D- Bulbourethral gland
c) A- Prostate gland, B- Seminal vesicles, C- Urinary bladder, D- Bulbourethral gland
d) A- Bulbourethral gland, B- Urinary bladder, C- Seminal vesicles, D- Prostate gland
345. Which is formed in gastrulation?
a) Archenteron b) Heart c) Brain d) None of these
346. Everytime copulation do not lead to fertilization and pregnancy because of failure of sperm to reach the
a) Ampulla b) Cervix c) Endometrium d) Myometrium
347. 64 celled stage of embryo is called
a) Blastocyst b) Blastomere c) Morula d) Inner mass of cell
348. Uterus is also called
a) Cervical canal b) Womb c) Oviduct d) Ampulla
349. Oral contraceptives are prescribed in females to check
a) Entry of sperms in vagina b) Implantation
c) Ovulation d) Fertilization
350. Which of the correct example of the type of regeneration out of the two major types?
a) Morphallaxis–regeneration of two transversely cut equal pieces of one Hydra into two small Hydras
b) Epimorphosis –replacement of old and dead erythrocytes by the now ones
c) Morphallaxis-healing of wound in the skin
d) Epimorphosis-regeneration of crushed and filtered out pieces of Planaria into as many new planarian
351. Trophoblast gives ….. to embryo
a) Nourishment b) Development c) Extra cells d) Movements
352. Fleshy folds of tissue which extends down the mons pubis and surrounds the vaginal opening is called
a) Labia minora b) Labia majora c) Hymen d) Clitoris
353. The embryo at 16-celled stage is known as
a) Morula b) Gastrula c) Blastula d) Blastomere
354. Non –participation of male pronucleus in fertilization is
a) Androgenesis b) Polyandry c) Gynogenesis d) Polygyny
355. Ovulation in the human female normally takes place during the menstrual cycle
a) At the mid secretory phase b) Just before the end of the secretory phase
c) At the beginning of the proliferative phase d) At the end of the proliferative phase
356. Releasing of sperms from seminiferous tubules is called
a) Spermiogenesis b) Spermiation c) Spermatogenesis d) Spermatid

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357. Identify the sex of baby 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶, 𝐷

a) A-Girl, B-Boy, C-Girl, D-Boy b) A- Boy, B- Girl, C- Boy, D- Girl

c) A- Boy, B-Boy, C-Girl, D- Girl d) A-Girl, B- Girl, C- Boy, D-Boy
358. The testes in humans are situated outside the abdominal cavity inside a pouch called scrotum. The
purpose served is for
a) Escaping any possible compression by the visceral organs
b) Providing more space for the growth of epididymis
c) Providing a secondary sexual feature for exhibiting the male sex
d) Maintaining the scrotal temperature lower than the internal body temperature
359. Which is present in male rabbit but not present in female rabbit?
a) Urethra b) Vagina c) Uterus d) Vas deferens
360. The tertiary follicle changes into mature follicle called …A… The secondary oocyte form a new membrane
called …B… surrounding it. The Graafian follicle reptures to release the secondary oocyte ovum from the
ovary by the process called …C…
A, B and C in the above passage refers to
a) A-Graafian follicle; B-primary follicle; C-ovulation b) A- ovulation; B-primary follicle; C- Graafian follicle
c) A- ovulation; B-primary follicle; C- secondary d) A-Graafian follicle; B-zona pellucida; C-ovulation
follicle
361. …… is composed of endoderm inside and splanchoropleuric extraembryonic mesoderm outside. This part
is non-functional except it is the site of early blood formation. The most suitable word for the blank space
is
a) Allantois b) Chorion c) Aminion d) Yolk sac
362. The new membrane formed by follicular cells is called
a) Zona granulosa
b) Zona pellucida
c) Plasma membrane
d) Tertiary membrane
363. Arrange the events of menstrual cycle as they occur
I. Secretion of FSH
II. Growth of corpus luteum
III. Growth of follicle and oogenesis
IV. Ovulation
V. Sudden increase in level of LH
a) I, III, V, IV, II b) II, I, III, IV, V c) III, I, IV, V, II d) I, IV, III, V, II
364. Arrhenotoky is also called
a) Diploid parthenogenesis
b) Haploid parthenogenesis
c) Incomplete parthenogenesis
d) Complete parthenogenesis
365. Vasa deferentia together with seminal vesicle forms
a) Caput epididymis b) Corpus epididymis c) Ejaculatory duct d) Cauda epididymis
366. Which one of the following cells have haploid number of chromosome?
a) 1° spermatocytes b) 2° spermatocytes c) Spermatid d) Both (b) and (c)
367. Acrosome present at the tip of sperm is made up of
a) Golgi bodies b) Mitochondria c) Lysosome d) Ribosome
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368. Sertoli cells are found in
a) Heart b) Liver
c) Germinal epithelium d) Seminiferous tubules
369. Gametogenesis is the formation of
a) Gametes b) Ova c) Sperm d) Organs
370. Liver and pancreas are derivatives of
a) Ectoderm b) Endoderm
c) Ectoderm and mesoderm d) Both (a) and (b)
371. Which of the following is correct?
a) Mesoderm – Brain b) Ectoderm –Liver
c) Mesoderm – Skeleton d) Endodermis -Epidermis
372. Corpus luteum secretes
a) LH b) Progesterone c) Oestrogen d) FSH
373. Interstitial cells are also called
a) Leydig cells b) Rete testis c) Vasa efferentia d) Spermatocytes
374. Why menstrual cycle do not takes place regulary?
a) High level of hormone in blood b) Fertilization of ovum
c) Early release of ovum d) Psychological region
375. Which of the following is a role of Sertoli cells in spermatogenesis?
a) They provide nutrition to the developing sperms b) They stimulate germinal epithelium
c) They direct morphogenesis of sperm d) They provide nutrition to developing sperm; they
direct morphogenesis of sperm
376. Development of animal embryo from egg without fertilization is called
a) Parthenogenesis b) Parthenocarpy c) Apospory d) Apomixis
377. Cleavage is the rapid mitotic division. It occurs in
a) Gametes b) Zygote c) Sperm d) Ova
378. Which one of the following statements about human sperm is correct?
a) Acrosome has a conical pointed structure used for piercing and penetrating the egg, resulting in
fertilization
b) The sperm lysins in the acrosome dissolve the egg envelope facilitating fertilization
c) Acrosome serves as a sensory structure leading the sperm towards the ovum
d) Acrosome serves no particular function
379. Given diagram refers to spermatogenesis and oogenesis in humans. Identify 𝐴 to 𝐻 correctly.

a) A-Spermatogonia, B-Secondary spermatocytes, C-Primary spermatocytes, D-Spermatids, E-Primary

oocyte, F-Secondary oocyte, G-First polar body, H-Second polar body

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 b) A-Spermatogonia, B- Primary spermatocytes, C- Secondary spermatocytes, D-Spermatids, E- Secondary
oocyte, F-Secondary oocyte, G-First polar body, H-Second polar body
c) A-Spermatogonia, B-Primary spermatocytes, C-Secondary spermatocytes, D-Spermatids, E-Primary
oocyte, F-Secondary oocyte, G-First polar body, H-Second polar body
d) A-Spermatogonia, B-Primary spermatocytes, C-Secondary spermatocytes, D-Spermatids, E-Primary
oocyte, F-Secondary oocyte, G- Second polar body, H-First polar body
380. Which of them is not a correct match?
a) Proliferative phase-Rapid regeneration of myometrium and maturation of Graafian follicle
b) Secretory phase-Development of corpus luteum and increased secretion of progesterone
c) Menstruation-Breakdown of myometrium and ovum is not fertilized
d) Ovulation-LH and FSH attain last peak and sharp full in secretion of progesterone
381. Origin of nervous system occurs from
a) Meso-endoderm b) Mesoderm c) Endoderm d) Ecroderm
382. The edges of infundibulum possess finger-like projection called …A… which helps in the collection of
ovum. The infundibulum leads to wider part of the oviduct called …B… . Last part of oviduct, …C…. has
narrow lumen and joins to uterus.
A, B and C in the above statement refers to
a) A-fimbriae; B-ampulla; C-isthmus b) A-fimbriae; B-isthmus; C-ampulla
c) A- isthmus; B- fimbriae; C-ampulla d) A- isthmus; B- ampulla; C- fimbriae
383. Bidder’s canal is found in
a) Testis of frog b) Kidney of frog c) Kidney of mammal d) Ovary of mammal
384. Baby moving vigorously, responds to the touch and lound noises, swallowing amniotic fluid and urinating
during …… of development
a) 20 weeks b) 24 weeks c) 26 weeks d) 28 weeks
385. The following diagram refers to female reproductive system of human. Identify 𝐴 to 𝐸

a) A-Urethra, B-Urinary bladder, C-Uterus, D-Cervix, E-Vagina

b) A-Urethra, B-Urinary bladder, C-Uterus, D- Vagina, E- Cervix
c) A-Urethra, B-Urinary bladder, C-Uterus, D-Cervix, E-Vagina
d) A- Uterus, B-Urinary bladder, C- Urethra, D-Cervix, E-Vagina
386. Mammalian egg has
a) No yolk at all b) Small amount of yolk
c) Large amount of yolk d) Yolk concentrated at one pole
387. If a germ cell in a female gonad and a germ cell in a male gonad begin undergoing meiosis simultaneously,
what will be the ratio of ova and sperm produced?
a) 1:1 b) 1:2 c) 1:4 d) 2:1
388. The granules present beneath the plasma membrane of oocyte cells are called …A… These granules fuses
with the plasma membrane of oocyte and releases their content including …B… between the …C… and
zona pellucida. This ensures the …D… . Here A, B, C and D refers to
a) A-monospermy, B-plasma membrane, C-corticle enzyme, D-corticle granules
b) A- corticle granule, B- corticle enzyme, C- plasma membrane, D- monospermy
c) A- corticle enzyme, B- corticle granules, C- plasma membrane, D- monospermy
d) A- corticle enzyme, B- corticle granules, C- monospermy, D- plasma membrane
389. What do you mean by the term spermateleosis?

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 a) Conversion of spermatids to sperm
b) Conversion of spermatogonium to spermatid
c) Conversion of spermatid to spermatogonium
d) Conversion of primary spermatocyte to secondary spermatocyte
390. Regeneration of tail in lizards is an example of
a) Epimorphosis b) Morphollaxis c) Heteromorphosis d) parthenogenesis
391. Which area experiences the greatest change during the menstrual cycle?
a) Vagina b) Perimetruim c) Cervix d) Endometrium
392. In humans, at the end of the first meiotic division, the male germ cells differentiate into the
a) Primary spermatocytes b) Secondary spermatocytes
c) Spermatids d) Spermatogonia
393. A Change in the amount of yolk and its distribution in the egg will affect
a) Formation of zygote
b) Pattern of cleavage
c) Number of blastomeres produced
d) Fertilization
394. Which one of the following is the correct matching of the events occurring during menstrual cycle?
a) Ovulation – LH and FSH attain peak level and b) Proliferative phase – Rapid regeneration of
sharp fall in the secretion of progesterone myometrium and maturation of Graafian follicle
c) Development of corpus luteum – Secretory phase d) Menstruation – Breakdown of myometrium and
and increased secretion of progesterone ovum not fertilized
395. ‘XX’ is a thick structure of male reproductive system which arises from cauda epididymis. ‘XX’ are 2 in
number and its lining has many stereocilia. Identify ‘XX’
a) Vasa efferentia b) Vasa deferentia c) Penis d) Scrotum
396. The largest component of the uterus by weight is the
a) Broad ligament b) Myometrium c) Round ligament d) Endometrium
397. Head region of the sperm contains
a) Nucleus and acrosome b) Middle piece and neck region
c) Nucleus and tail d) Middle piece and nucleus
398. The embryonic membrane involved in the formation of placenta in human is
a) Yolk sac b) Allantois c) Amnion d) Chorion
399. Hormone, which is responsible for contraction of uterus is
a) Vasopressin b) Oxytocin c) Thyrotropin d) Gonadotropin
400. Labium majora of a female mammal is homologous to
a) Penis b) Prostate gland c) Epididymis d) Scrotal sac
401. Spermiogenesis or spermatiliosis is
a) Changing of spermatid to spermatozoa
b) Changing of spermatid to sperm
c) Both (a) and (b)
d) Changing of spermatid to secondary spermatocytes
402. Which extra-embryonic membrane in humans prevents desiccation of the embryo inside the uterus?
a) Chorion b) Allantois c) Yolk sac d) Amnion
403. Give the name 𝐴, 𝐵 and 𝐶 in the previous question
a) A-Secondary spermatocytes, B-Primary spermatocytes, C-Spermatozoa
b) A- Spermatozoa, B-spermatocytes, C- Primary spermatocytes, Secondary spermatocytes
c) A- Primary spermatocytes, B- Secondary spermatocytes, C-Spermatozoa
d) A- Spermatozoa, B-Secondary spermatocytes, C- Primary spermatocytes
404. In the given diagram find out, 𝐴, 𝐵 and 𝐶

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 `
a) A-Plug of mucous in cervix, B-Placement villi, C- b) A-Umbilical cord, B-Placement villi, C- Plug of
Umbilical cord mucous in cervix
c) A-Umbilical cord, B- Plug of mucous in cervix, C- d) A-Placement villi, B- Plug of mucous in cervix, C-
Placement villi Umbilical cord
405. The type of connective tissue that is associated with the umbilical cord is
a) Areolar connective tissue b) Jelly-like connective tissue
c) adipose connective tissue d) Reticular connective tissue
406. The uterus opens into the vagina by a canal called
a) Cervical canal b) Fundus c) Ampulla d) Oviducts
407. Within the female ovary, primordial follicles start to develop
a) At puberty b) Around age 5
c) At birth d) During prenatal development
408. Binding of sperm to secondary oocyte cause …A… which ensures ….B… . The words suitable to fill the
blanks are
a) A-polyspermy; B-polarisation b) A-polarisation; B-polyspermy
c) A-depolarisaton; B-monospermy d) A- monospermy; B- depolarisation
409. The correct sequence of spermatogenetic stages leading to the formation of sperms in a mature human
testis is
a) Spermatocyte-spermatogonia-spermatid-sperm
b) Spermatogonia - Spermatocyte-spermatid-sperm
c) Spermatid - Spermatocyte-spermatogonia- sperm
d) spermatogonia-spermatid- Spermatocyte- sperm
410. Mixing up of chromosome of male and female nucleus is called
a) Karyogamy b) Amphimixis c) Both (a) or (b) d) None of the above
411. Body covered with fine hair, eyelid separates and eye lashes are formed during ….. of development
a) 3rd month b) 4th month c) 5th month d) 6th month
412. Which of the following hormones does not play any role is menstruation?
a) GH b) FSH c) LH d) None of these
413. Withdrawl of which hormone cause desintegration of corpus luteum?
a) Progesterone b) LH c) Both (a) and (b) d) None of these
414. Hormone …A… secretes by the anterior lobe of pituitary, which stimulates the ovarian follicle and follicle
secrets the …B… hormone. Here A and B refers to
a) A-FSH; B-progesterone b) A-FSH; B-inhibin
c) A-Inhibin; B-FSH d) A-FSH; B-oestrogen
415. Egg secrets a chemical called …A… which is made up of …B… and sperm secretes a chemical called …C…
made up of …D… The adhesion of sperm to the egg of same species through chemical recognition is called
…E… . Here A to E refers to
a) A-fertilisin, B-glycoprotein, C-antifertilisin, D-protein, E-agglutination
b) A-fertilisin, B-glucose, C-antifertilisin, D- glucose, E-agglutination
c) A-fertilisin, B-fructose, C-antifertilisin, D- fructose, E-agglutination
d) A-fertilisin, B- protein, C-antifertilisin, D- glycoprotein, E-agglutination
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416. The clitoris in females is
a) Analogous to penis b) Homologous to penis
c) Functional penis in female d) Non-functional penis in male
417. Facial bones in humans are derived from
a) Ectoderm b) Endoderm c) Mesoderm d) Trophoblast cells
418. Regeneration of liver is
a) Metamorphosis b) Reparative regeneration
c) Epimorphosis d) Morphogenesis
419. Embryologist can draw the fate maps of future organ of embryo in
a) Blastula b) Morula c) Early gastrula d) Late gastrula
420. Pseudocoelom developed from
a) Embryonic mesoderm b) Archenteron
c) Blastocoel d) Blastopore lip
421. In human beings, normally in which one of the following parts, does the sperm fertilize the ovum?
a) Cervix b) Fallopian tube c) lower part of uterus d) Upper part of uterus
422. Function of bulbourethral gland is to
a) Lubricate the penis b) Increase the motility of sperm
c) Enhance the sperm count d) All of the above
423. Fluid filled cavity called …A… is present in …B… follicle called …C…. Here A, B and C are
a) A-secondary follicle, B-primary follicle, C-tertiary follicle
b) A- primary follicle, B-antrum, C- secondary follicle
c) A- tertiary follicle, B- secondary follicle, C- antrum
d) A- antrum, B- secondary follicle, C-tertiary follicle
424. Spermatids are transformed into spermatozoa by
a) Spermiation b) Spermatogenesis c) Meiosis d) spermiogenesis
425. Length and width of testis is
a) 4-5 cm and 2-3 cm b) 5-6 cm and 3-4 cm c) 6-7 cm and 4-5 cm d) 7-8 cm and 8-9 cm
426. Which cell organelle is absent in human sperm?
a) ER b) Mitochondria c) Nucleus d) Centrioles
427. Largest egg is of
a) PPLO b) Ostrich
c) Hydra d) Periplaneta Americana
428. The endometrium is the lining of
a) Bladder b) Vagina c) Uterus d) Oviduct
429. Acrosome is a type of
a) Lysosome b) Flagellum c) Ribosome d) Basal body
430. Which gland in female is a counterpart of Cowper’s gland in male?
a) Bartholin’s gland b) Clitoris c) Perineal gland d) None of these
431. Embryo at 8 to 16 cell stage is called
a) Blastula b) Morula c) Trophoblast d) All of these
432. Neoteny refers to
a) Development of gonads
b) Pre-adult animal
c) Metamorphosis
d) Retention of larval or embryonic trait in the adult body
433. Implantation is
a) Attachment of blastocyst to uterine wall
b) Division of blastocyst
c) Formation of organs
d) An IVF technique
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434. When released from ovary, human egg contains
a) One Y-chromosome b) Two X-chromosomes
c) One X-chromosome d) XY-chromosomes
435. Acrosome is a part of
a) Foetus b) Graafian follicle c) Human ovum d) Human sperm
436. Eunuchoidism is due to the failure of production of
a) FSH b) Testosterone c) ICSH d) Oestrogen
437. Which part of the sperm contains hydrolytic enzymes?
a) Head region b) Neck region c) Cap region d) Tail region
438. Which of the following takes part in the formation of placenta?
a) Only trophoblast b) Only allantois
c) Trophoblast and mesoderm d) Both (b) and (c)
439. Which one of the following statements about morula in humans is correct
a) It has almost equal quantity of cytoplasm as an b) It has far less cytoplasm as well as lessDNA than in
uncleaved zygote but much more DNA an uncleaved zygote
c) It has more or less equal quantity of cytoplasm d) It has more cytoplasm and more DNA than an
and DNA as in uncleaved zygote uncleaved zygote
440. Embryonic period is also called
a) Prenatal period b) Development period c) Postnatal period d) None of the above
441. Function of scrotum is to maintain the
a) Temperature of testis
b) Body temperature
c) Level of growth hormone
d) Level of male hormone
442. Sperm enters from which part of egg?
a) Anywhere in fertilized egg from animal pole b) From animal pole in unfertilized egg
c) In unfertilized egg from vegetal pole d) None of the above
443. Which of the following hormones is secreted by implanted blastocyst, that acts on the corpus luteum in
the ovary, stimulating the body to produce oestrogens and progesterone to maintain the uterine lining?
a) Oestrogen b) HCG c) Progesterone d) Oxytocin
444. Find A and B in the figure

a) A-Blastocyst; B-Blastomere b) A-Blastula; B-Plasma membrane

c) A-Blastomere; B-Zona pellucida d) A-Zona pellucids; B-Blastomere
445. Which of the following organs is devoid of glands?
a) Uterus b) Vagins c) Vulva d) Oviduct
446. Match the following cell types with the corresponding chromosome complement, that is, whether the cell
is haploid or diploid? (𝑁𝑜𝑡𝑒 If the cell is haploid use ‘A’, if diploid use ‘B’)
I. Spermatozoan
II. Secondary spermatocyte
III. Spermatogonium
IV. Spermatid
V. Primary spermatocyte
VI. Secondary oocyte
VII. Second polar body
VIII. First polar body
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 IX. Primary oocyte
a) I-A, II-A, III-B, IV-A, V-B, VI-A, VII-A, VIII-A, IX-B
b) I-A, II-A, III-B, IV-B, V-B, VI-A, VII-A, VIII-A, IX-A
c) I-A, II-A, III-A, IV-A, V-A, VI-A, VII-A, VIII-B, IX-B
d) I-B, II-B, III-B, IV-B, V-B, VI-B, VII-B, VIII-A, IX-B
447. Which part of the sperm assist first mitotic division?
a) Acrosome b) Neck c) Middle part d) Tail part
448. Sperm entry takes place in the secondary oocyte by
a) Cone of rejection
b) Cone of reception
c) Fertilisation cone
d) Both (b) and (c)
449. Sperm lysin is found in
a) Neck region of sperm b) Middle region of sperm
c) Head region of sperm d) Tail region of sperm
450. Compartments in mammalian testes are called
a) Testicular lobules b) Seminiferous tubules
c) Sertoli cells d) Interstitial cells
451. Human Fallopian tube is about
a) 8-9 cm long b) 9-10 cm long c) 10-12 cm long d) 12-17 cm long
452. Identify 𝐴, 𝐵 and 𝐶 in the given human sperm diagram

a) A-Acrosome, B-Plasma membrane, C-Mitochondria

b) A- Plasma membrane, B- Acrosome, C-Mitochondria
c) A- Mitochondria, B- Acrosome, C- Plasma membrane
d) A- Mitochondria, B-Plasma membrane, C- Acrosome
453. Prostate gland surrounds the …A… . It produces milky, slightly alkaline solution which forms …B… volume
of the semen. The secretion contains …C… acid; enzymes (acid phosphates, amylase pepsinogen and
prostaglandins).
A, B and C in the above statement is
a) A-prostate gland, B-35%, C-carboxylic b) A-penis, B-40%, C-carboxylic
c) A-ureter, B-25%, C-citric d) A-ureter, B-50%, C-citric
454. Corpus luteum produces
a) Progesterone b) Oestrogen c) Luteotropin hormone d) Luteinzing hormone
455. In gastrulation, which of the forewing germ layer is /are formed?
a) Endoderm b) Mesoderm c) Ectoderm, endoderm d) All of the above
456. The permissible use of the technique amniocentesis is for
a) Detecting sex of the unborn foetus
b) Artificial insemination
c) Transfer of embryo into the uterus of a surrogate mother
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 d) Detecting any genetic abnormality
457. Identify the correctly matched pairs of the germ layers and their derivatives.
[Link] – Epidermis
[Link] – Dermis
[Link] – Muscles
[Link] – Notochord
[Link] – Enamel of teeth
a) I, III and IV only b) I, II, III and V only c) I and IV only d) I and II only
458. Follicular phase lasts for
a) 6-13 days b) 6-24 days c) 6-10 days d) 6-8 days
459. Fertilization of ovum by the sperm takes place in
a) Ampulla of oviduct b) Isthmus of oviduct c) Fimbriae of oviduct d) None of the above
460. Bartholin glands are situated
a) On the sides of head
b) At the reduced tail end of birds
c) On either sides of vas deferens in human
d) On either sides of vagina in human
461. The organ which produces gametes are called …A… and which neither produces gametes nor hormones
are called …B… . Here A and B represent
a) A-primary sex organs; B-secondary sex organs
b) A- secondary sex organs; B- primary sex organs
c) A-tertiary sex organs; B-secondary sex organs
d) A- secondary sex organs; B- tertiary sex organs
462. Sertoli’s cells are found in
a) Pancreas b) Testes c) ovary d) Livery
463. In males LH is called
a) Androgen binding protein b) Inhibin
c) ICSH (Interstitial Cell Stimulating Hormones) d) FSH
464. Sertoli’s cells found in testis. These cells are
a) Nurse cells b) Reproductive cells c) Receptor cells d) None of the above
465. Mainly which type of hormones control the menstrual cycle in human beings?
a) FSH b) LH c) FSH, LH, Oestrogen d) Progesterone
466. Parturition is the process of
a) Child birth b) Fusion of gametes
c) Both (a) and (b) d) Releasing of gametes
467. Placenta is a connection between
a) Foetus and vaginal wall b) Foetus and Fallopian tube
c) Foetus and uterine wall d) Embryo and scrotum
468. The hormone that prepares and maintains the uterus during pregnancy is secreted by
a) Corpora cardiaca b) Corpus luteum c) Corpora albicans d) Graafian follicle
469. The early stage human embryo distinctly possesses
a) Gills b) Gil slits c) External ear (pinna) d) Eyebrows
470. In human lining of gastrointestinal tract, lining of lungs, thymus thyroid, tonsils, kidney duct and bladder
are derived from
a) Ectoderm b) Mesoderm c) Endoderm d) Both (b) and (c)
471. Which of these is used to control human population?
a) Oestrogen and progesterone b) IUCD and MTP
c) Tubectomy and vasectomy d) All of the above
472. Give the name of 𝐶 and 𝐷 in the diagram

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 a) Secondary spermatocyte and primary b) Spermatid and ootid
spermatocytes
c) Primary spermatocyte and secondary d) All of the above
spermatocytes
473. The first menstruration begins at puberty is called
a) Menopause b) Ovulation c) Gametogenesis d) Menarch
474. An antrum is the characteristic of ….follicles
a) Secondary b) Graafian
c) Primary d) Secondary or Graafian
475. The blastomeres in the blastocyst are arranged into an outer layer called ……….. and an inner group of cells
attached to trophoblast called the …….. mass.
The trophoblast layer gets attached to the …… and the ……. differentiated as the embryo. As a result the
…….. becomes embeded in the endometrium of the uterus. This is called ….. and it leads to pregnancy.
Blanks given in the above paragraph are filled in chronological order as
a) Inner cell, trophoblast, endometrium, inner mass b) Trophoblast, inner cell, endometrium, inner mass
cell, blastocyst, implantation cell, blastocyst, implantation
c) Trophoblast, inner cell, endometrium, inner mass d) Trophoblast, inner cell, inner cell mass,
cell, implantation, blastocyst endometrium, implantation, blastocyst
476. Inner portion of the seminiferous tubules contain
a) Male germ cell
b) Sertoli cells
c) Both (a) and (b)
d) Interstitial or leydig cell
477. The epididymis leads to …A… that ascends to abdomen and loops over the …B…. Here A and B refers to
a) A-epididymis; B-vas deferens b) A-vas deferens; B-epididymis
c) A-vas deferens; B-urinary bladder d) A-urinary bladder; B-vas deferens
478. Chorion is made up of
a) Trophoblast outer and somatopleuronic inside b) Somatopleuronic outside and trophoblastic inside
c) Both (a) and (b) d) None of the above
479. Endocrine portion of testis is
a) Seminiferous tubules b) Interstitial cells
c) Leydig cell d) Both (b) and (c)
480. Find out the chromosome number in the structures 𝐴, 𝐵 and 𝐶

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 a) 46, 23, 46
b) 23, 46, 46
c) 46, 23 ,23
d) 23, 23, 46
481. Genes in the somatic cells of the body undergoes mutation with the passages of time. Such mutations cause
senescence. It is related with
a) Hormonal theory b) Programmed senescence theory
c) Error and damages theories d) Immunological theories
482. Identify 𝐼, 𝐽, 𝐾 and 𝐿 in the diagram of Q, 35
a) I-Rete-testis, J-Vasa efferentia, K-Epididymis, L- b) I-Vasa efferentia, J-Rete-testis, K-Testicular
Testicular lobules lobules, L-Epididymis
c) I-Epididymis, J-Vasa efferentia, K-Rete-testis, L- d) I-Testicular lobules, J-Rete-testis, K-Vasa
Testicular lobules efferentia, L-Epididymis
483. The first movements of the foetus and appearance of hair on its head are usually observed during which
month of pregnancy?
a) Fourth month b) Fifth month c) Sixth month d) Third month
484. Which is immortal?
a) Plasma cell b) Germ cell c) Brain cell d) Kidney cell
485. Match 𝐴 to 𝐺 with 𝐼 to VII given below

I. Anus
II. Glans (clitoris)
III. Labia majora
IV Labia manora
V. Mons pubis
VI. Urethra
VII. Vagina
a) A-V, B-IV, C-III, D-II, E-VI, F-VII, G-I b) A-V, B-III, C-II, D-IV, E-VI, F-VII, G-I
c) A-II, B-III, C-V, D-IV, E-VI, F-VII, G-I d) A-V, B-VI, C-VII, D-IV, E-II, F-III, G-I
486. How many sperm cells are present in an average (3cc) ejaculation?
a) 200 million b) 300 million c) 400 million d) 500 million
487. First milk produced after child birth is called
a) Sebum b) Cerumen c) True milk d) Colostrum
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488. Sperm’s acrosome has
a) Hyaluronic acid and proacrosin b) Hyaluronic acid and Fertilizin
c) Hyaluronidase and proacrosin d) Fertilizin and proacrosin
489.

a) A-Trophoblast; B-Inner mass of cell b) A-Trophoderm; B-Embroyblast

c) Either (a) or (b) d) Both (a) and (b)
490. Ageing is retarded by
a) ABA b) CKN c) GA d) C2 H4
491. The colour of bone marrow in foetus is
a) Red b) Yellow c) Brown d) None of these
492. In rabbit, head of epididymis present at the head of the testis is called
a) Vas deferens b) Cauda epididymis c) Gubernaculum d) Caput epididymis
493. The main tissue present in breast is ……. tissue
a) Glandular b) Sequamous c) Ciliated d) Epithelium
494. Placenta faciliate
a) Supply of oxygen b) Nutrient supply
c) Removal of excretory material d) All of the above
495. Which of the following undergoes spermiogenesis?
a) Spermatids b) Spermatogonia
c) Primary spermatocytes d) Secondary spermatocytes
496. Cleavage found in mesolecithal egg is
a) Holoblastic and equal b) Holoblastic and unequal
c) Meroblastic d) Discoidal
497. Choose the correct combination of labeling of seminiferous tubules of testis.

a) A - Sertoli’s cells B - Spermatogonium C b) A - Interstitial cell B - Spermatid C-

- Spermatid Spermatogonium
D – Interstitial cell E - Spermatozoa D – Spermatozoa E - Sertoli’s cells
c) A - Interstitial cell B - Spermatid C- d) A - Interstitial cell B - Spermatogonium C
Spermatozoa - Spermatid
D – Spermatogonium E - Sertoli’s cells D – Spermatozoa E - Sertoli’s cells
498. In human, the unpaired male reproductive structure is
a) Seminal vesicle b) Prostate c) Bulbourethral gland d) Testes
499. The main function of the fimbriae of the fallopian tube in females is to
a) Release to ovum from the graafian follicle
b) Make necessary changes in the endometrium for implantation
c) Help in the development of corpus luteum
d) Help in the collection of the ovum after ovulation
500. Name the parts and organelles of the sperms which are important in zygotes first cleavage, after syngamy
a) Neck and mitochondria b) Neck and tail
c) Neck and centriole d) Neck and head
501. The signals for parturition originates from the fully developed foetus and followed by placenta causing the
mild contractions called
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 a) Foetal ejection reflex b) Embryo ejection reflex
c) Blastocoel ejaculation reflex d) Still birth
502. Find out corpus luteum and ovum in the previous question figure
a) A and B b) B and C c) C and D d) F and E
503. Corpus luteum is developed from
a) Oocyte b) Nephrostome c) Graafian follicle d) None of these
504. Milk secretion in mammals is associated with
a) Vasopressin b) Progesterone c) Prolactin d) Oxytocin
505. Which layer develops first during embryonic development?
a) Ectoderm b) Mesoderm c) Endoderm d) Both (b) and (c)
506. The reproductive cycle in the female primate monkeys, apes and human beings is called
a) Menstrual cycle b) Menarche c) Menopause d) ovulation
507. Which of the following are secretions produced by the spermatozoa at the time of fertilization?
a) Fertilizin and anti-fertilizin b) Anti-fertilizin and sperm lysin
c) Fertilizin and sperm lysin d) Only sperm lysin
508. Males have numbers of internal accessory organs. Which one (s) is/are responsible for secreting fluid
containing fructose and prostaglandins?
a) Epididymis b) Seminal vesicles c) Vas deferens d) Prostate gland
509. Which of the following structures is ectodermal in origin?
a) Notochord b) Kidney c) Brain d) Liver
510. Tablets to prevent contraception contain
a) Progesterone b) FSH c) LH d) Both (b) and (c)
511. The living organisms can be unexceptionally distinguished from the non-livings on the basis of their ability
for
a) Responsiveness to touch
b) Interaction with the environment and progressive evolution
c) Reproduction
d) Growth and movement
512. Inner mass of cell or embryoblast give rise to
a) Foetal part b) Embryo c) Notochord d) Nourishment cell
513. Most of the organs are formed during ….. of development
a) 1st month b) 2nd month c) 3rd month d) 4th month
514. How many compartments (approx.) are there in each human testis?
a) 250 b) 300 c) 350 d) 400
515. The lytic enzyme present in semen is
a) Ligase b) Oestrogenase c) Androgenase d) Hyaluronidase
516. In which of the following, the dead space is highest?
a) Old man b) Old woman c) Young man d) Young woman
517. Find 𝐴 to 𝐷 in figure

a) A-Breaking zona pellucida, B-Inner cell mass, C-Blastocoel, D-Trophoblast

b) A-Breaking zona pellucida, B-Inner cell mass, C- Trophoblast, D- Blastocoel
c) A-Breaking zona pellucida, B- Blastocoel, C-Inner cell mass, D-Trophoblast
d) A-Breaking zona pellucida, B- Trophoblast, C- Inner cell mass, D- Blastocoel
518. In menstrual cycle, the menstrual phase last for
P a g e | 43
 a) 3-5 days b) 5-6 days c) 1-3 days d) 2-3 days
519. Give the name of 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶 and 𝐷 hormone in the following diagram

a) A-Inhibin, B-FSH, C-Testosterone, D-LH

b) A-Testosterone, B-Inhibin, C- LH, D-FSH
c) A-FSH, B- LH, C-Inhibin, D-Testosterone
d) A-LH, B-FSH, C-Testosterone, D-Inhibin
520. Cryptorchidism is a condition in which
a) Testis does not descend into scrotal sac b) Sperm is not found
c) Male hormones are not reactive d) Ovaries are removed
521. At which phase, both LH and FSH attain a peak level?
a) Menstrual phase b) Follicular phase c) Ovulatory phase d) Luteal phase
522. Find out the chromosome number, in 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶 of previous question
a) 46, 23, 23 b) 46, 46, 23 c) 46, 46, 46 d) 46, 23, 46
523. Synthesis of testosterone by Leydig cells is stimulated by
a) LTH b) TSH c) FSH d) ICSH
524. Select human development stages and its place at occurrence in normal pregnant woman
a) Late morula – Middle part of Fallopian tube
b) Blastula – End part of Fallopian tube
c) Blastocyst – Uterine wall
d) 8-celled morula – Starting point of Fallopian tube
525. Region outside the seminiferous tubules is called
a) Inter digital space b) Inter space c) Interstitial space d) Blind space
526. Hormone which stimulates the ‘let down’ release of milk from mother’s breast when the baby is suckling,
is
a) Prolactin b) Progesterone c) Oxytocin d) Relaxin
527. Corpus spongiosum is found in
a) Ovary b) Penis c) Testis d) Uterine wall
528. Primary spermatocyte differs form spermatogonium in
a) Number of chromosomes b) Size and volume
c) DNA content d) Size of chromosomes
529. During ovulation all of the following occur except
a) Rupture of the Graafian follicle b) Low oestrogen production
c) High FSH and LH production d) Formation of the corpus luteum
530. In human all the three germ layers are originated from
a) Trophoblast cells b) Inner cell mass
c) Both (a) and (b) d) They have special lineage
531. How many sperms are formed by four primary spermatocytes?
a) 1 b) 4 c) 16 d) 32
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532. Stem cell can give rise to/the
a) Any types of cells b) Heart cells
c) Special tissue d) Special organs only
533. Given below is an incomplete flow chart showing influence of hormones of gametogenesis in human
females. A, B, C and D in the chart refers to

A-GnRH, (Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone), B- A-GnRH, (Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone), B-

a) Oestrogen and progesterone, C-Ovary, D-FSH and b) Progesterone and LH, C-Ovary, D- Oestrogen and
LH FSH
A-GnRH, (Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone), B- A-GnRH, (Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone), B-
c) FSH and Oestrogen, C-Ovary, D-LH and d) FSH and LH, C-Ovary, D- Oestrogen and
Progesterone Progesterone

P a g e | 45
Session : 2025-26 AS PER NEW NTA SYLLABUS
Total Questions : 566

NEET BIOLOGY
[Link] REPRODUCTION

: ANSWER KEY :
1) a 2) c 3) d 4) a 149) b 150) b 151) b 152) c
5) c 6) c 7) d 8) c 153) c 154) a 155) a 156) d
9) c 10) c 11) a 12) b 157) a 158) b 159) a 160) a
13) c 14) d 15) b 16) a 161) b 162) d 163) c 164) a
17) b 18) a 19) b 20) a 165) b 166) c 167) c 168) a
21) a 22) c 23) c 24) b 169) b 170) d 171) b 172) a
25) b 26) b 27) a 28) c 173) b 174) b 175) a 176) c
29) b 30) d 31) b 32) b 177) a 178) b 179) c 180) d
33) b 34) a 35) a 36) b 181) c 182) c 183) d 184) c
37) b 38) a 39) b 40) c 185) c 186) b 187) b 188) b
41) b 42) c 43) c 44) c 189) a 190) b 191) c 192) c
45) a 46) a 47) b 48) d 193) a 194) b 195) c 196) a
49) a 50) a 51) c 52) b 197) a 198) a 199) c 200) b
53) c 54) a 55) a 56) c 201) d 202) d 203) d 204) a
57) d 58) d 59) a 60) a 205) a 206) d 207) c 208) b
61) d 62) c 63) c 64) b 209) b 210) c 211) c 212) b
65) a 66) d 67) a 68) b 213) b 214) b 215) d 216) a
69) b 70) a 71) c 72) d 217) b 218) a 219) a 220) a
73) c 74) a 75) c 76) d 221) b 222) a 223) c 224) d
77) a 78) c 79) c 80) c 225) a 226) a 227) a 228) c
81) a 82) a 83) a 84) b 229) c 230) d 231) d 232) b
85) a 86) b 87) a 88) b 233) c 234) c 235) b 236) a
89) b 90) c 91) c 92) c 237) c 238) b 239) c 240) a
93) a 94) d 95) b 96) a 241) a 242) b 243) c 244) b
97) b 98) b 99) d 100) d 245) d 246) a 247) a 248) c
101) b 102) b 103) b 104) c 249) d 250) a 251) b 252) c
105) a 106) a 107) c 108) c 253) b 254) c 255) d 256) c
109) a 110) c 111) d 112) d 257) b 258) b 259) a 260) a
113) d 114) b 115) a 116) a 261) a 262) c 263) a 264) c
117) a 118) b 119) a 120) a 265) d 266) b 267) b 268) b
121) d 122) a 123) a 124) d 269) b 270) a 271) a 272) b
125) a 126) d 127) d 128) c 273) b 274) a 275) a 276) b
129) b 130) a 131) a 132) c 277) c 278) d 279) a 280) b
133) b 134) c 135) c 136) d 281) b 282) d 283) b 284) a
137) c 138) c 139) a 140) c 285) a 286) d 287) a 288) b
141) c 142) d 143) a 144) c 289) c 290) b 291) c 292) a
145) b 146) b 147) a 148) b 293) c 294) a 295) a 296) c

P a g e | 46
297) c 298) a 299) a 300) d 421) b 422) a 423) d 424) d
301) c 302) a 303) b 304) b 425) a 426) a 427) b 428) c
305) b 306) b 307) d 308) c 429) a 430) a 431) a 432) d
309) c 310) c 311) a 312) b 433) a 434) c 435) d 436) b
313) c 314) b 315) c 316) d 437) a 438) c 439) d 440) a
317) a 318) a 319) c 320) c 441) a 442) b 443) b 444) c
321) d 322) b 323) a 324) b 445) d 446) a 447) b 448) d
325) d 326) d 327) d 328) d 449) c 450) a 451) c 452) a
329) c 330) a 331) a 332) a 453) c 454) a 455) d 456) d
333) d 334) b 335) b 336) b 457) a 458) a 459) a 460) d
337) a 338) c 339) b 340) a 461) a 462) b 463) c 464) a
341) a 342) a 343) a 344) b 465) c 466) a 467) c 468) b
345) a 346) a 347) a 348) b 469) b 470) c 471) d 472) a
349) c 350) a 351) a 352) b 473) d 474) d 475) b 476) c
353) a 354) c 355) d 356) b 477) c 478) a 479) d 480) c
357) a 358) d 359) d 360) a 481) c 482) d 483) b 484) b
361) d 362) b 363) a 364) b 485) b 486) b 487) d 488) c
365) c 366) d 367) a 368) d 489) c 490) b 491) a 492) d
369) a 370) b 371) c 372) b 493) a 494) d 495) a 496) b
373) a 374) a 375) d 376) a 497) d 498) b 499) d 500) c
377) b 378) b 379) c 380) d 501) a 502) d 503) c 504) c
381) d 382) c 383) b 384) d 505) d 506) a 507) b 508) b
385) d 386) b 387) c 388) b 509) c 510) a 511) c 512) b
389) a 390) a 391) d 392) b 513) c 514) a 515) d 516) a
393) b 394) c 395) b 396) b 517) a 518) a 519) d 520) a
397) a 398) d 399) a 400) a 521) c 522) b 523) d 524) c
401) a 402) c 403) c 404) b 525) a 526) c 527) b 528) b
405) b 406) a 407) d 408) c 529) b 530) b 531) b 532) a
409) b 410) c 411) d 412) a 533) d
413) b 414) d 415) a 416) b
417) a 418) b 419) a 420) c

P a g e | 47
Session : 2025-26 AS PER NEW NTA SYLLABUS
Total Questions : 566

NEET BIOLOGY
[Link] REPRODUCTION

: HINTS AND SOLUTIONS :

1 (a) (ii) The act of expelling the full term foetus from
Rout of milk secretion the mother’s uterus at the end of gestation period
is called parturition
(iii) It is induced by a complex neuroendocrine
mechanism
(iv) Parturition signals originates from the fully
developed foetus and the palcenta, which induce
mild uterine contractions called foetus ejection
Internally, the breast consists of the glandular
reflex
tissue forming mammary glands, the fibrous
(v) This triggers the release of oxytocin from the
tissue (connective tissue) and the fatty or adipose
maternal pituitary
tissue. Mammary glands are modified sweat
(vi) Oxytocin induces stronger uterine muscle
glands
contractions
2 (c)
(vii) Relaxin increases the flexibility of the pubic
I. Oestrogen – D
symphysis and ligaments that helps to dilate the
II. Ovulation – G
uterine cervix during labour pain
III. Repair of endometrium – F
(viii) This leads to the expulsion of baby
IV. Luteinising hormone – C
5 (c)
V. Menstruation – H
VI. Luteal phase – B
VII. Progesterone – E
VIII. Ovarian phase - A
3 (d)
Gastrulation is the process of the formationof
gastrula from the blastula. It is characterized y
formation of three primary germ layers and
morphogenetic movements including epiboly,
emboly, involution, invagination and
Generally, menstrual cycle have four phases
delamination.
(i) Menstrual phase (a) The soft tissue of
4 (a) endometrial lining of the uterus disintegrates
Among prostaglandin, oestrogen and oxytocin, it causing bleeding.
is oxytocin contract the uterine wall strongly. (b) The unfertilized egg and soft tissue are
Parturition discharged.
(i) The average duration of human pregnancy is (c) It lasts 3-5 days.
about 9 months which is called the gestation (ii) Follicular Phase/Proliferative Phase (a) The
period primary follicles in the ovary grow and become a
fully mature Graafian follicle.

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 (b) The endometrium of the uterus is regenerated 10 (c)
due to the secretion of LH and FSH from anterior A cross section at the midpoint of the middle
pituitary and ovarian hormone, estrogen. piece of a sperm will show mitochondria and 9+2
(c) It least for about 10-14 days. arrangement of microtubules.
(iii) Ovulatory Phase (a) Rapid secretion of LH 11 (a)
(LH surge) induces rupture of Graafian follicle, Fusion of male and female gametes is called
thereby leading to ovulation (release of ovum). fertilization. It can be external (outside the female
(b) It lasts for only about 48 hr. genital tract) like frog, fishes or internal (inside
(iv) Luteal Phase/Secretor Phase (a) In this phase the female genital tract) like mammals, birds, etc.
the ruptured follicle changes into corpus luteum 12 (b)
in the ovary and it begins to secrete the hormone Rapid mitosis in zygote into the blastomeres
progesterone. Gametes. The major reproductive events in
(b) The endometrium thickens further and their human beings are as follows
glands secrete a fluid into the uterus. (i) Gametogenesis It is the formation of gametes.
c) If ovum is not fertilized, the corpus luteum It includes spermatogenesis (formation of
undergoes degeneration and this causes sperms) and oogenesis (formation of ova/eggs)
disintegration of the endometrium leading to (ii) Insemination It is the transfer of sperms by
menstruation the male into the genital tract of the female
6 (c) (iii) Fertilization Fusion of male and female
In isolecithal eggs, yolk is uniformly distributed gametes to form zygote is called fertilization
(e.g., mammals). In centrolecithal eggs, yolk is in (iv) Cleavage It is rapid mitotic divisions of the
the centre of the egg (e.g., insects). In polyleithal zygote which convert the single celled zygote into
eggs, yolk is in patches, (e.g., insects) and in a multicellular structure called blastocyst
telolecithal eggs, yolk is concentrated at one of the (blastula)
egg (e.g., frog, birds). Eggs of human being are (v) Implantation It is the attachment of blastocyst
microlecithal and isolecithal. to the uterine wall
(vi) Placentation It involves the formation of
7 (d) placenta which is the intimate connection
Capacitation takes about 5-6 hours. between the foetus and uterine wall of the mother
Capacitation of Sperm The sperms in the female is to exchange the materials
genital tract are made capable of fertilizing the (vii) Gastrulation It is the process by which
egg by the secretion of female genital tract. These blastocyst is changed into gastrula with three
secretions of the female genital tract removes the primary germ layers
coating substances deposited on the surface of the (viii) Organogenesis It is the formation of specific
sperms, particularly those on acrosome. Thus, the tissue, organs and organ systems from three
receptor sites on the acrosome are exposed and primary germ layers
sperm become active to penetrate the egg. This (ix) Parturition (child birth) it involves expelling
phenomenon of sperm activation in mammals is of the baby from the mother’s womb (uterus)
called capacitation. It takes about 5-6 hr for 13 (c)
capacitation of sperm Generally, menstrual cycle have four phases
8 (c) (i) Menstrual phase (a) The soft tissue of
The grey crescent area is an area just opposite to endometrial lining of the uterus disintegrates
the entry of sperm into ovum. causing bleeding.
9 (c) (b) The unfertilized egg and soft tissue are
Corpus luteum is the yellow endocrine body discharged.
formed in the ovary at the site of a ruptured (c) It lasts 3-5 days.
Graafian follicle, while macula lutea is a yellow (ii) Follicular Phase/Proliferative Phase (a) The
spot on the retina. The common feature between primary follicles in the ovary grow and become a
the two is that both (corpus luteum and macula fully mature Graafian follicle.
lutea) are characterized by yellow colour.
P a g e | 49
 (b) The endometrium of the uterus is regenerated Blastula (more than 16 blastomere (approx.-64) it
due to the secretion of LH and FSH from anterior is hollow structure
pituitary and ovarian hormone, estrogen. With blastocoel cavity in center)
(c) It least for about 10-14 days. ↓
(iii) Ovulatory Phase (a) Rapid secretion of LH Gastrula (Transformation of the blastocyst in the
(LH surge) induces rupture of Graafian follicle, gastrula with primary germ layer by
thereby leading to ovulation (release of ovum). rearrangement a cell called gastrulation and
(b) It lasts for only about 48 hr. structure is called gastrula)
(iv) Luteal Phase/Secretor Phase (a) In this phase 17 (b)
the ruptured follicle changes into corpus luteum In rabbit, man and other placental mammals,
in the ovary and it begins to secrete the hormone fertilization takes place in the upper part of the
progesterone. fallopian tube (ampulla).
(b) The endometrium thickens further and their
glands secrete a fluid into the uterus. 18 (a)
c) If ovum is not fertilized, the corpus luteum Placenta release oestrogens, progesterone, hCG
undergoes degeneration and this causes and relaxin. That’s why it can be considered as
disintegration of the endometrium leading to endocrine gland
menstruation. 19 (b)
(d) Oestrogen and progesterone levels rise during Trophoblast.
this phase. It lasts for only 1 day. (e) During The trophoblast encircles the blastocoel and inner
pregnancy all events of the menstrual cycle stop mass cell. The inner mass cell is the precursor of
and there is no menstruation. The menstrual cycle the embryo. It means that inner mass give rise to
permanently stops in females at the age of around embryo. The cells of the trophoblast helps to
50 years. This is called menopause provide the nutrition to the embryo. The cells of
14 (d) the trophoblast form extra embryonic membranes
In the ovulatory phase, both LH and FSH attain a namely chorion and amnion. The cells of the
peak level in middle of cycle (about 14 day). trophoblast which are in contact with inner mass
Rapid secretion of LH induces rupturing of are called cells of raubers
Graafian follicle and thereby releasing the ovum
in human beings (secondary oocyte is released).
This is called ovulation. Infact increase level of LH
causes ovulation
15 (b)
The phase of menstrual cycle in women that lasts
for 7-8 days, is ovulatory phase.
16 (a)
Correct sequence in development is fertilisation 20 (a)
(union of male Extra embryonic membrane are also called foetal
of male and female gamete) membrane.
↓ Extraembryonic or Foetal Membranes
Zygote (syngany or amphioxis) leads to the The growing embryo/foetus develops four
zygote) membranes called the extraembryoic or foetal
↓ membranes. These include chorion, aminion,
Cleavage (series of rapid mitotic division of the allantois and yolk sac
zygote) (i) Chorion It is made up of trophoblast outside
↓ and somatopleuric extraembryonic mesoderm
Morula (8-16 blastomere structure called morula inside. It completely surrounds the embryo and
having similar types of cells) protects it. It also takes part in the formation of
↓ placenta

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 (ii) Amnion It is composed of trophoblast inside and the
and somatopleuric extraembryonic mesoderm unfertilized ovum
outside. The space between the embryo and the constitute the
amnion is called the amniotic cavity, which is menstrual flow.
Progesterone and
filled with a clear, watery fluid secreted by both
LH production is
the embryo and the membrane. The amniotic fluid reduced
prevents dessication of the embryo and acts as a Follicular 6-13 Endometrium
protective cushion that absorbs shocks phase rebuilds, FSH
(iii) Allantois The allantois is composed of (proliferative secretion and
endoderm inside and splanchnopleuric phase) oestrogen’s
extraembryoic mesoderm outside. It is a sac like secretion increase
Ovulatory 14 Both LH and FSH
structure, which arises from the gut of the embryo
phase attain a peak level.
near the yolk sac. In human the allantois is small Concentration of
and non-functional except for furnishing blood oestrogen in the
vessels to the placenta blood is also high
(iv) Yolk Sac The primary yolk sac consists of and reaches its
endoderm inside and splanchnopleuric peak, Ovulation
occurs
extraembryoic mesoderm outside. The yolk sac is
Luteal phase 15- Corpus luteum
non-functional in human beings except that it
(secretory 28 secretes
functions as the site of early blood cell formation phase) progesterone.
21 (a) Endometrium
Capacitation is the activation of sperm in thickens and
mammals, which takes place in female genital uterine glands
duct. The secretory cells of epithelial lining of become secretory
oviduct mucosa secrete viscous fluid, which 25 (b)
activates the sperms due to which sperms get Spermatogenesis is the process of the formation of
motile for fusion with egg. haploid spermatozoa (sperms) from the
undifferentiated diploid primordial germs cells of
22 (c) the testes, which involves multiplication phase,
Epididymis stores the sperm and also secretes a growth phase, maturation phase and
fluid, which is considered to nourish the sperm. In differentiation phase, whereas Spermiogenesis is
epididymis the sperms are stored for few hours to the process to transformation of spermatids
few days till sent out through ejaculations and intospermatozoa (sperms) which involves
Sperms, if not ejaculated are reabsorbed. Testis differentiation phase.
and epididymis are together called testides 26 (b)
23 (c) There are many enzymes in the acrosome like
In human female, the large plasma surge of fertilisin, hyaluronidase, pectin corona
luteinizing hormone (LH) causes induction of penetrating enzyme, acrosin etc., together they
ovulation (release of ovum). are called sperm lysins
27 (a)
24 (b) Alimentary canal and respiratory structure are
Progesterone and oestrogen, level of both rises in endodermal in origin.
luteal or secretory phase 28 (c)
Menstrual cycle Graafian follicle is the mature follicle present in
Phases Days Events the ovary. It consists of an outermost layer called
Menstrual 1-5 Endometrium theca externa and inner to it is theca interna.
phase breaks down,
29 (b)
menstruation
begins. The cells of If mammalian ovum fails to get fertilized, the
endometrium, oestrogen secretion does not decrease further.
secretions, blood 30 (d)

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 Spermatogonium (iii) It is induced by a complex neuroendocrine
↓ Mitosis and differentiation mechanism
Primary spermatocytes (iv) Parturition signals originates from the fully
↓ Meiosis-I developed foetus and the palcenta, which induce
Secondary spermatocytes mild uterine contractions called foetus ejection
↓ Meiosis-II reflex
Spermatids (v) This triggers the release of oxytocin from the
↓ Differentiation maternal pituitary
Spermatozoa (vi) Oxytocin induces stronger uterine muscle
31 (b) contractions
Allantois is an extra embryonic membrane (vii) Relaxin increases the flexibility of the pubic
developed as an outgrowth from hindgut. In the symphysis and ligaments that helps to dilate the
eggs of reptiles and birds, it functions as a urinary uterine cervix during labour pain
bladder and stores the waste excretory products. (viii) This leads to the expulsion of baby
It also provides oxygen (in reptiles, birds and 38 (a)
mammals) and food (in mammals) to the embryo. If fertilization occurs and foetus is implanted in
the endometrium, the trophoblast cells of the
32 (b) developing placenta secrete a hormone human
A-Pelvic wall; B-Ligament, C-Peripheral cortex; D- Chorionic Gonadotrophic (hCG).This hormone,
Inner medulla like LH, maintains the corpus luteum and the
33 (b) secretion of progesterone and estradiol by it.
Labia majora (female external genitalia) These two hormones check the breakdown of the
homologous to the scrotum of male endometrium of the uterus. The absence of
34 (a) menstrual bleeding is the earliest sign of
After ovulation, frog Graafian follicle acts as an pregnancy.
endocrine gland because it secretes progesterone 39 (b)
hormone for the maintenance of pregnancy. The ruptured follicle of ovary after ovulation gives
35 (a) rise to corpus luteun which is the source for
According to the theory of error catastrophe, the secretion of progesterone. This hormone is
damage to mechanisms that synthesize proteins, responsible for growth and maintenance of foetus.
results in faulty proteins, which accumulate to a Oestrogen is produced by theca interna cells of
level and causes catastrophic damage to cells, Graafian follicles.
tissues and organs. Male hormone called androgen is produced by
36 (b) interstitial calls of Leydig.
Rete testis is connected to caput epididymis by 40 (c)
12-20 fine tubules called vasa efferentia or ductuli By supply of oestrogen and progesterone, the
efference. These collect sperms from inside the menstruation can be deferred.
testis and transfer them to the epididymis. Vas 41 (b)
deferens arises from cauda epididymis, conducts, Allantois si the extraembryonic membrane that
sperms from epididymis to urethra. develops in embryon of reptiles, birds and
37 (b) mammals as a growth from the hindgut. It acts as
Doctors inject oxytocin hormone for the strong a urinary bladder for the storage of waste
contraction of uterine wall. products and as means of providing the embryo
Parturition with oxygen and food.
(i) The average duration of human pregnancy is
about 9 months which is called the gestation 42 (c)
period Statement I is false. Sperm live for some time in
(ii) The act of expelling the full term foetus from petridish but when they don’t get appropriate
the mother’s uterus at the end of gestation period environment, they will die. At −196℃ they can be
is called parturition

P a g e | 52
 stored for years. This is the temperature which is mesoderm, and endoderm) and morphogenetic
maintained at sperm bank movements.
Statement II is true. Because sperm contain
prostaglandins which causes uterine wall to 49 (a)
contract Fertilization
43 (c) The process of fusion of a sperm (male gamete)
Ovulation takes place at the 14-16th day of with an ovum (female gamete) is called
menstrual cycle. This is indicated by arrow 𝐶 in fertilization
the diagram. Menstruation is the shedding of Steps
endometrium wall of the uterus. It takes place at (i) During coitus, semen is released by the penis
the 1-5 day of the beginning of menstrual cycle, into the vagina (insemination)
which is indicated by arrow A (ii) The motile sperms swim rapidly through the
44 (c) cervix, enter into the uterus and reach the
The epithelium of seminiferous tubule is made up ampullary isthmic junction of the oviduct (site of
of two types of cells- Sertoli’s cells and fertilization)
spermatogenic cells. Sertoli’s cells nourish (iii) A sperm comes in contact with the zona
spermatozoa, act as nurse cells for differentiating pellucida layer of the ovum and induces changes
spermatozoa phagocytize defective sperm and in the membrane to block the entry of additional
secrete protein hormone inhibin (which inhibits sperms
FSH secretion). (iv) The enzymes of the acrosome of sperm help
45 (a) to dissolve zona pellucida and plasma membrane
Ovum receives the sperm in the region of animal of the ovum and sperm head is allowed to enter
pole. The sperm fuses with ovum to form diploid into the cytoplasm of the ovum, i.e., secondary
zygote. The pole of ovum opposite to animal pole oocyte
is coiled vegetal pole. (v) Ultimately diploid zygote is produced by the
46 (a) fusion of a sperm and an ovum
Endocrine Functions of Placenta Placenta secretes 50 (a)
some hormones such as oestrogen, progesterone, Scrotum maintains the temperature of testis,
human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG), human which is 2-2.5°C below the body temperature. In
Chorionic Somato-mammotropin (hCS), Chorionic winter they reduces their surface area for
thyrotrophin, chorionic corticotropin and relaxin. preventing heat loss, so that temperature remains
hCS was formarly known as human placental 34.5-35℃. In summer it increase their surface
lactogen. The hCG stimulates and maintains the area for cooling, so that the temperature remains
corpus luteum to secrete progesterone until the 34.5-35℃
end of pregnancy. 51 (c)
The hCS stimulates the growth of the mammary Follicular phase is also called the proliferative
gland during pregnancy. Relaxin facailitates phase.
parturition (act of child birth) by softening of the Generally, menstrual cycle have four phases
connective tissue of the pubic symphysis (i) Menstrual phase (a) The soft tissue of
47 (b) endometrial lining of the uterus disintegrates
Thalidomide should not be used during causing bleeding.
pregnancy because even a single dose of (b) The unfertilized egg and soft tissue are
thalidomide can cause severe birth defects such discharged.
as phocomelia (underdeveloped limbs) in foetus (c) It lasts 3-5 days.
or foetal death. (ii) Follicular Phase/Proliferative Phase (a) The
primary follicles in the ovary grow and become a
48 (d) fully mature Graafian follicle.
Gasrtulation is characterized by the presence of (b) The endometrium of the uterus is regenerated
archenteron, three germinal layers (ectoderm, due to the secretion of LH and FSH from anterior
pituitary and ovarian hormone, estrogen.

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 (c) It least for about 10-14 days.
(iii) Ovulatory Phase (a) Rapid secretion of LH
(LH surge) induces rupture of Graafian follicle,
thereby leading to ovulation (release of ovum).
(b) It lasts for only about 48 hr.
(iv) Luteal Phase/Secretor Phase (a) In this phase
the ruptured follicle changes into corpus luteum
in the ovary and it begins to secrete the hormone
progesterone. 57 (d)
(b) The endometrium thickens further and their A-Alveoli, B-Milk, C-Mammary duct
glands secrete a fluid into the uterus. 58 (d)
c) If ovum is not fertilized, the corpus luteum Nucleus of ovum is called female pronucleus.
undergoes degeneration and this causes Capacitation takes about 5-6 hours.
disintegration of the endometrium leading to Capacitation of Sperm The sperms in the female is
menstruation genital tract are made capable of fertilizing the
52 (b) egg by the secretion of female genital tract. These
A- Oestrogen, B-Oxytocin, C- Prostaglandin. secretions of the female genital tract removes the
coating substances deposited on the surface of the
sperms, particularly those on acrosome. Thus, the
receptor sites on the acrosome are exposed and
sperm become active to penetrate the egg. This
phenomenon of sperm activation in mammals is
called capacitation. It takes about 5-6 hr for
capacitation of sperm
59 (a)
To produce test tube baby, the egg fertilized
outside the human body, is placed in the womb of
53 (c) the mother, where the gastrula period is
A-epididymis; B-Posterior completed.
54 (a) 60 (a)
Epididymis is a mass of coiled tubules attached to Ovum is a secondary oocyte which is released
the posterior surface of the testes. It stores the from mature Graafian follicle of an ovary
sperms temporarily. Sperms achieve maturity and 61 (d)
motility in epididymis by reabsorption of fluid Sperm lysins contains hyaluronidase, corona
secreted originally by the seminiferous tubules penetrating enzyme, acrosin etc.
and by chemicals produced by the lining of There are many enzymes in the acrosome like
epididymal tube. fertilisin, hyaluronidase, pectin corona
55 (a) penetrating enzyme, acrosin etc., together they
Sertoli cells are also called subtentacular cells are called sperm lysins
56 (c) 62 (c)
Each seminiferous tubules is lined on its inside by Seminal plasma is the combined secretion of three
two types of cells called male germ cells glands named (a) seminal vesicles (b) prostate
(spermatogonium) and Sertoli cells gland (c) Cowper’s gland, together with sperm
they collectively form semen
63 (c)
Superior region (which is somewhat rounded in
shape) of uterus is called fundus

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 reticular fibres, spindle-shaped cells, ovarian
follicles and a few blood vessels while the central
part of medulla is made of less dense connective
tissue with elastic fibres, smooth muscles, a
number of blood vessels and a few nerves.
Maturation of secondary oocyte is completed in
mother’s oviduct after the sperm entry into it for
fertilization. 2° oocyte stops advancing further
after the completion of metaphase-II. Sperm entry
restart the cell cycle by breaking down MPF
(Maturation Promoting Factor) and truning on
APF (Anaphase Promoting Factor)
1. Infundibulum 1. Perimetrium 67 (a)
It is the opening of Outer thin covering Lactation is, produring milk towards the end of
fallopian tube found of uterus wall pregnancy
near to ovaries 68 (b)
2. Fimbriae 2. Myometrium During embryonic development of human, in the
Finger like projection Middle thick layer or second cleavage division, one of the two
for collecting ovum uterus wall blastomeres usually divides a little sooner then
near to ovaries the second. Cleavage is series of mitotic cell
3. Ampulla 3. Endometrium divisions that increase the number of cells but
Infundibulum leads Inner layer of uterus that does not change the size of the original mass.
to the wider contains glands and many 69 (b)
part of oviduct blood vesels Prolactin is secreted by anterior pituitary gland,
4. Isthmus which stimulates mammary gland development
Last part of oviduct during pregnancy and lactation after child birth.
having a narrow
lumen which joins 70 (a)
the uterus A-Follicle, B-Corona radiata, C-Zona pellucida
Enzymes of Working
Acrosome
Hyaluronidase Hydrolysis of
hyaluronic acid
Corona penetrating Dissolve corona
enzyme radiate
Zona lysine or Digest zona
64 (b) acrosin pellucida
hCG (Human Chorionic Gonadotrophic) and HPH 71 (c)
(Human Placental hormone) released during the The corpus luteum secretes progesterone, which
pregnancy negatively feed back and inhibits the release of LH
65 (a) and FSH.
The process of giving birth to a baby or delivery of Generally, menstrual cycle have four phases
foetus is called parturition. It starts with rise in (i) Menstrual phase (a) The soft tissue of
oestrogen/progesterone ratio, increase in the endometrial lining of the uterus disintegrates
level of oxytocin secretion by both mother and causing bleeding.
foetus. (b) The unfertilized egg and soft tissue are
66 (d) discharged.
Ovary is internally differentiated into four parts, (c) It lasts 3-5 days.
i.e., outer germinal epithelium of cubical cells, a (ii) Follicular Phase/Proliferative Phase (a) The
delicate sheath of connective tissue or tunica primary follicles in the ovary grow and become a
albuginea, a cortex of dense connective tissue with fully mature Graafian follicle.

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 (b) The endometrium of the uterus is regenerated In centrolecithal eggs, the yolk is surrounded by
due to the secretion of LH and FSH from anterior cytoplasm, e.g., eggs of insects.
pituitary and ovarian hormone, estrogen. 75 (c)
(c) It least for about 10-14 days. Whether a child died after normal birth or died
(iii) Ovulatory Phase (a) Rapid secretion of LH before birth can be confirmed by measuring the
(LH surge) induces rupture of Graafian follicle, weight of the child.
thereby leading to ovulation (release of ovum).
(b) It lasts for only about 48 hr. 76 (d)
(iv) Luteal Phase/Secretor Phase (a) In this phase The movement of spermatozoa, from the
the ruptured follicle changes into corpus luteum epididymal duct and seminal fluid into the
in the ovary and it begins to secrete the hormone ejaculatory duct to the urethra is under the
progesterone. control of sympathetic nervous system.
(b) The endometrium thickens further and their Ejaculation is the sympathetic response while
glands secrete a fluid into the uterus. erection is a parasympathetic response.
c) If ovum is not fertilized, the corpus luteum Sympathetic and parasympathetic both are the
undergoes degeneration and this causes part of autonomic nervous system.
disintegration of the endometrium leading to Somatic Nervous Automatic Nervous
System System
menstruation.
Conscious or Functions without
(d) Oestrogen and progesterone levels rise during voluntary conscious
this phase. It lasts for only 1 day. (e) During regulation awareness
pregnancy all events of the menstrual cycle stop (involuntary)
and there is no menstruation. The menstrual cycle Fibres do not Fibres synapse
permanently stops in females at the age of around synapse after they once at a ganglion
50 years. This is called menopause leave the CNS after they leave the
(single neuron CNS (two neuron
72 (d)
from CNS to chain motor
Spermatogonium (2n) effector organ) control
↓ Innervates skeletal Innervates smooth
Primary spermatocytes (2n) muscle fibres, muscle, cardiac
↓ meiosis-I always stimulatory muscle and glands
Secondary spermatocytes either stimulates or
↓ meiosis-II inhibits
speriogenesis 77 (a)
Spermatids → Spermatozoa Sertoli’s cell are regulated by FSH (Follicle
Stimulating Hormone) as the FSH receptors are
confined to the Sertoli’s cells.
78 (c)
The main function of seminiferous tubules is to
produce spermatozoa. Inflammation of
seminiferous tubules could interfere with the
ability to produce spermatozoa
79 (c)
73 (c) Gestation includes, fertilization, implantation and
All systems (except nervous system, gills and developmenty. It lasts from conception to
lungs), muscles, bone, heart, blood, kidney, hatching or birth.
reproductive system, coelom, lymph node, spleen, Gestation period in rabbit – 28 to 30 days
eustachian tube, adrenal cortex develop from In man - 280 days
mesoderm. In rat (minimum) - 15 days
In elephant (maximum) - 22 months
74 (a) 80 (c)

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 Nervous system consists of highly specialized (ii) Follicular Phase/Proliferative Phase (a) The
cells called the neurons. The neurons defect and primary follicles in the ovary grow and become a
receive information from different sensory organs fully mature Graafian follicle.
and integrate them to determine the mode of (b) The endometrium of the uterus is regenerated
response of the body. Nervous system is due to the secretion of LH and FSH from anterior
ectodermal in origin. pituitary and ovarian hormone, estrogen.
81 (a) (c) It least for about 10-14 days.
A –Theca externa B-Theca interna, (iii) Ovulatory Phase (a) Rapid secretion of LH
C-Ovum D-Cumulus oophorus, (LH surge) induces rupture of Graafian follicle,
E-Antrum F-Membrana granulose thereby leading to ovulation (release of ovum).
82 (a) (b) It lasts for only about 48 hr.
A typical mammalian sperm is flagellated (iv) Luteal Phase/Secretor Phase (a) In this phase
consisting of four pats namely head, neck, middle the ruptured follicle changes into corpus luteum
piece and tail. During fertilization, whole of sperm in the ovary and it begins to secrete the hormone
enters into an ovum but tail is left outside. progesterone.
(b) The endometrium thickens further and their
83 (a) glands secrete a fluid into the uterus.
After releasing ovum the structure left is called c) If ovum is not fertilized, the corpus luteum
corpus luteum. It secretes progesterone, which undergoes degeneration and this causes
maintains the pregnancy disintegration of the endometrium leading to
84 (b) menstruation
External genitalia of male is called penis, which is 88 (b)
the passage for both urine and sperm FSH (follicle Stimulating Hormone) is secreted
85 (a) from the anterior lobe of pituitary. It stimulates
The enzyme present in sperm acrosome are growth of ovarian follicles and secretion of
collectively called sperm lysins and containing: oestrogen in female and spermatogenesis in male.
(i) Hyaluronidase: Acts on the ground substance 89 (b)
of follicle cells. Starting of menstrual cycle = 13 th year of age.
(ii) Corona penetrating enzyme: Dissolve corona Stopping of menstrual cycle = 48 years of age.
radiata. Duration of menstrual cycle are = 48 − 13 = 35
(iii) Zona lysin or acrosin: It helps to digest the yr
zona pellucida. Total no. of month is 35 years = 35 × 12 = 400
86 (b) months
In mammalian ovum during maturation phase, One ova is released during one menstrual cycle
meiosis occurs. Nucleus shift towards animal pole (one months).
and undergoes meiosis-I. After fertilization So, about 400 ova (follicles) will be produced by a
(penetration of sperm), the second meiotic women in its life time
division is completes with unequal cytoplasmic 91 (c)
cleavage. This forms a large cell the ootid with Neubenkern is a part of middle piece of human
essentially whole of the cytoplasm and a very sperm.
small cell, the second polar body. 92 (c)
87 (a) The forehead of the penis is covered by the skin.
Luteal phase is also called secretory phase. Foreskin and prepuce both terms are used for
Generally, menstrual cycle have four phases that skin
(i) Menstrual phase (a) The soft tissue of 93 (a)
endometrial lining of the uterus disintegrates Interstitial cell secrets androgen (testosterone).
causing bleeding. i.e., male sex hormones
(b) The unfertilized egg and soft tissue are Differences between Leydig’s cells and Sertoli
discharged. cells
(c) It lasts 3-5 days. Leydig’s Cells Sertoli Cells
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 (Interstitial (Sustentacular Cells) (iv) Blastomeres in the blastocyst are arranged
Cells) into an outer layer called trophoblast and an inner
They are present They are present in group of cells attached to trophoblast called inner
in between the between the cell mass
seminiferous germinal epithelial
(v) The trophoblast layer gets attached to the
tubules. cells of the
seminiferous tubules. cells of the endometrium and the inner cell mass
Leydig’s cells are Sertoli cells are gives rise to the embryo
found in small found singly and are (vi) The cells of endometrium divide rapidly and
groups and are elongated cover the blastocyst
rounded in (vii) So, the blastocyst gets embedded in the
shape. endometrium of the uterus. This is called
They secrete They provide
andogens (𝑒. 𝑔., nourishment to the implantation, which leads to pregnancy
testosterone) developing Blastocyst Formation At the next stage of
male sex spermatozoa development (morula), which produces an
hormones (sperms). Sertoli embryo with about 64 cells, a cavity is formed
cells secrete ABP with in the cell mass. This cavity is called
(Androgen Binding blastocyst cavity (blastocoel) and the embryo is
Protein) that
termed as blastocyst.
concentrates
testosterone in the Blastocyst composed of an outer envelops of cells
seminiferous tubules. the trophoblast or trophoectoderm and inner
It also secretes mass cell (embryoblast). The side of the
another protein blastocyst to which inner mass cell is attached is
inhibin which called embryonic pole (animal pole), while
suppresses FSH opposite side is the abembryonic pole
synthesis
The trophoblast encircles the blastocoel and inner
94 (d)
mass cell. The inner mass cell is the precursor of
Without the scrotal sac there is no maintenance of
the embryo. It means that inner mass give rise to
temperature and without the maintenance of
embryo. The cells of the trophoblast helps to
temperature, there will be no sperm production
provide the nutrition to the embryo. The cells of
95 (b)
the trophoblast form extra embryonic membranes
In mammalian embryo, trophoectoderm draws
namely chorion and amnion. The cells of the
food for the developing cell.
trophoblast which are in contact with inner mass
96 (a)
are called cells of raubers
In rabbit, sperms are produced in seminiferous
tubles, which open into a network called rete
testes. It opens by several fine ductless glands
called vasa efferentia, into epididymis. The basal
end of each epididymis leads into a muscular tube
called vas deferens.
97 (b)
Implantation
(i) Zygote divides rapidly by mitotic division. This
is called cleavage. As a result 2, 4, 8, 16 daughter
cells are produced which are termed as
blastomeres
(ii) Embryo with 8-16 blastomeres is called a
morula
(iii) The morula changes into a large mass of cells
called blastocyst, which passes further into the
uterus

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 disintegration of the endometrium leading to
menstruation
100 (d)
The outer surface of the chorion in humans
develops a number of finger-like projection called
chorionic villi. Because the chorion takes part in
the formation of placenta, the human placenta is
chorionic placenta. Amount of yolk is very less
and found in yolk sac of foetal membranes of
humans
101 (b)
The part of fallopian tube closer to the ovary is
98 (b) funnel-shaped infundibulum, which help in
Binary fission is a mode of vegetative collection of the ovum after ovulation.
reproduction, in which simple cell division takes 102 (b)
place. The unicelled forms like diatoms, desmids, A-200, B-300, C-60%, D-40%
yeast, slime moulds, etc, multiply by this process. 103 (b)
99 (d) Acrosome present in head of sperm, is derived
Menstrual cycle (ovarian cycle) It is a series of from Golgi complex. It secretes a lytic enzyme
cyclic changes that occur in the reproductive tract hyaluronidase, which helps in the penetration of
of human females and other primates with a ovum.
periodicity of 28 days, right from menarche to 104 (c)
menopause. It is characterized by menses or loss In previous Diagram F and A represents
of blood for a few days spermatogonium and spermatozoa
Generally, menstrual cycle have four phases 105 (a)
(i) Menstrual phase (a) The soft tissue of Second meiotic division give rise to haploid ovum
endometrial lining of the uterus disintegrates (1𝑛) and second polar body.
causing bleeding. Oogenesis is the process of formation of mature
(b) The unfertilized egg and soft tissue are ovum. It has three phases
discharged. (a) Multiplication Phase Oogenesis takes place in
(c) It lasts 3-5 days. embryo stage. A couple of million of gamete
(ii) Follicular Phase/Proliferative Phase (a) The mother cells (oogonia) are formed within each
primary follicles in the ovary grow and become a foetal ovary. No more oogonia are formed after
fully mature Graafian follicle. birth. These cells (oogonia) get into prophase-I of
(b) The endometrium of the uterus is regenerated meiotic division. They get temporarily arrested as
due to the secretion of LH and FSH from anterior this stage called primary oocyte
pituitary and ovarian hormone, estrogen. (b) Growth Phase Each primary oocyte then gets
(c) It least for about 10-14 days. surrounded by a layer of granulosa cells. This
(iii) Ovulatory Phase (a) Rapid secretion of LH structure is called the primary follicle. A large
(LH surge) induces rupture of Graafian follicle, number of these follicles degenerate during the
thereby leading to ovulation (release of ovum). phase from birth to puberty. At puberty, only
(b) It lasts for only about 48 hr. 60000 and 80000 primary follicles are left in each
(iv) Luteal Phase/Secretor Phase (a) In this phase ovary. The primary follicles get surrounded by
the ruptured follicle changes into corpus luteum more layers of granulosa cells and a new theca to
in the ovary and it begins to secrete the hormone form secondary follicles
progesterone. (c) Maturation Phase In the first maturation
(b) The endometrium thickens further and their phase, the secondary follicle soon transforms into
glands secrete a fluid into the uterus. a tertiary follicle. The primary oocyte within the
c) If ovum is not fertilized, the corpus luteum tertiary follicle grows in size and completes its
undergoes degeneration and this causes
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 first meiotic division to form a large haploid some milk may be stored before going to
secondary oocyte and a tiny first polar body lactiferous duct
The tertiary follicle changes into a mature follicle- 110 (c)
the Graafian follicle which ruptures to release the The urethra originates from the urinary bladder
secondary oocyte (ovum) from the ovary by a and extends through the penis to its external
process called ovulation. The second maturation opening called urethral meatus
phase occurs after fertilization when the meiotic 111 (d)
division of the secondary oocyte is complete. This Transfer of sperms by male in genital tract
second meiotic division results in the formation of Gametes. The major reproductive events in
a second polar body and a haploid ovum (ootid) human beings are as follows
106 (a) (i) Gametogenesis It is the formation of gametes.
Implantation It is the attachment of the blastocyst It includes spermatogenesis (formation of
to the uterine wall. It occurs after 7 days of sperms) and oogenesis (formation of ova/eggs)
fertilization. About 8 days after fertilization, the (ii) Insemination It is the transfer of sperms by
trophoblast develops into two layers in the region the male into the genital tract of the female
of contact between the blastocyst and (iii) Fertilization Fusion of male and female
endometrium. gametes to form zygote is called fertilization
These layers are (a) syncytiotrophoblast that (iv) Cleavage It is rapid mitotic divisions of the
contains non-distinct cell boundaries and (b) zygote which convert the single celled zygote into
cytotrophoblast between the inner cell mass and a multicellular structure called blastocyst
syncytiotrophoblast that is composed of distinct (blastula)
cells. The portion of the blastocyst where the (v) Implantation It is the attachment of blastocyst
inner cell mass is located lies against the to the uterine wall
endometrium of the uterus. The blastocyst sinks (vi) Placentation It involves the formation of
into a pit formed in the endometrium and gets placenta which is the intimate connection
completely buried in the endometrium. The between the foetus and uterine wall of the mother
embedded blastocyst forms villi to get to exchange the materials
nourishment. (vii) Gastrulation It is the process by which
The cells of the inner cell mass differentiate into blastocyst is changed into gastrula with three
two layers (a) a layer of small, cuboidal cells primary germ layers
known as the hypoblast layer, and (b) a layer of (viii) Organogenesis It is the formation of specific
high columnar cells, the epiblast layer. Both the tissue, organs and organ systems from three
hypoblast and epiblast form a flat disc called the primary germ layers
embryonic disc (ix) Parturition (child birth) it involves expelling
of the baby from the mother’s womb (uterus)
112 (d)
Sertoli’s cells or nurse cells are found in the
germinal epithelium of the seminiferous tubles,
which nourish the developing sperms.
113 (d)
In growth curve, exponential phase or log phase is
107 (c) characterized rapid growth in population, which
Secondary spermatocytes are haploid as these are containues till enough food is available.
formed after meiosis-I (reductional division). 114 (b)
108 (c) 1st month.
In parturation there is strong uterine contraction Summary of important development changes in
leads to the expulsion of baby called child birth the human embryo
109 (a) Time from Organ Formed
Near the nipple mammary duct expand to form Fertilisation
mammary ampullae (lactiferous sinuses) where

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Week 1 Fertilisation cleavage Fingerprints
starts about 24 hours developed.
after fertilisation Fingernails and
cleavage to form a toenails growing.
blastocyst 4-5 days Firm hand grip.
after fertilisation. Between 16 and 20
More than 100 cells weeks baby usually
implantataion 6-9 felt moving for first
days after fertilisation time
Week 2 The three primary Week 24 Eyelids open. Legal
germ layers limit of abortion in
(ectoderm, endoderm most circumstances
and mesoderm) By Week 26 Has a good chance of
develop survival if born
Week 3 Woman will not have prematurely
a period. This may be By Week 28 Baby moving
the first sign that she vigorously. Responds
is pregnant. Beginning to touch and loud
of the backbone. noises. Swallowing
Neural tube develops, amniotic fluid and
the beginning of the urinating
brain and spinal cord By Week 30 Usually lying head
(first organs) down ready for birth
Week 4 Heart, blood vessels, 40 Weeks Birth
blood and gut start 116 (a)
forming. Umbilical Organogenesis is a formation a of organ, tissue,
cord developing organ system.
Week 5 Brain developing,
Placentation is a connection between foetus and
‘Limb buds’, small
swelling which are uterine wall.
the beginning of the Gametes. The major reproductive events in
arms and legs. Heart human beings are as follows
is a large tube and (i) Gametogenesis It is the formation of gametes.
starts to beat, It includes spermatogenesis (formation of
pumping blood. This sperms) and oogenesis (formation of ova/eggs)
can be seen an
ultrasound scan (ii) Insemination It is the transfer of sperms by
Week 6 Eyes and ears start to the male into the genital tract of the female
form (iii) Fertilization Fusion of male and female
Week 7 All major internal gametes to form zygote is called fertilization
organs developing. (iv) Cleavage It is rapid mitotic divisions of the
Face forming. Eyes zygote which convert the single celled zygote into
have some colour. a multicellular structure called blastocyst
Mouth and tongue
(blastula)
develop. Beginning of
hand and feet (v) Implantation It is the attachment of blastocyst
Week 12 Foetus fully formed, to the uterine wall
with all organs, (vi) Placentation It involves the formation of
muscles, bones toes placenta which is the intimate connection
and fingers. Sex between the foetus and uterine wall of the mother
organs well to exchange the materials
developed. Foetus is
(vii) Gastrulation It is the process by which
moving
Week 20 Hair beginning to blastocyst is changed into gastrula with three
grow including primary germ layers
eyebrows and
eyelashes.
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 (viii) Organogenesis It is the formation of specific This is called ovulation. Infact increase level of LH
tissue, organs and organ systems from three causes ovulation
primary germ layers 120 (a)
(ix) Parturition (child birth) it involves expelling Adrenal glands are paired structures located on
of the baby from the mother’s womb (uterus) the top of the kidneys. Each adrenal gland has two
117 (a) parts external adrenal cortex and internal adrenal
Extraembryonic or Foetal Membranes medulla. The adrenal cortex is derived from the
The growing embryo/foetus develops four mesoderm of the embryo. The adrenal medulla
membranes called the extraembryoic or foetal develops from the neuroectoderm of the embryo.
membranes. These include chorion, aminion,
allantois and yolk sac 121 (d)
(i) Chorion It is made up of trophoblast outside In a bee hive, drones are the fertile males
and somatopleuric extraembryonic mesoderm developed parthenogenetically from the
inside. It completely surrounds the embryo and unfertilized eggs. They possess very large eyes,
protects it. It also takes part in the formation of small pointed mandibles and lack wax producing
placenta gland. The function of drones is to mate with the
(ii) Amnion It is composed of trophoblast inside queen and fertilize her.
and somatopleuric extraembryonic mesoderm 122 (a)
outside. The space between the embryo and the Role of Human Chorionic Gonadotropin
amnion is called the amniotic cavity, which is The trophoblastic cells secretes human chorionic
filled with a clear, watery fluid secreted by both gonadotropin hormone which has properties
the embryo and the membrane. The amniotic fluid similar to those luteinizing hormone (LH) of the
prevents dessication of the embryo and acts as a pituitary gland. It takes over the function of
protective cushion that absorbs shocks pituitary LH during pregnancy. HCG maintains the
(iii) Allantois The allantois is composed of corpus luteum and stimulates it to secrete
endoderm inside and splanchnopleuric progesterone. The latter maintains the
extraembryoic mesoderm outside. It is a sac like endometrium of the uterus and causes it to grow
structure, which arises from the gut of the embryo throughout pregnancy. This also prevent
near the yolk sac. In human the allantois is small menstruation. Progesterone also causes increased
and non-functional except for furnishing blood secretion of mucus in the cervix of the uterus that
vessels to the placenta forms a protective plug during pregnancy
(iv) Yolk Sac The primary yolk sac consists of 123 (a)
endoderm inside and splanchnopleuric Identical or monozygotic twins are siblings that
extraembryoic mesoderm outside. The yolk sac is develop from one egg, contain identical genetical
non-functional in human beings except that it information and are usually of very similar
functions as the site of early blood cell formation appearance. Any physical and mental differences
118 (b) detected between identical twins must arise,
In in vitro fertilization, the zygote or early therefore, from enviromental difference, both
embryos upto 8 blastomeres are transferred into before or after birth.
the fallopian tube. If the embryo is more then 8 124 (d)
blastomeres then it is transferred into uterus Vasa efferentia (Ductuli efferences) are 10-20 fine
called as IUD. tubules which connect rete testis with an
119 (a) epididymis (Ductus epididymis). The latter is a
Proliferation of endometrium. pair of ducts from each testis which is formed by
In the ovulatory phase, both LH and FSH attain a union of its vasa efferentia. If the vasa efferentia
peak level in middle of cycle (about 14 day). get blocked, the sperms will not be transported
Rapid secretion of LH induces rupturing of from testis to epididymis.
Graafian follicle and thereby releasing the ovum 125 (a)
in human beings (secondary oocyte is released). Ovulation occurs under the influence of LH and
FSH of anterior pituitary gland.

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126 (d) completely buried in the endometrium. The
Scrotum is homologous to labia majora in females. embedded blastocyst forms villi to get
It is pouch of deeply pigmented skin divided into nourishment.
two separate sacs. Each sac contains one testis The cells of the inner cell mass differentiate into
128 (c) two layers (a) a layer of small, cuboidal cells
Fertilized zygote is divided by special type of known as the hypoblast layer, and (b) a layer of
mitotic divisions, known as cleavage. Cleavage high columnar cells, the epiblast layer. Both the
increases the number of cells. hypoblast and epiblast form a flat disc called the
embryonic disc
129 (b)
Colostrum have antibody-A which work against
the pathogenicity in newborn. So, it is
recommended by doctors to feed new born from
breast milk as for as possible
130 (a)
A-Cowper’s gland
B-Urethra 134 (c)
C-Alkaline A-Spermatogenesis, B-Spermatogonia, C-Mitosis
D-Mucous 135 (c)
131 (a) A-primary; B-ovarian hormones
GIFT(Gamete Intra Fallopian Transfer) is the 136 (d)
transfer of an ovum collected from a donor into Menopause (Gr. Men-month; pausis;-N-cessation)
the fallopian tube of another female who can not It is a phase in woman’s life when ovulation and
produce one but can provide suitable menstruation stops. Is occurs between 45-55
environment for fertilization and further years of age. Some woman have irregular cycles
development. In the same way ZIFT is used for for months or years prior to menopauses other
zygote. simply stops menstruating abruptly. Decline in
132 (c) oestrogen and progesterone level leads to
Maturation of sperm before penetration of egg is menopause
called capacitation. 137 (c)
The development of spermatozoa from germinal Apoptosis is an active process of programmed cell
cells is called spermatogenesis. death, characterized by cleavage of chromosomal
Spermiogenesis is the differentiation of DNA, chromatin condensation and fragmentation
spermatids into spermatozoa. of both the nucleus and the cell.
133 (b) 138 (c)
Implantation. Secondary spermatocytes. The first stage in
Implantation It is the attachment of the blastocyst spermatogenesis in which the chromosome
to the uterine wall. It occurs after 7 days of number becomes half
fertilization. About 8 days after fertilization, the Spermatogenesis Formation of spermatozoa from
trophoblast develops into two layers in the region spermatogonia
of contact between the blastocyst and Spermatogenesis has four phase
endometrium. (i) Multiplication Phase Male germ cells
These layers are (a) syncytiotrophoblast that (spermatogonia) present on the inside wall of
contains non-distinct cell boundaries and (b) seminiferous tubules multiply by mitotic division
cytotrophoblast between the inner cell mass and and increase their number.
syncytiotrophoblast that is composed of distinct (ii) Growth Phase One spermatogonia stop
cells. The portion of the blastocyst where the dividing and increase its size called primary
inner cell mass is located lies against the spermatocytes, which is diploid.
endometrium of the uterus. The blastocyst sinks (iii) Multiplicative Phase Primary spermatocytes
into a pit formed in the endometrium and gets divide by meiosis to give four haploid spermatids.

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 (iii) Differanation Phase Changing of spermatids albuginea, a cortex of dense connective tissue with
to spermatozoa by the process called reticular fibres, spindle-shaped cells, ovarian
spermatogenesis. Releasing of sperm from follicles and a few blood vessels while the central
seminiferous tubules called spermiation part of medulla is made of less dense connective
139 (a) tissue with elastic fibres, smooth muscles, a
The fallopian tube is about 10-20 cm long and number of blood vessels and a few nerves.
extends from the periphery of each ovary to the Maturation of secondary oocyte is completed in
uterus. The part closer to the ovary is the funnel mother’s oviduct after the sperm entry into it for
shaped and is called infundibulum. The edged of fertilization. 2° oocyte stops advancing further
the infundibulum possess finger-like projections after the completion of metaphase-II. Sperm entry
called fimbriate, which help in collection of the restart the cell cycle by breaking down MPF
ovum after ovulation. The uterus opens into (Maturation Promoting Factor) and truning on
vagina through a narrow cervix. APF (Anaphase Promoting Factor)
140 (c) 144 (c)
Middle piece of sperm contains mitochondria, According to endocrine theory, the level of human
centriole, axial filament growth hormone (hGH) declines to about half of
adults with passage of time.
141 (c) 145 (b)
Ejaculation is the sympathetic response while A-Ectoderm, B-Mesoderm, C-Endoderm
erection is a parasympathetic response. 146 (b)
Sympathetic and parasympathetic both are the Luteal phase last for 15-28 days
part of autonomic nervous system. Menstrual cycle
Somatic Nervous Automatic Nervous Phases Days Events
System System Menstrual 1-5 Endometrium
Conscious or Functions without phase breaks down,
voluntary conscious menstruation
regulation awareness begins. The cells of
(involuntary) endometrium,
Fibres do not Fibres synapse secretions, blood
synapse after they once at a ganglion and the
leave the CNS after they leave the unfertilized ovum
(single neuron CNS (two neuron constitute the
from CNS to chain motor menstrual flow.
effector organ) control Progesterone and
Innervates skeletal LH production is
muscle fibres, Innervates smooth reduced
always stimulatory muscle, cardiac Follicular 6-13 Endometrium
muscle and glands phase rebuilds, FSH
either stimulates or (proliferative secretion and
inhibits phase) oestrogen’s
142 (d) secretion increase
There are two types of polar bodies found in Ovulatory 14 Both LH and FSH
oogenesis in meiosis-I the first polar body is phase attain a peak level.
formed and in meiosis-II the 2nd type of polar Concentration of
body is formed. Meiosis-I takes place before birth oestrogen in the
and meiosis-II after birth of female blood is also high
and reaches its
143 (a)
peak, Ovulation
B to C represents primary and tertiary follicles occurs
respectively. Luteal phase 15- Corpus luteum
Ovary is internally differentiated into four parts, (secretory 28 secretes
i.e., outer germinal epithelium of cubical cells, a phase) progesterone.
delicate sheath of connective tissue or tunica Endometrium
thickens and
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 uterine glands In mammals, the primary male sex organs, testes
become secretory are located in the extra-abdominal scrotal sacs.
147 (a) Scrotum maintains a low temperature of 2 − 4℃
Saheli is the oral contraceptive contained below the temperature of abdominal cavity. As
oestrogen and progesterone higher abdominal temperature kills the
148 (b) spermatogenic tissue So, testes in mammals are
In diagram event labelled ‘A’ clearly indicates the contained scrotal sacs present outside the
releasing of ova. This takes place in menstrual abdominal cavity to have the low temperature
cycle called ovulation that is needed for the formation and maturation
149 (b) of functional sperms.
Vas deferens is large duct that arises from cauda 153 (c)
epididymis and reach up to seminal vesicles. Two major entities of testes are seminiferous
150 (b) tubules and Leydig cells (or interstitial cells).
A-Chorionic villi; B-Uterine tissue Sertoli cells and spermatozoa are contained in
151 (b) seminiferous tubules only. Rest of the portion of
Ovulation takes place in the menses between 14- testis is covered by connective tissue
16 days. 154 (a)
Menstrual cycle Oviducts are also called Fallopian tubes. These
Phases Days Events (two) terms are used interchangeability
Menstrual 1-5 Endometrium 155 (a)
phase breaks down,
Seminal plasma is composed of the fluid and
menstruation
begins. The cells of sperms from the vas deferens (about10% of the
endometrium, total), fluid from the seminal vesicles (almost
secretions, blood 60%), fluid from the prostate gland (about 30%)
and the and small amount of mucous gland secretions,
unfertilized ovum especially the bulbourethral glands secretions. It
constitute the contains calcium, citrate ion, phosphate ion a
menstrual flow.
clotting enzyme, profibrinolysin, fructose, citrate,
Progesterone and
LH production is inositol, prostaglandins, several proteins, etc.
reduced 156 (d)
Follicular 6-13 Endometrium A- Leydig cells, B-Spermatogonium, C-Primary
phase rebuilds, FSH spermatocyte, D-Secondary spermatocyte, E-
(proliferative secretion and Spermatids, F- Sertoli cell.
phase) oestrogen’s Wall of each seminiferous tubules is formed of
secretion increase
single layered germinal epithelium. Majority of
Ovulatory 14 Both LH and FSH
phase attain a peak level. cells in this epithelium are cuboidal called male
Concentration of germ cells (also called spermatogonia). At certain
oestrogen in the places there present tall Sertoli or substentacular
blood is also high cells, which functions as nurse cells for
and reaches its differentiating spermatozoa
peak, Ovulation
occurs
Luteal phase 15- Corpus luteum
(secretory 28 secretes
phase) progesterone.
Endometrium
thickens and
uterine glands
become secretory
152 (c)
157 (a)

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 Frog is in amphibian, which possesses telolecithal 162 (d)
eggs. In telolecithal eggs, the amount of yolk is One time of ejaculation contains about 200 to 300
concentrated in the one half of the egg to form the million sperms. If the sperm become less than 20
vegetative pole of the egg and thus makes polarity million then, it causes infertility
along the axis of yolk distriution. 163 (c)
The duration of pregnancy in human being is
158 (b) about 9 month ±7 days, which is called gestation
During luteal phase of menstrual cycle, corpus period. Infact, the gestation period is the time
luteum begins to secrete hormone called from conception till birth
progesterone. The latter reaches its peak about 164 (a)
22nd day after the beinning of cycle. In this phase During growth phase of oogenesis, an egg nest
uterus linning thickens further and becomes forms ovarian follicle (Graafin follicle), one
secretory. This stages is meant for receiving the central oogonium grows and functions as primary
fertilized ovum (implantation) oocyte. The others from the covering follicular
159 (a) cells. The later provide nourishment to primary
Ectoderm. oocyte. Yolk is deposited in this state. This
Fate of three germ layers phenomenon is called vitellogenesis.
Mesoderm Dermis of skin, circulatory system,
muscles, bones (except facial) 165 (b)
Endoderm Lining of Gl tract, lining of lungs, Corpus luteum is a yelloow glandular mass in the
kidney ducts and bladder, thymus, thyroid ovary formed by the cells of ovarian follicle that
tonsils has matured and discharged its ovum.
Ectoderm Epidermis of skin, tooth enamel, lens 166 (c)
and cornea of the eye outer ear Brain and spinal 3rd month.
cord, facial bones skeletal muscles in the head Summary of important development changes in
160 (a) the human embryo
Testes. Time from Organ Formed
Differences between primary and secondary sex Fertilisation
organs Week 1 Fertilisation cleavage
Primary sex Secondary sex starts about 24 hours
organs organs after fertilisation
cleavage to form a
They produce They do not
blastocyst 4-5 days
gametes. produce gametes.
after fertilisation.
They are concerned
More than 100 cells
with the conduction
implantataion 6-9
of gametes.
days after fertilisation
They secrete sex They do not secrete
hormones. sex hormones. Week 2 The three primary
Testes in males Epididymis, vasa germ layers
and ovaries in deferentia, penis, (ectoderm, endoderm
female are etc., are secondary and mesoderm)
examples of sex organs in male develop
primary sex and oviducts, Week 3 Woman will not have
organs. uterus, etc., are a period. This may be
examples of the first sign that she
secondary sex is pregnant. Beginning
organs in female. of the backbone.
161 (b) Neural tube develops,
the beginning of the
The signals for parturition originates from the
brain and spinal cord
fully developed foetus and the placenta, which (first organs)
induce mild uterine contraception called foetal Week 4 Heart, blood vessels,
ejection reflex. blood and gut start

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 forming. Umbilical Golgi body.
cord developing Acrosome is the part of sperm, which is found at
Week 5 Brain developing, the head region. It is the modified Golgi body that
‘Limb buds’, small contain many enzymes for the penetration to
swelling which are
ovum.
the beginning of the
arms and legs. Heart Acrosome contains hyaluronidase proteolytic
is a large tube and enzymes, which is popularly known as sperm
starts to beat, lysin as it is used to penetrate egg (ovum) at the
pumping blood. This time of fertilisaton
can be seen an 168 (a)
ultrasound scan Frog’s egg is spherical and about 1.6 mm in
Week 6 Eyes and ears start to
diameter with a convering of vitelline memrane
form
Week 7 All major internal and three concentric layers of albuminous jelly.
organs developing. The roughly one half blackish brown animal
Face forming. Eyes hemisphere containing most of the cytoplasm and
have some colour. large nucleus is uppermost, whereas the whitish
Mouth and tongue vegetal hemisphere is lowermost.
develop. Beginning of
hand and feet An unfertilized ripe egg of frog is shown in the
Week 12 Foetus fully formed, diagram below.
with all organs,
muscles, bones toes
and fingers. Sex
organs well
developed. Foetus is
moving
Week 20 Hair beginning to
grow including 169 (b)
eyebrows and The acrosome of sperm contains large quantities
eyelashes.
of proteolytic enzymes, particularly
Fingerprints
developed. hyaluronidase, which digests the hyaluronic acid,
Fingernails and a constituent of the extracellular matrix. It allows
toenails growing. the sperm to digest a path through the zona
Firm hand grip. pellucida to the oocyte.
Between 16 and 20
weeks baby usually 170 (d)
felt moving for first Foetal haemoglobin does not sickle even in those
time destined to have sickle cel anaemia, i.e.,
Week 24 Eyelids open. Legal haemoglobin of foetus has a higher affinity of
limit of abortion in
oxygen than that of an adult.
most circumstances
By Week 26 Has a good chance of 171 (b)
survival if born
prematurely Structure B in the diagram indicates the ova,
By Week 28 Baby moving which is in meiosis-I stage. Before birth all ova
vigorously. Responds have this stage
to touch and loud 172 (a)
noises. Swallowing Cleavage in human is simple holoblastic slow and
amniotic fluid and synchronous. Cleavage in mammals ovum takes
urinating
place during its passage through the fallopian
By Week 30 Usually lying head
tube to the uterus. The resultant cells of cleavage
down ready for birth
40 Weeks Birth are called blastomeres.
167 (c) 173 (b)

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 The chromatin material inside the nucleus is (ii) Tunica Albuginea It is the fibrous covering
composed of DNA, some proteins and RNA. Thus, surrounding the testis, situated under tunica
in an enucleated ovum, DNA will be present in vaginalis
mitochondria. (iii) Tunica Vasculosa Consist of network of
The mature RBCs, lack nucleus and membrane capillaries supported by delicate connective
bound cell organelles, i.e., lack DNA in nucleus and tissue which lines the tunica albuginea.
mitochondria.
174 (b)
Parthenogenesis refers to the development of
unfertilized ovum into a new individual. In honey
bee, drones develop parthenogenetically.
175 (a)
Stem cells are the specialized cell which can
transform or differentiated into any kind of cells
176 (c)
Sperm entry stimulates the secondary oocyte to
180 (d)
complete the suspended second meiotic division.
Sertoli cells present in the mammalian testis,
This produces a haploid mature ovum and a
nourishes the sperms. That’s why Sertoli cells are
second polar body. The head of the sperm which
also called nurse cells. These cells also produces
contains the nucleus separates from the middle
the inhibin hormone which halts spermatogenesis
piece and tail and becomes male pronucleus. The
181 (c)
second polar body and the sperm tail degenerates.
Progesterone hormone is the main hormone,
The nucleus of the ovum is now called female
which maintains the endometrium wall.
pronucleus. The male and female pronucleus
Generally, menstrual cycle have four phases
move towards each other. Their nuclear
(i) Menstrual phase (a) The soft tissue of
membrane disintegrates; mixing up of the
endometrial lining of the uterus disintegrates
chromosome of a sperm and an ovum is called
causing bleeding.
karyogamy or amphimixis. The fertilized ovum
(b) The unfertilized egg and soft tissue are
(egg) is now called zygote
discharged.
(c) It lasts 3-5 days.
(ii) Follicular Phase/Proliferative Phase (a) The
primary follicles in the ovary grow and become a
fully mature Graafian follicle.
(b) The endometrium of the uterus is regenerated
due to the secretion of LH and FSH from anterior
pituitary and ovarian hormone, estrogen.
177 (a) (c) It least for about 10-14 days.
Hyaluronidase enzyme assists in acrosomal (iii) Ovulatory Phase (a) Rapid secretion of LH
reaction. This enzyme acts on the ground (LH surge) induces rupture of Graafian follicle,
substances of follicle cells thereby leading to ovulation (release of ovum).
178 (b) (b) It lasts for only about 48 hr.
Leydig’s cells or interstitial cells lie between the (iv) Luteal Phase/Secretor Phase (a) In this phase
seminiferous tubules and secrete the male the ruptured follicle changes into corpus luteum
hormone, testosterone that controls in the ovary and it begins to secrete the hormone
spermatogenesis. progesterone.
179 (c) (b) The endometrium thickens further and their
Protective Coverings (tunicae) of Testis Testis is glands secrete a fluid into the uterus.
surrounded by three coverings (layers) c) If ovum is not fertilized, the corpus luteum
(i) Tunica Vaginalis It is the outer covering of the undergoes degeneration and this causes
testis
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 disintegration of the endometrium leading to Sertoli cells present in the mammalian testis,
menstruation nourishes the sperms. That’s why Sertoli cells are
182 (c) also called nurse cells. These cells also produces
The target of Interstitial Cell Stimulating Hormone the inhibin hormone which halts spermatogenesis
(ICSH) is the interstitial cell. Interstitial cells 191 (c)
produces testosterone which is responsible for A-Vas deferens, B-Seminal vesicle, C-Prostate
the development of secondary sexual characters gland, D-Bulbourethral gland.
183 (d)
Oestrogen hormone is screted by growing ovarian
follicles during menstrual cycle. It provokes a
thickening of the endometrium (proliferative
phase or menstrual cycle).
184 (c)
Seminal vesicles secrete and alkaline, nutritive,
spermatozoa activating fluid called seminal fluid
External genitalia of humans is called penis. Its
which forms about 60% part of semen. This fluid
outer skin, which covers the forehead of penis
contains various substances like fructose, citrate,
called foreskin or prepuce. It is the single opening
inositol, prostaglandins and several proteins.
for semen and urine in males
Sperms use fructose as an energy source
192 (c)
(respiratory substrate).
A- Isthums, B- Ampulla, C-Infundibulum, D-
185 (c)
Fallopian tube, E-Ovary, F-Uterine fundus
Teratogens, which produces abnormality in the
developing embryo.
Thalidomide is a drug which causes no or
underdevelopment of the limbs (phoeomelia)
186 (b)
Human cell contain 46 chromosomes including 44
autosomes. Primary spermatocyte contain 2𝑛
number of chromosome i.e., the number of 193 (a)
autosomes, will be 44. In the given options, only labia minora belongs to
187 (b) the external genitalia of females
Seminal vesicles are present at the base of 194 (b)
bladder and joins to the ejaculatory duct. They Development of corpus luteum is done by
produces alkaline secretion, which forms 60% of progesterone and LH not by FSH. Progesterone
the semen. Their secretion contains, fructose, and LH are secreted by anterior lobe of pituitary
prostaglandin and clotting factor 195 (c)
188 (b) Ejaculatory Ducts The ejaculatory ducts are the
The part of the Fallopian tubes (oviducts) closer two short tubes each formed by the union of ducts
to the ovary is the funnel-shaped infundibulum. from seminal vesicle and vas deferens. They pass
The edges of the infundibulum possess finger-like through the prostate gland and join the prostatic
projections called fimbriae, which help in part of the urethra. The ejaculatory ducts are
collection of the ovum after ovulation composed of the fibrous, muscular and columnar
189 (a) epithelial tissue. Ejaculatory ducts carry sperms
Saheli is a new oral contraceptive for the females. and secretion of seminal vesicles
It contains a non-steroidal preparation. It is once 196 (a)
a weeks’ pill with very low side effects and high Zygote is implanted in human female at 32-celled
contraceptive value. stage because fertilized egg in human are not
190 (b) divide beyond 32-celled stage in natural zygote.
Sertoli cells.
197 (a)

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 Notochord, connective tissues including loose its young ones. Among flying creatures, bat is
areolar tissue, ligaments, tendons, dermis of skin, viviparous. Whale and bat both are mammals.
specialized connective tissue like adipose tissue, 204 (a)
reticular tissue, cartilage and bones are Oestrogen is the dominant hormone controlling
mesodermal in origin. the proliferative phase of the uterine
endometrium layer
198 (a) 205 (a)
Chorionic villi is the modification of outer In certain cases, where normal fertilization is not
trophoblast layer of blastocyst, which get attached possible, ovum from the female and the sperm
to the endometrium of uterus. This is called from the male are fused by in vitro technique. The
implantation zygote, later on, is implanted in the uterus, where
199 (c) futher development takes place. Patrick Steptoe
Sperm entry stimulates the secondary oocyte to and Robert Edwards first time developed ‘test
complete the suspended second meiotic division. tube baby technique’ in 1978.
This produces a haploid mature ovum and a
second polar body. The head of the sperm which 206 (d)
contains the nucleus separates from the middle Menstruation is caused by the reduction of
piece and tail and becomes male pronucleus. The oestrogen and progesterone, especially
second polar body and the sperm tail degenerates. progesterone at the end of monthly ovarian cycle.
The nucleus of the ovum is now called female 207 (c)
pronucleus. The male and female pronucleus Fertilization takes place in ampulla of oviduct or
move towards each other. Their nuclear ampullary isthmic junction
membrane disintegrates; mixing up of the 208 (b)
chromosome of a sperm and an ovum is called In teloecithal egg, yolk is unevenly distributed and
karyogamy or amphimixis. The fertilized ovum most of the amount of yolk is found at the vegetal
(egg) is now called zygote pole, e.g., eggs of amphibians.
200 (b) 209 (b)
A-GnRH, B-Hypothalamus, C-Anterior, D-LH, E- Oestrogen concentration remains almost constant
FSH and produce throughout the menstrual cycle
201 (d) Generally, menstrual cycle have four phases
Sequence of spermatogenesis (i) Menstrual phase (a) The soft tissue of
endometrial lining of the uterus disintegrates
causing bleeding.
(b) The unfertilized egg and soft tissue are
discharged.
(c) It lasts 3-5 days.
(ii) Follicular Phase/Proliferative Phase (a) The
primary follicles in the ovary grow and become a
202 (d) fully mature Graafian follicle.
The amount of yolk determines the type of (b) The endometrium of the uterus is regenerated
cleavage in the egg. In superficial meroblastic due to the secretion of LH and FSH from anterior
cleavage, the cleavage remains restricted to the pituitary and ovarian hormone, estrogen.
peripheral portion of the egg. This type of (c) It least for about 10-14 days.
cleavage occurs in arthropods especially insects. (iii) Ovulatory Phase (a) Rapid secretion of LH
(LH surge) induces rupture of Graafian follicle,
i.e., centrolecithal eggs. thereby leading to ovulation (release of ovum).
(b) It lasts for only about 48 hr.
203 (d)
(iv) Luteal Phase/Secretor Phase (a) In this phase
All fishes are oviparous, but whale is viviparous,
the ruptured follicle changes into corpus luteum
i.e., it gives birth to young ones and it also feeds

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 in the ovary and it begins to secrete the hormone 211 (c)
progesterone. Due to lack of progesterone, uterine endmetrium,
(b) The endometrium thickens further and their epithelial glands and connective tissue are broken
glands secrete a fluid into the uterus. in menstrual cycle.
c) If ovum is not fertilized, the corpus luteum 212 (b)
undergoes degeneration and this causes During normal menstruation approximately 40
disintegration of the endometrium leading to mL of blood and an additional 35 mL of serous
menstruation. fluid are lost. The menstrual fluid is normally non-
(d) Oestrogen and progesterone levels rise during clotting because a fibrinolysin is releasted
this phase. It lasts for only 1 day. (e) During alongwith necrotic endometrial material.
pregnancy all events of the menstrual cycle stop 213 (b)
and there is no menstruation. The menstrual cycle In ovulatory phase, release of ova occurs due to
permanently stops in females at the age of around the rapid increase in LH called LH surge. It last for
50 years. This is called menopause maximum two days
210 (c) 214 (b)
Oestrogen is secreted by the cells of Graafin In beginning, the corpus luteum degenerates
follicles. It is the principal feminizing hormone because of decreasing LH and progesterone level.
responsible for the development of secondary This leads to the degradation at endometrium
sexual characters and female reproductive organs. wall

215 (d)
Oogonia (A)
↓ Miosis (cell division)
Primary oocyte (B)
↓ Meiosis-I (completed prior to ovation)
Secondary oocyte (C)
↓ Meiosis-II
Ovum

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216 (a) non-functional in human beings except that it
The fusion of a haploid male gamete (sperm) and functions as the site of early blood cell formation
a haploid female gamete (ovum) to form zygote is 218 (a)
called fertilization. Fertilization takes places in Oogenesis starts in the foetal stage. Till the time of
fallopian tube of human. birth they remains in prophase-I. The oogenesis
217 (b) resumes at the time of puberty by GnRH produced
A- Chorion, B-Amnion, C- Yolk sac, D- Allantois. by hypothalamus
Extraembryonic or Foetal Membranes 219 (a)
The growing embryo/foetus develops four Vulva or urinogenital opening is the opening of
membranes called the extraembryoic or foetal vestibule which inturn consists jointly the
membranes. These include chorion, aminion, opening of vagina
allantois and yolk sac (i.e, vaginal orifice), urethra (urethral orifice) and
(i) Chorion It is made up of trophoblast outside hymen.
and somatopleuric extraembryonic mesoderm 220 (a)
inside. It completely surrounds the embryo and Trophoblast ia an epithelium surrounding the
protects it. It also takes part in the formation of mammalian blastocyst forming outer layer of
placenta chorion and becoming part of the embryonic
(ii) Amnion It is composed of trophoblast inside component of extra-embryonic membranes.
and somatopleuric extraembryonic mesoderm 221 (b)
outside. The space between the embryo and the Relaxin is secreted by ovary. Relaxin increases the
amnion is called the amniotic cavity, which is flexibility of the pubic symphysis and ligaments of
filled with a clear, watery fluid secreted by both the sacroiliac and sacrococcygeal joints that helps
the embryo and the membrane. The amniotic fluid to dilate the uterine cervix during labour pain
prevents dessication of the embryo and acts as a 222 (a)
protective cushion that absorbs shocks Testosterone.
(iii) Allantois The allantois is composed of Region outside the seminiferous tubules is called
endoderm inside and splanchnopleuric interdigital space, which is lined by interstitial
extraembryoic mesoderm outside. It is a sac like cells also called Leydig cells. Leydig cells secretes
structure, which arises from the gut of the embryo testosterone and also called endocrine part of the
near the yolk sac. In human the allantois is small testis
and non-functional except for furnishing blood 223 (c)
vessels to the placenta Sertoli’s cells, seminiferous tubules and Leydig’s
(iv) Yolk Sac The primary yolk sac consists of cells, all are present in testes, while Graafian
endoderm inside and splanchnopleuric follicles are present in ovary of mammals.
extraembryoic mesoderm outside. The yolk sac is 224 (d)

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 A- Mammary duct, B-Mammary duct, C- Structure of a sperm (spermatozoa) It consists of
Lactiferous duct, D-Areola four parts i.e., Head, Neck, Middle piece and tail,
The glandular tissue comprises about 15-20 lobes enveloped by a plasma membrane.
in each breast. Each lobe is made up of number of Head It is the enlarged end of a sperm, containing
lobules. the large haploid nucleus, i.e., condensed
Each lobule is composed of grape like cluster of chromatin body and is capped by acrosome. The
milk secreting glands termed as alveoli. When acrosome contains hydrolytic enzymes that help
milk is produced, it passes from alveoli into in dissolving membranes of the ovum for
mammary lobules and into the mammary ducts fertilization.
Internally, the breast consists of the glandular Neck It contains proximal centriole which is
tissue forming mammary glands, the fibrous necessary for the first cleavage division of zygote
tissue (connective tissue) and the fatty or adipose and the distal centriole that is connected to the
tissue. Mammary glands are modified sweat tail filament.
glands Middle piece It contains a number of mitochondria
225 (a) that provide energy for the movement of the tail
During maturation phase, each primary oocyte that facilitate sperm motility essential or
undergoes two maturation divisions, first meiotic fertilization.
and second mitotic. In the first meiotic division, Tail It consists of axial filaments surrounded by
the primary oocyte divides into a large secondary the plasma membrane. It helps the sperms to
oocyte and small first polar body or polocyte. swim in a fluid medium
229 (c)
226 (a) Usually, the cytoplasm of ova is without
Umbilical cord connects the foetus to placenta of centrioles, because during the second maturation
mother. It mainly consists of allantoic mesoderm division, the centrioles are taken away by the
and blood vessels (umbilical artery and veins). second polar body.
227 (a) 230 (d)
Structure of a sperm (spermatozoa) It consists of 5th month.
four parts i.e., Head, Neck, Middle piece and tail, Summary of important development changes in
enveloped by a plasma membrane. the human embryo
Head It is the enlarged end of a sperm, containing Time from Organ Formed
the large haploid nucleus, i.e., condensed Fertilisation
chromatin body and is capped by acrosome. The Week 1 Fertilisation cleavage
acrosome contains hydrolytic enzymes that help starts about 24 hours
in dissolving membranes of the ovum for after fertilisation
fertilization. cleavage to form a
blastocyst 4-5 days
Neck It contains proximal centriole which is
after fertilisation.
necessary for the first cleavage division of zygote More than 100 cells
and the distal centriole that is connected to the implantataion 6-9
tail filament. days after fertilisation
Middle piece It contains a number of mitochondria Week 2 The three primary
that provide energy for the movement of the tail germ layers
that facilitate sperm motility essential or (ectoderm, endoderm
and mesoderm)
fertilization.
develop
Tail It consists of axial filaments surrounded by
Week 3 Woman will not have
the plasma membrane. It helps the sperms to a period. This may be
swim in a fluid medium the first sign that she
228 (c) is pregnant. Beginning
Sperm has mitochondria at its middle part. This of the backbone.
middle part gives energy for the motility to the Neural tube develops,
the beginning of the
sperm.

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 brain and spinal cord By Week 30 Usually lying head
(first organs) down ready for birth
Week 4 Heart, blood vessels, 40 Weeks Birth
blood and gut start 231 (d)
forming. Umbilical A-Sexually, B-Viviparous, C-Internal, D-Haploid, E-
cord developing Diploid, F-Ovulation, G-LH, H-Fertilisation, I-
Week 5 Brain developing,
Blastocyst, J-Placenta
‘Limb buds’, small
swelling which are 232 (b)
the beginning of the A - Vas deferens B- Seminal vesicle
arms and legs. Heart
is a large tube and C-Prostate gland D- Bulbourethral gland
starts to beat,
pumping blood. This 233 (c)
can be seen an Blastopore is found in gastrula. Gastrula is
ultrasound scan characterized by ectoderm, endoderm,
Week 6 Eyes and ears start to archenteron and blastopore, dorsal lip of
form blastopore has organiser properties. If dorsal lip
Week 7 All major internal is removed, organ formation does not take place.
organs developing. 234 (c)
Face forming. Eyes
have some colour. Fructose, prostaglandin, clotting factor
Mouth and tongue Seminal vesicles are present at the base of
develop. Beginning of bladder and joins to the ejaculatory duct. They
hand and feet produces alkaline secretion, which forms 60% of
Week 12 Foetus fully formed, the semen. Their secretion contains, fructose,
with all organs, prostaglandin and clotting factor
muscles, bones toes
235 (b)
and fingers. Sex
organs well Sectional view of mammary gland shows.
developed. Foetus is
moving
Week 20 Hair beginning to
grow including
eyebrows and
eyelashes.
Fingerprints
developed.
Fingernails and
toenails growing.
Firm hand grip. (i) Nipple areola
Between 16 and 20
(ii) Mammary lobe (alveolus) and duct
weeks baby usually
felt moving for first (iii) Ampulla and lactiferous duct
time 236 (a)
Week 24 Eyelids open. Legal Cowper’s gland
limit of abortion in Greater vestibular glands (Bartholin’s gland) are
most circumstances packed glands situated on each side of vaginal
By Week 26 Has a good chance of orifice. These glands are homologous to male
survival if born
bulbourethral (Cowper’s) gland and secretes
prematurely
viscus fluid that supplements the lubrication
By Week 28 Baby moving
vigorously. Responds during sexual intercourse.
to touch and loud The lesser vestibular glands (paraurethral glands
noises. Swallowing or glands of Skene) are numerous minute glands
amniotic fluid and that are present on either side of the urethral
urinating
P a g e | 74
 orifice (opening). These glands are homologous to act on spermatogonia to stimulate sperm
the male prostate glands and secrete mucus production
237 (c)
Holoblastic cleavage is complete division of
zygote, e.g., frog.

238 (b)
Postnatal.
Development periods It includes embryonic or
prenatal and post embryonic or postnatal (natal
concerning birth)
(i) Embryonic period (prenatal period) In human
beings is passed in mother’s womb (uterus). It
includes the events from the formation of an
embryo till the time of birth
(ii) Post embryonic period (postnatal period). Dark line – Positive feed back
This period is passed outside the mother’s womb. Dot line – Negative feed back
It includes events from birth to the death 241 (a)
239 (c) In the given options only acrosome belong to the
In female reproductive system male reproductive system. Rest of the options
(i) Egg produced by ovary (corpus luteum, endometrium, Graafian follicle)
(ii) Fertilization takes place in the ampulla of belongs to the female reproductive system
oviduct 242 (b)
(iii) Implantation takes place in the wall of uterus Human placental lactogen stimulates growth and
(iv) Oestrogen and progesterone are produced by development of breast in preparation for
ovary lactation. This hormone is needed before
(v) Part receive the male genitalia (penis) during oestrogen and progesterone can have their effects
copulation is vagina. on breasts.
A- Isthums, B- Ampulla, C-Infundibulum, D-
Fallopian tube, E-Ovary, F-Uterine fundus 243 (c)
Ovulation (release of egg or ovum from ovary into
body cavity) involves the extrusion of a secondary
oocyte from the ovary. Actually by 10-14 days
after the first day of menstruation, only one
follicle has contained its growth to become a fully
mature Graafian follicle, while other follicles
regress through a process called follicle atresia.
240 (a)
Under proper hormonal stimulation, Graafian
Hormonal Control of Spermatogenesis
follicle rupture and extrude its oocyte into the
Spermatogenesis is initiated due to the increase in
uterine tube in the process of ovulation.
Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH) by
hypothalamus. GnRH acts on the anterior lobe of 244 (b)
the pituitary gland to secrete Luteinising Seminal vesicle produce 60% of the semen and
Hormone (LH) and Follicle Stimulating Hormone gives alkaline medium to the sperm for the
(FSH). LH acts on the Leydig cells of the testis to nutralisation of vaginal acidic medium
secreted testosterone. 245 (d)
FSH acts on the sertoli cells of the seminiferous A- Cervix B- Uterine cavity
tubules of the testis to secrete an androgen
binding protein (ABP) and inhibin. ABP C-fallopian tube D-Ovary
concentrates testosterone in the seminiferous
246 (a)
tubules. Inhibin suppresses FSH synthesis. FSH
P a g e | 75
2nd month. developed. Foetus is
Summary of important development changes in moving
the human embryo Week 20 Hair beginning to
Time from Organ Formed grow including
Fertilisation eyebrows and
eyelashes.
Week 1 Fertilisation cleavage
Fingerprints
starts about 24 hours
developed.
after fertilisation
Fingernails and
cleavage to form a
toenails growing.
blastocyst 4-5 days
Firm hand grip.
after fertilisation.
Between 16 and 20
More than 100 cells
weeks baby usually
implantataion 6-9
felt moving for first
days after fertilisation
time
Week 2 The three primary
Week 24 Eyelids open. Legal
germ layers
limit of abortion in
(ectoderm, endoderm
most circumstances
and mesoderm)
develop By Week 26 Has a good chance of
survival if born
Week 3 Woman will not have
prematurely
a period. This may be
the first sign that she By Week 28 Baby moving
is pregnant. Beginning vigorously. Responds
of the backbone. to touch and loud
Neural tube develops, noises. Swallowing
the beginning of the amniotic fluid and
brain and spinal cord urinating
(first organs) By Week 30 Usually lying head
Week 4 Heart, blood vessels, down ready for birth
blood and gut start 40 Weeks Birth
forming. Umbilical 247 (a)
cord developing FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone), secreted by
Week 5 Brain developing, anterior lobe of pituitary, stimulates sperm
‘Limb buds’, small formation in male and growth of ovarian follicles
swelling which are in the females.
the beginning of the
arms and legs. Heart 248 (c)
is a large tube and Testis is covered by tough compact fibrous
starts to beat,
capsule called tunica albuginea, which is
pumping blood. This
can be seen an externally covered by peritoneal layer of flat cells
ultrasound scan called tunica vaginalis; which is supplied by a
Week 6 Eyes and ears start to network of blood capillaries called tunica
form vasculosa
Week 7 All major internal
organs developing.
Face forming. Eyes
have some colour.
Mouth and tongue
develop. Beginning of
hand and feet
Week 12 Foetus fully formed,
with all organs,
muscles, bones toes
and fingers. Sex
organs well
249 (d)
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 Inhibin is a glycoprotein hormone secreted from Capacitation of Sperm The sperms in the female is
the Sertoli’s cells. It is involved in the negative genital tract are made capable of fertilizing the
feedback control of sperm production. egg by the secretion of female genital tract. These
250 (a) secretions of the female genital tract removes the
Inner cell mass forms embryonic disc, which is coating substances deposited on the surface of the
composed of two layers, ectoderm above and sperms, particularly those on acrosome. Thus, the
endoderm below. Once the embryonic disc receptor sites on the acrosome are exposed and
elongates, to form primitive streak which forms sperm become active to penetrate the egg. This
mesoderm. phenomenon of sperm activation in mammals is
called capacitation. It takes about 5-6 hr for
251 (b) capacitation of sperm

252 (c)
Primary oocyte surrounded by a layer of granulosa cell called primary follicle which are 2n in number.

Oogenesis is the process of formation of mature ovum. It has three phases

(a) Multiplication Phase Oogenesis takes place in embryo stage. A couple of million of gamete mother cells
(oogonia) are formed within each foetal ovary. No more oogonia are formed after birth. These cells
(oogonia) get into prophase-I of meiotic division. They get temporarily arrested as this stage called
primary oocyte
(b) Growth Phase Each primary oocyte then gets surrounded by a layer of granulosa cells. This structure is
called the primary follicle. A large number of these follicles degenerate during the phase from birth to
puberty. At puberty, only 60000 and 80000 primary follicles are left in each ovary. The primary follicles
get surrounded by more layers of granulosa cells and a new theca to form secondary follicles
(c) Maturation Phase In the first maturation phase, the secondary follicle soon transforms into a tertiary
follicle. The primary oocyte within the tertiary follicle grows in size and completes its first meiotic division
to form a large haploid secondary oocyte and a tiny first polar body
The tertiary follicle changes into a mature follicle-the Graafian follicle which ruptures to release the
secondary oocyte (ovum) from the ovary by a process called ovulation. The second maturation phase
occurs after fertilization when the meiotic division of the secondary oocyte is complete. This second
meiotic division results in the formation of a second polar body and a haploid ovum (ootid)

253 (b) 254 (c)

After one week of fertilization, implantation Oestrogen is secreted from the ovary and
begins to starts. During implantation, the regulates growth and development of female
trophoectoderm (trophoblast) comes in contact accessary reproductive organs, secondary sexual
with the endometrium of the uterus and sinks into characters and behaviour, so when both ovaries
a pit formed in the endometrium and gets are removed. Oestrogen level will decrease in
completely burried in the endometrium. blood.
255 (d)
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 Testosteron is a steroid hormone and causes These devices are inserted by doctors and expert
development of secondary sexual characters in nurses in the uterus through vagina.
male. 265 (d)
Gestation period of rabbit is approximately 28 to A chemical fertilizin is a glycoprotein or acid
32 days. mucopolysaccharide produced from mature eggs.
Bulbourethral glands are the pea-sized glands Dur to it, sperms migrate towards ova.
inferior to the prostate. These glands secrete a
fluid that lubricates urethra and the end of penis. 266 (b)
Before ovulation, oestrogens are secreted from Prolactin, FSH, LH
Graafian follicle. Placenta also secretes some 267 (b)
amount of oestrogens. The growth of superficial and middle layer of
256 (c) endometrium occurs from the 5th to 14th day of
Corpus luteum acts as an endocrine gland. It is the cycle under the influence of oestrogen.
formed from the remaining structure of mature 268 (b)
Graafian follicle which rupture at the time of Semen is collection of secretions from the seminal
ovulation and release ovum. Corona radiata and vesicles, prostate gland and Cowper’s glands and
cumulus rophorus. It produces progesterone sperms from testis. A single ejaculation may
hormone during the second half of the menstrual contain 200-300 million spermatozoa (sperms) of
cycle. It prepares the lining of uterus for which atleast 60% sperms must have normal
implantation of fertilized egg. shape and size and atleast 40% of them must
257 (b) show vigorous motility for normal fertility.
The embryo with about 64 cells is termed as Semen has a pH of 7.35-7.50; its alkalinity helps to
blastocyst. The process of attachment of neutralize the acidity of the urethra protects the
blastocyst with the uterine wall of mother is sperms from the acidity of the vagina
called implantation. It occurs after 7 days of 269 (b)
fertilization. In human female reproductive cycle or menstrual
258 (b) cycle during proliferative phase, the anterior lobe
A-seminal vesicles; B-urethra of pituitary gland secretes the Follicle Stimulating
259 (a) Hormone (FSH), which stimulates to ovarian
Fate of three germ layers follicles to secrete oestrogens. During the second
Mesoderm Dermis of skin, circulatory system, week of reproduction cycle, most of the
muscles, bones (except facial) developing follicle die and usually one follicle
Endoderm Lining of Gl tract, lining of lungs, continues to mature. Now the Luteinzing
kidney ducts and bladder, thymus, thyroid Hormone (LH) in blood level increase by pituitary
tonsils gland. A small surge of FSH also occurs. Now
Ectoderm Epidermis of skin, tooth enamel, lens ovulation takes place, which releases immature
and cornea of the eye outer ear Brain and spinal egg into abdominal cavity. During ovulation, the
cord, facial bones skeletal muscles in the head follicle breaks open and collapses under the
260 (a) continuous influence of Luteinizing
A-Chorion; B-Placenta Hormone(LH). It begins to enlarge and forms a
261 (a) yellowish strucyure, called corpus luteum or
Intra Uterine Device (IUD) is a small device made yellow body.
up of copper, plastic or stainless steel. It is 270 (a)
inserted into uterus by a doctor and left in place. Internally, the breast consists of the glandular
It prevents implantation and may cause bleeding tissue forming mammary glands, the fibrous
and discomfort. tissue (connective tissue) and the fatty or adipose
262 (c) tissue. Mammary glands are modified sweat
At present, the most widely accepted method of glands
contraception in India is IUDs (Intra Uterine 271 (a)
Devices). These devices are effective and popuar.
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 A tertiary follicle changes into the mature follicle 274 (a)
or Graafian follicle. The secondary oocyte forms a Female gamete mother cells are called oogonia.
new membrane called zona pellucida surrounding Oogenesis is the process of formation of mature
it. The Graafian follicle ruptures to release the ovum. It has three phases
secondary oocyte (ovum) from the ovary by the (a) Multiplication Phase Oogenesis takes place in
process called ovulation embryo stage. A couple of million of gamete
272 (b) mother cells (oogonia) are formed within each
foetal ovary. No more oogonia are formed after
birth. These cells (oogonia) get into prophase-I of
meiotic division. They get temporarily arrested as
this stage called primary oocyte
(b) Growth Phase Each primary oocyte then gets
surrounded by a layer of granulosa cells. This
structure is called the primary follicle. A large
number of these follicles degenerate during the
External genitalia of humans is called penis. Its
phase from birth to puberty. At puberty, only
outer skin, which covers the forehead of penis
60000 and 80000 primary follicles are left in each
called foreskin or prepuce. It is the single opening
ovary. The primary follicles get surrounded by
for semen and urine in males
more layers of granulosa cells and a new theca to
273 (b)
form secondary follicles
FSH and LH.
(c) Maturation Phase In the first maturation
Hormonal Control of Spermatogenesis
phase, the secondary follicle soon transforms into
Spermatogenesis is initiated due to the increase in
a tertiary follicle. The primary oocyte within the
Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH) by
tertiary follicle grows in size and completes its
hypothalamus. GnRH acts on the anterior lobe of
first meiotic division to form a large haploid
the pituitary gland to secrete Luteinising
secondary oocyte and a tiny first polar body
Hormone (LH) and Follicle Stimulating Hormone
The tertiary follicle changes into a mature follicle-
(FSH). LH acts on the Leydig cells of the testis to
the Graafian follicle which ruptures to release the
secreted testosterone.
secondary oocyte (ovum) from the ovary by a
FSH acts on the sertoli cells of the seminiferous
process called ovulation. The second maturation
tubules of the testis to secrete an androgen
phase occurs after fertilization when the meiotic
binding protein (ABP) and inhibin. ABP
division of the secondary oocyte is complete. This
concentrates testosterone in the seminiferous
second meiotic division results in the formation of
tubules. Inhibin suppresses FSH synthesis. FSH
a second polar body and a haploid ovum (ootid)
act on spermatogonia to stimulate sperm
276 (b)
production
A-Oogonia-46 chromosomes, B-Primary oocyte-
46 chromosomes, C-Secondary oocyte-23
chromosomes
277 (c)
In spermatogenesis, primary spermatocyte
undergoes meiosis-I and as a result of which two
haploid secondary spermatocytes formed. Thus,
for the given case secondary spermatocyte
possesses 8 chromosomes, i.e., 𝑛=8 and 16
chromatids because each chromosome divides
along its length into two chromatids.

278 (d)
hCG, hpG, and relaxin are produced during
Dark line – Positive feed back
pregnancy. During pregnancy the level of other
Dot line – Negative feed back
P a g e | 79
 hormone like oestrogen, progesterone, cortisol, Wall of each seminiferous tubules is formed of
prolactin, thyroxin, etc., are increased several single layered germinal epithelium. Majority of
folds in maternal blood. Increased production of cells in this epithelium are cuboidal called male
these hormones is essential for supporting the germ cells (also called spermatogonia). At certain
foetal growth, metabolic changes in the mother places there present tall Sertoli or substentacular
and maintenance of pregnancy cells, which functions as nurse cells for
differentiating spermatozoa

279 (a)
A-Labia minora, B-Hymen, C-Clitoris
280 (b) 286 (d)
Rete Testis and Vasa Efferentia Paedogenesis literally means ‘reproduction by the
The seminiferous tubules are closed at one end child’. Infact, it is reproduction by immature or
but on the other side they join to a network called larval animals caused by acceleration of mutation.
rete testis from where fine ciliated ductules called Paedogenesis occurs in very small flies such as
vasa efferentia arises Miastor and in Oligarces.
287 (a)
A-Trophoblastic cell, B-Corpus luteum, C-
Progesterone, D-Endometrium, E-Menstruation
288 (b)
Trophoectoderm (trophoblast).
It is the outer most layer of the cells of blastocyst.
It forms the foetal part of placenta and do not
form any part of the embryo proper
289 (c)
In birds and other polylecithal egg containing
281 (b)
animals, cleavage (division) are restricted to a
A-Amnion; B-Amniotic cavity
small part of cytoplasm and nucleus in animal
282 (d)
pole of egg. Such type of cleavage is termed as
All of the above.
‘meroblastic cleavage’.
Placenta release oestrogens, progesterone, hCG
and relaxin. That’s why it can be considered as 290 (b)
endocrine gland Fusion of sperm and ova
283 (b) Fertilization
The scrotum remains connected with abdomen or The process of fusion of a sperm (male gamete)
pelvic cavity by inguinal canals. The spermatic with an ovum (female gamete) is called
cord formed from the spermatic artery, vein and fertilization
nerve bound together with connective tissue, Steps
passes into the testis through inguinal canal (i) During coitus, semen is released by the penis
284 (a) into the vagina (insemination)
Ovulation is release of ovum LH secreted by (ii) The motile sperms swim rapidly through the
anterior pituitary gland is responsible for cervix, enter into the uterus and reach the
ovulation. ampullary isthmic junction of the oviduct (site of
285 (a) fertilization)

P a g e | 80
 (iii) A sperm comes in contact with the zona
pellucida layer of the ovum and induces changes
in the membrane to block the entry of additional
sperms
(iv) The enzymes of the acrosome of sperm help
to dissolve zona pellucida and plasma membrane
of the ovum and sperm head is allowed to enter
into the cytoplasm of the ovum, i.e., secondary
oocyte
(v) Ultimately diploid zygote is produced by the 295 (a)
fusion of a sperm and an ovum Mammary glands are modified sweat glands that
291 (c) lie over the pectoral muscle. They occur in all
Maturation of sperm before penetration of egg is female mammals and in a rudimentary from in all
called capacitation. male mammals. In the human female, the
292 (a) mammary glands start to increase in size at
The end of menstrual cycle is known as puberty because of fat accumulation and reach
menopause. It come at the age of 45 to 50 years. their maximum development in approximately
During menopause, the level of FSH (Follicle the twentieth year. These undergo additional
Stimulating Hormone) rises in urine. development during pregnancy essential function
293 (c) of mammary gland is milk production which has
E-Urethra, F-Testis, G-Foreskin, H-Glans penis nutritive and immunologic properties.
Male reproductive system is made up of a pair of 296 (c)
testis, scrotum, vasa efferentia, a pair of Differences between primary and secondary sex
epididymis, a pair of vasa deferentia, a pair of organs
seminal vesicles, a pair of ejaculatory ducts, Primary sex Secondary sex
urethra, prostate gland, a pair of Cowper’s gland organs organs
They produce They do not
and penis
gametes. produce gametes.
They are concerned
with the conduction
of gametes.
They secrete sex They do not secrete
hormones. sex hormones.
Testes in males Epididymis, vasa
and ovaries in deferentia, penis,
female are etc., are secondary
examples of sex organs in male
primary sex and oviducts,
294 (a) organs. uterus, etc., are
13-14 day (Proliferative phase) examples of
FSH and LH have high concentration, whereas secondary sex
progesterone has low concentration. organs in female.
16th-20th day (Luteal phase) 297 (c)
FSH and LH have low concentration, whereas A-Testosterone, B-Sertoli cell, C-Inhibin.
progesterone has high concentration. Hormonal Control of Spermatogenesis
Spermatogenesis is initiated due to the increase in
Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH) by
hypothalamus. GnRH acts on the anterior lobe of
the pituitary gland to secrete Luteinising
Hormone (LH) and Follicle Stimulating Hormone
(FSH). LH acts on the Leydig cells of the testis to
secreted testosterone.

P a g e | 81
 FSH acts on the sertoli cells of the seminiferous the blood is also
tubules of the testis to secrete an androgen high and
binding protein (ABP) and inhibin. ABP reaches its peak,
concentrates testosterone in the seminiferous Ovulation
occurs
tubules. Inhibin suppresses FSH synthesis. FSH
Luteal phase 15- Corpus luteum
act on spermatogonia to stimulate sperm (secretory 28 secretes
production phase) progesterone.
Endometrium
thickens and
uterine glands
become
secretory
299 (a)
In the middle piece of sperm, cytoplasm is found
in the form of a thin sheet called Manchette.
300 (d)
Hormonal level during menstrual cycle
1-5 days (menstrual phase) Level of progesterone
and LH decreases.
6-13 days (follicular or proliferative phase) FSH
and LH level increases that also stimulates the
Dark line – Positive feed back
level of oestrogen.
Dot line – Negative feed back
14 days (ovulatory phase) Both LH and FSH
298 (a)
attains a peak level.
In menstrual phase, the production of LH and
15-20 days (secretory phase) Level of
progesterone decreases.
progesterone increase
Menstrual cycle
301 (c)
Phases Days Events
Menstrual 1-5 Endometrium A woman with typical 28 day of menstrual/cycle
phase breaks down, is most likely to pregnant during 12-15 day
menstruation because it is the period in which ovulation takes
begins. The cells place due to LH surge
of 303 (b)
endometrium, 1. Infundibulum 1. Perimetrium
secretions,
It is the opening of Outer thin covering
blood and the
unfertilized fallopian tube found of uterus wall
ovum constitute near to ovaries
the menstrual 2. Fimbriae 2. Myometrium
flow. Finger like projection Middle thick layer or
Progesterone for collecting ovum uterus wall
and LH near to ovaries
production is
reduced 3. Ampulla 3. Endometrium
Follicular 6-13 Endometrium Infundibulum leads Inner layer of uterus that
phase rebuilds, FSH to the wider contains glands and many
(proliferative secretion and part of oviduct blood vesels
phase) oestrogen’s 4. Isthmus
secretion Last part of oviduct
increase having a narrow
Ovulatory 14 Both LH and
lumen which joins
phase FSH attain a
peak level. the uterus
Concentration 304 (b)
of oestrogen in
P a g e | 82
 LH or ICSH acts on the Leyding cells, which The trophoblast encircles the blastocoel and inner
secretes androgens. Testosterone is the principle mass cell. The inner mass cell is the precursor of
androgen of male reproductive system the embryo. It means that inner mass give rise to
305 (b) embryo. The cells of the trophoblast helps to
Athenospermia is the condition where the motility provide the nutrition to the embryo. The cells of
of sperms is highly reduced. the trophoblast form extra embryonic membranes
namely chorion and amnion. The cells of the
The condition of presence of completely non- trophoblast which are in contact with inner mass
motil sperms in human semen is known as are called cells of raubers
necrospermia.

The condition when less number of sperms is

found in semen is termed as oligospermia. The
penetration of many sperms into an ovum
simultaneously is termed as polyspermy.

306 (b)
A-Testis, B-Glands, C-Ducts, D- Genitalia
307 (d) Blastomeres are of two types
The secretion of testosterone by the Leydig’s cells
(i) Trophoblast It give nourishment to embryo by
of the testis subseqently causes growth and attaching it to endometrium wall
development of the Wolffian ducts into male
(ii) Inner Mass of Cells They give rise to three
accessory sex organs, the epididymis, seminal germ layers and form embryo
vesicles and ejaculatory duct. 312 (b)
308 (c) Leydig’s cells are endocrine in nature and present
Second meiotic division takes place in ova after in testes of mammals. These cells in other
sperm and ova fusion. Proximal convulated
vertebrates except mammals are known as
tubules and distal convulated tubules at the neck interstitial cells. These cells secrete male sex
region in sperm helps to complete the 2nd meiotic hormone testosterone, which influence secondary
division sexual charscters in males. Oestrogen is female
309 (c) sex hormone, secreted from Graafian follicles and
After the release of ova, the remaining structure responsible for secondary sexual characters in
left is called corpus luteum. Corpus luteum female.
secretes progesterone which maintains the 313 (c)
endometrium wall and pregnancy The cuboidal cells in germinal epithelium undergo
310 (c) mitosis to produce spermatogonia which grows
Sertoli’s cell provide nutrition to the sperm in into primary spermatocytes. These in turn
testes. undergoes meiosis producing haploid cells, firstly
311 (a) secondary spermatocytes and then spermatids.
Blastocyst Formation At the next stage of The latter get converted into spermatozoa
development (morula), which produces an (sperms). Sertoli cells provides nutrition to the
embryo with about 64 cells, a cavity is formed developing sperms
with in the cell mass. This cavity is called 314 (b)
blastocyst cavity (blastocoel) and the embryo is Cells of rauber.
termed as blastocyst. The trophoblast encircles the blastocoel and inner
Blastocyst composed of an outer envelops of cells mass cell. The inner mass cell is the precursor of
the trophoblast or trophoectoderm and inner the embryo. It means that inner mass give rise to
mass cell (embryoblast). The side of the embryo. The cells of the trophoblast helps to
blastocyst to which inner mass cell is attached is provide the nutrition to the embryo. The cells of
called embryonic pole (animal pole), while the trophoblast form extra embryonic membranes
opposite side is the abembryonic pole
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 namely chorion and amnion. The cells of the progesterone and oestrogen hormones, which
trophoblast which are in contact with inner mass causes shedding of the endometrium lining
are called cells of raubers menstrual bleeding.

321 (d)
Spermatozoa contains a proteinaceous
substances known as anti-fertillizin. It is a protein,
which is composed of acidic amino acid.
322 (b)
During early and middle foetal life the testis are
located in the abdominal cavity. They come to the
scrotal sac in the late foetal development
315 (c) Cryptorchidism is the condition in which testis do
Cleavage is the series of rapid mitotic division of not descent into the scrotum
the zygote, which converts the single celled zygote 323 (a)
into a multicellular structure called blastula. The egg of human is almost free of yolk hence,
called alecithal.
316 (d)
Gastrula will be larger, while zygote and blastula 324 (b)
will be of same size. The cells formed by cleavage are called
317 (a) blastomere.
Vestibular gland. Implantation
Greater vestibular glands (Bartholin’s gland) are (i) Zygote divides rapidly by mitotic division. This
packed glands situated on each side of vaginal is called cleavage. As a result 2, 4, 8, 16 daughter
orifice. These glands are homologous to male cells are produced which are termed as
bulbourethral (Cowper’s) gland and secretes blastomeres
viscus fluid that supplements the lubrication (ii) Embryo with 8-16 blastomeres is called a
during sexual intercourse. morula
The lesser vestibular glands (paraurethral glands (iii) The morula changes into a large mass of cells
or glands of Skene) are numerous minute glands called blastocyst, which passes further into the
that are present on either side of the urethral uterus
orifice (opening). These glands are homologous to (iv) Blastomeres in the blastocyst are arranged
the male prostate glands and secrete mucus into an outer layer called trophoblast and an inner
318 (a) group of cells attached to trophoblast called inner
The anterior portion of sperm head is covered by cell mass
a cap-like structure, called acrosome. Acrosome is (v) The trophoblast layer gets attached to the
formed from the Golgi complex. It contains cells of the endometrium and the inner cell mass
digestive enzyme hyaluronidase and proteinase. gives rise to the embryo
Acrosome plays an important role in penetration (vi) The cells of endometrium divide rapidly and
of ovum by sperm during fertilization. cover the blastocyst
319 (c) (vii) So, the blastocyst gets embedded in the
Chorionic villi and uterine tissue become inter- endometrium of the uterus. This is called
digitated with each other and jointly form implantation, which leads to pregnancy
placenta 325 (d)
320 (c) In frog , when 1st polar body is separated, the
The corpus luteum plays an important role in the chromosome number becomes half.
preparation of endometrium for the implantation 326 (d)
of fertilized egg by secreting oestrogen and Testicular lobules contains 1-3 seminiferous
progesterone hormones. But if the egg is not tublules.
fertilized then the corpus luteum begins to
degenerate and it stops the production of
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 All bones are derived from the mesoderm but
only facial bones which are derived from the
ectoderm
331 (a)
Layers of an ovum from outside to inside are
corona radiate, zona pellucida and vitelline
membrane.
332 (a)
No more oogonia are formed and added after
birth. Oogonia (egg mother cells) divide by
mitosis forming primary oocyte. Each primary
oocyte then gets surrounded by a layer of
granulosa cell called primary follicle. A larger
number of these follicles degenerate during the
phase from birth to puberty. Therefore, at
maturity only 60,000-80,000 primary follicles are
left in each ovary
333 (d)
Menarche is the starting of menstruation in girl at
about 13 year of age, whereas menopause is the
period of life, when menstruation naturally stops.
334 (b)
Ovulation is the release of the secondary oocyte
from the ovary. In humans, ovulation occurs
about 14 days before the onset of the next
menstruation.
335 (b)
Gastrulation is the formation of gastrula from
blastula. It is that phase of embryonic
development during which the cells of blastula
327 (d) move in small mass to attain the final location.
Regeneration is the defined as replacement, Such movement of cells is called morphogenetic
repair or restoration of the lost or damaged movement.
structures or reconstitution of the whole body 336 (b)
from a small fragment of it during post embryonic Secondary sexual characters and functioning of
life of an organism. Brain cells have lowest power testicular interstitial cells depends upon the LH
of regeneration due to highly specific but spermatogenesis depends upon FSH
differentiation. 337 (a)
328 (d) Epimorphosis is a process that replaces a lost
Condoms, cervical caps, diaphragms and organ of the body by proliferating new cells from
intrauterine contraceptive devices (IUCDs) are all the surface of the wound or injured part, e.g.,
mechamical irth control devices. regeneration of tail in lizard, replacement of arm
329 (c) in starfish and limb in salamander.
Amphimixis is the formation of new individuals 338 (c)
through normal process of sexual reproduction A-Spermatogenesis; B-Sertoli cells
(i.e., meiosis and syngamy). Syngamy is the fusion 339 (b)
of sperm nucleus with egg nucleus. The external genitals of female are collectively
called vulva. These include the protective
330 (a)
coverings of skin folds called labia majora and
labia minora. Clitoris is another accessory
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 external reproductive organ of female. Labia (ectoderm, endoderm
majora and labia minora protect the vaginal and and mesoderm)
urethral openings beneath, while clitoris provides develop
felling of pleasure during sexual stimulation. Week 3 Woman will not have
a period. This may be
340 (a)
the first sign that she
External genitalia (vulva) of female has following is pregnant. Beginning
parts of the backbone.
(i) Mons Pubis It is the anteriormost portion of Neural tube develops,
the external genitalia which is covered by the skin the beginning of the
and pubic hairs. It acts as a cushion during brain and spinal cord
intercourse (first organs)
Week 4 Heart, blood vessels,
(ii) Labia Majora These are fleshy folds of tissue
blood and gut start
which extend down from the mons pubis and forming. Umbilical
surrounds the vaginal opening cord developing
(iii) Labia Minora These are paired folds of tissue Week 5 Brain developing,
under the labia majora ‘Limb buds’, small
(iv) Hymen The opening of vagina covered swelling which are
partially by a membrane called hymen the beginning of the
arms and legs. Heart
is a large tube and
starts to beat,
pumping blood. This
can be seen an
ultrasound scan
Week 6 Eyes and ears start to
form
Week 7 All major internal
organs developing.
Face forming. Eyes
have some colour.
Mouth and tongue
(v) Clitoris is a tiny finger-like structure which develop. Beginning of
lies at the upper junction of the two labia minora hand and feet
above urethral opening Week 12 Foetus fully formed,
341 (a) with all organs,
muscles, bones toes
Mature follicles are called Graafian follicles. After
and fingers. Sex
meiosis, the mature follicle gives rise to ovum, organs well
which represents the female gametocyte developed. Foetus is
342 (a) moving
Summary of important development changes in Week 20 Hair beginning to
the human embryo grow including
Time from Organ Formed eyebrows and
Fertilisation eyelashes.
Week 1 Fertilisation cleavage Fingerprints
starts about 24 hours developed.
after fertilisation Fingernails and
cleavage to form a toenails growing.
blastocyst 4-5 days Firm hand grip.
after fertilisation. Between 16 and 20
More than 100 cells weeks baby usually
implantataion 6-9 felt moving for first
days after fertilisation time
Week 2 The three primary
germ layers
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 Week 24 Eyelids open. Legal embryo with about 64 cells, a cavity is formed
limit of abortion in with in the cell mass. This cavity is called
most circumstances blastocyst cavity (blastocoel) and the embryo is
By Week 26 Has a good chance of termed as blastocyst.
survival if born
Blastocyst composed of an outer envelops of cells
prematurely
By Week 28 Baby moving the trophoblast or trophoectoderm and inner
vigorously. Responds mass cell (embryoblast). The side of the
to touch and loud blastocyst to which inner mass cell is attached is
noises. Swallowing called embryonic pole (animal pole), while
amniotic fluid and opposite side is the abembryonic pole
urinating 348 (b)
By Week 30 Usually lying head
In uterus the development of foetus takes place
down ready for birth
40 Weeks Birth and this development lasts till parturition.
343 (a) Generally, in common language uterus is called
Amnion is formed of mesoderm on outside and womb
ectoderm inside. It has no blood vessels. Space 349 (c)
between amnion and foetus is amniotic cavity and Oral contraceptive is a preparation consisting of
it contains amniotic fluid Amnion protects foetus one or more synthetic female sex hormones taken
from mechanical shock. by woman to prevent conception. Most oral
contraceptives are combined pills consisting of an
344 (b) oestrogen, which blocks the normal process of
Male reproductive system is made up of a pair of ovulation and progesterone, which acts on the
testis, scrotum, vasa efferentia, a pair of pituitary gland to block the normal control of
epididymis, a pair of vasa deferentia, a pair of menstrual cycle.
seminal vesicles, a pair of ejaculatory ducts, 350 (a)
urethra, prostate gland, a pair of Cowper’s gland Morphallaxis involves the reconstruction of whole
and penis body from small fragment by reorganizing the
existing cells, e.g., Regeneration of Hydra from its
piece
351 (a)
Nourishment.
The The trophoblast encircles the blastocoel and
inner mass cell. The inner mass cell is the
precursor of the embryo. It means that inner mass
give rise to embryo. The cells of the trophoblast
helps to provide the nutrition to the embryo. The
345 (a) cells of the trophoblast form extra embryonic
Gastrulation is the process by which a blastula is membranes namely chorion and amnion. The cells
converted into gastrula. By the end of gastrulation of the trophoblast which are in contact with inner
three layered embryo is formed, which is mass are called cells of raubers
enclosing an archenteron.
346 (a)
It is very necessary to reach the sperm at the
ampullary region because, it is the site where ova
waits for sperm for two days after ovulation.
That’s way all intercourse does not lead to
fertilization
347 (a)
Blastocyst Formation At the next stage of
352 (b)
development (morula), which produces an

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 Labia majora, these are two large fleshy folds of membranes. These include chorion, aminion,
skin which form the boundary of vulva. They are allantois and yolk sac
partly covered by pubic hair and contain large (i) Chorion It is made up of trophoblast outside
number of sebaceous (oil) glands. The labia and somatopleuric extraembryonic mesoderm
majora are considered homologous to the inside. It completely surrounds the embryo and
scrotum of the male protects it. It also takes part in the formation of
353 (a) placenta
The embryo at 16-celled stage is called the (ii) Amnion It is composed of trophoblast inside
morula. It is the mass of cells resulting from the and somatopleuric extraembryonic mesoderm
cleavage of the ovum before the formation of a outside. The space between the embryo and the
blastula. amnion is called the amniotic cavity, which is
filled with a clear, watery fluid secreted by both
354 (c) the embryo and the membrane. The amniotic fluid
Gynogenesis leads to non-participation of male prevents dessication of the embryo and acts as a
pronucleus in fertilization. protective cushion that absorbs shocks
355 (d) (iii) Allantois The allantois is composed of
Ovulation takes place under the influence of LH endoderm inside and splanchnopleuric
and FSH. It normally takes place at the end of extraembryoic mesoderm outside. It is a sac like
proliferative phase, i.e, 14th day or mid way during structure, which arises from the gut of the embryo
menstrual cycle. near the yolk sac. In human the allantois is small
356 (b) and non-functional except for furnishing blood
Spermiation. vessels to the placenta
The transformation of spermatids into (iv) Yolk Sac The primary yolk sac consists of
spermatozoa is called spermiogenesis or endoderm inside and splanchnopleuric
spermateliosis. The spermatids are later on extraembryoic mesoderm outside. The yolk sac is
known as sperms. After spermiogenesis head non-functional in human beings except that it
becomes embedded in the Sertoli cells and are functions as the site of early blood cell formation
finally released from the seminiferous tubules by 362 (b)
process called spermiation The mature ovum or female gamete is spherical in
357 (a) shape. The human ovum is almost free of yolk and
44 + XY→ Girl, 44 + XY→ Boy said to be alecithal. Its cytoplasm is called
358 (d) ooplasm containing large nucleus. The cytoplasm
The testes in humans are situated outside the is enveloped by plasma membrane. Very small
abdominal cavity in scrotal sacs. This is because cortical granules are present under the plasma
the temperature of scrotal sac is 25℃ lesss than membrane.
internal body temperature. A narrow perivitelline space is present outside
359 (d) the plasma membrane. Just outer to perivitelline
Vas deferens is not present in female rabbit space, there is thick non-cellular zona pellucida,
because vas deferens is associated with male sex secreted by follicular cells. Outer to the zona
organs as these carry spermatozoa from cauda pellucida there is very thick cellular corona
epididymis to the ejaculatory duct. radiate.
360 (a) The latter is formed of radially elongated
(A) Graafian follicle, (B) Zona pellucida, (C) follicular cells. The side of ovum which extrudes
Ovulation polar bodies is termed animal pole. The opposite
361 (d) side is called vegetal pole. Human ouvm loses its
Yolk sac. ability to be fertilized about 24 hours after
Extraembryonic or Foetal Membranes ovulation. In human beings ovum is released from
The growing embryo/foetus develops four ovary as secondary oocyte
membranes called the extraembryoic or foetal 364 (b)
Parthenogenesis (Apomixis)
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 It is the development of a new individual from a
single gamete (generally the egg/ovum) without
involving fertilisation. On the basis of
chromosomes sets, parthenogenesis is of two
types (i) Arrhenotoky (haploid) parthenogenesis).
Haploid eggs grow to form haploid males 𝑒. 𝑔.,
arachnids, some insects. (ii) Thelytoky (diploid
parthenogenesis). Diploid eggs grow without
fertilisation into diploid individuals, generally
females 𝑒. 𝑔., Gall fly. Parthenogenesis can be
natural or artificial. Natural parthenogenesis may
be obligatory or cyclic.
Obligatory/Complete Parthenogenesis Males are
absent. Females develop parthenogenesis, 𝑒. 𝑔.,
rotifers, Typhlina brahmina (small lizard, 15 cm
long), Lacerta saxicola armeniaca (caucasian rock
lizard), Cnemidophorus (whiptail lizards of
America). 367 (a)
Cyclic/Incomplete Parthenogenesis Both sexual Acrosome is a cap-like structure surrounding the
and parthenogenetic individuals occur. In aphids anterior end of the nucleus of a sperm. It is
several generations of parthenogenetic females produced by the Golgi complex of spermatid.
develop followed by formation of both male and Acrosome of mammalian sperm produces sperm
females to perform sexual reproduction. In lysin called hyaluronidase.
Turkey, 40% of the males develop 368 (d)
parthenogenetically. In honeybee, male of drone Each lobule of testis contains two to three
develops parthenogenetically (no meiosis at the seminiferous tubules, blood vessels, nerves and
time of spermatogenesis) while queen and connective tissue. Wall of each seminiferous
workers develop from fertilized eggs. Also in tubule is formed of a single layered germinal
wasps and ants. In gall fly, larvae may lay eggs epithelium. Majority of cells in this epithelium are
that develop parthenogenetically (paedogenesis) cubical, however at certain places, there are
365 (c) present large pyramidal Sertoli or nurse cells.
The vas deferens loops over urinary bladder, Sertoli cells nourish the developing sperms.
where it is joined by duct from seminal vesicle to 369 (a)
form ejaculatory duct. Vasa deferentia carry Gametes. The major reproductive events in
sperms human beings are as follows
366 (d) (i) Gametogenesis It is the formation of gametes.
Primary spermatocytes are diploid in number. It includes spermatogenesis (formation of
Secondary (2°) spermatocytes and spermatids are sperms) and oogenesis (formation of ova/eggs)
haploid in number. (ii) Insemination It is the transfer of sperms by
the male into the genital tract of the female
(iii) Fertilization Fusion of male and female
gametes to form zygote is called fertilization
(iv) Cleavage It is rapid mitotic divisions of the
zygote which convert the single celled zygote into
a multicellular structure called blastocyst
(blastula)
(v) Implantation It is the attachment of blastocyst
to the uterine wall
(vi) Placentation It involves the formation of
placenta which is the intimate connection
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 between the foetus and uterine wall of the mother another protein
to exchange the materials inhibin which
(vii) Gastrulation It is the process by which suppresses FSH
blastocyst is changed into gastrula with three synthesis
374 (a)
primary germ layers
Menstrual cycle do not takes place regularly
(viii) Organogenesis It is the formation of specific
because of high levels of hormones in the blood
tissue, organs and organ systems from three
375 (d)
primary germ layers
The wall of each seminiferous tubule of testicular
(ix) Parturition (child birth) it involves expelling
lobule is formed of a single layered germinal
of the baby from the mother’s womb (uterus)
epithelium. Large pyremidal Sertoli’s cells secrete
370 (b)
androgen binding protein that concentrates
Liver and pancreas are originated from general
testosterone in the seminiferous tubule. These
endoderm.
cells nourish the developing sperms.
371 (c)
376 (a)
Notochord, circulatory system, organs of
Parthenogenesis is the development of an embryo
urogenital system (including ureter, kidney,
from an unfertilized egg or if a spermatozoan
gonads, reproductive ductes); skeletal muscle,
does penetrate the egg, there is no union of male
bone, cartilage of skeleton (except skull), dermis,
and female pronuclei.
connective tissues, etc are the derivatives of
377 (b)
mesoderm.
Implantation
372 (b)
(i) Zygote divides rapidly by mitotic division. This
Corpus luteum secretes progesterone harmone.
is called cleavage. As a result 2, 4, 8, 16 daughter
373 (a)
cells are produced which are termed as
Differences between Leydig’s cells and Sertoli
blastomeres
cells
(ii) Embryo with 8-16 blastomeres is called a
Leydig’s Cells Sertoli Cells
(Interstitial (Sustentacular Cells) morula
Cells) (iii) The morula changes into a large mass of cells
They are present They are present in called blastocyst, which passes further into the
in between the between the uterus
seminiferous germinal epithelial (iv) Blastomeres in the blastocyst are arranged
tubules. cells of the into an outer layer called trophoblast and an inner
seminiferous tubules.
group of cells attached to trophoblast called inner
Leydig’s cells are Sertoli cells are
found in small found singly and are cell mass
groups and are elongated (v) The trophoblast layer gets attached to the
rounded in cells of the endometrium and the inner cell mass
shape. gives rise to the embryo
They secrete They provide (vi) The cells of endometrium divide rapidly and
andogens (𝑒. 𝑔., nourishment to the cover the blastocyst
testosterone) developing
(vii) So, the blastocyst gets embedded in the
male sex spermatozoa
hormones (sperms). Sertoli endometrium of the uterus. This is called
cells secrete ABP implantation, which leads to pregnancy
(Androgen Binding 378 (b)
Protein) that In penetration, acrosome of sperm undergoes
concentrates acrosomal reaction and releases certain sperm
testosterone in the lysins, which dissolve the egg envelops locally and
seminiferous tubules.
make the path for the penetration of sperm.
It also secretes

379 (c)

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 A-Spermatogonia, B-Primary spermatocytes, C-Secondary spermatocytes, D-Spermatids, E-Primary oocyte,
F-Secondary oocyte, G-First polar body, H-Second polar body

380 (d) the first sign that she

In the ovulatory phase, production of FSH is pregnant. Beginning
decreases, while that of LH increases it causes of the backbone.
ovulation. The ovum is drawn into Fallopian tube Neural tube develops,
the beginning of the
381 (d)
brain and spinal cord
Nervous system originated from ectodermal layer. (first organs)
Week 4 Heart, blood vessels,
382 (c) blood and gut start
A-Isthmus; B-Fimbriae; C-Ampulla forming. Umbilical
383 (b) cord developing
Bidder’s canal is a part of urinogenital system of Week 5 Brain developing,
male frog. It is the longitudinal canal of kidney ‘Limb buds’, small
into which the collecting canals open and put the swelling which are
the beginning of the
sperms received. Posteriorly, it continues into the
arms and legs. Heart
ureter. is a large tube and
384 (d) starts to beat,
28 weeks. pumping blood. This
Summary of important development changes in can be seen an
the human embryo ultrasound scan
Time from Organ Formed Week 6 Eyes and ears start to
Fertilisation form
Week 1 Fertilisation cleavage Week 7 All major internal
starts about 24 hours organs developing.
after fertilisation Face forming. Eyes
cleavage to form a have some colour.
blastocyst 4-5 days Mouth and tongue
after fertilisation. develop. Beginning of
More than 100 cells hand and feet
implantataion 6-9 Week 12 Foetus fully formed,
days after fertilisation with all organs,
Week 2 The three primary muscles, bones toes
germ layers and fingers. Sex
(ectoderm, endoderm organs well
and mesoderm) developed. Foetus is
develop moving
Week 3 Woman will not have Week 20 Hair beginning to
a period. This may be grow including
eyebrows and
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 eyelashes.
Fingerprints
developed.
Fingernails and
toenails growing.
Firm hand grip.
Between 16 and 20
weeks baby usually
felt moving for first
time
Week 24 Eyelids open. Legal
limit of abortion in
most circumstances A-Sperm passes through corona radiate, B-
By Week 26 Has a good chance of
Acrosome reaction, releasing lysing enzyme, C-
survival if born
prematurely Sperm passes through pellucida and reaches
By Week 28 Baby moving oolemma. D-Sperm and egg plasma membranes
vigorously. Responds fuse, enabling the sperm contents to enter egg. E-
to touch and loud Cortical reaction, releasing enzymes to harden
noises. Swallowing zona pellucida
amniotic fluid and 389 (a)
urinating
The transformation of spermatids to sperm is
By Week 30 Usually lying head
down ready for birth known as spermiogenesis or spermateleosis.
40 Weeks Birth 390 (a)
386 (b) Regeneration of tail in lizards is an example of
Mammalian egg has very small amount of yolk. epimorphosis. Epimorphosis takes place by the
387 (c) proliferation of the new tissue cell from the
One ovum is produced from one germ cell of surface of wound.
female gonad, whereas four sperms are produced 391 (d)
from one germ cell of male gonad. Thus, the ratio Endometrium wall periodically change in
of ova and sperms will be 1 : 4. menstrual cycle.
388 (b) Generally, menstrual cycle have four phases
A-Corticle granules, B-Corticle enzyme, C-Plasma (i) Menstrual phase (a) The soft tissue of
membrane, D-Monospermy. Ovum at the time of endometrial lining of the uterus disintegrates
fertilization looks like causing bleeding.
(b) The unfertilized egg and soft tissue are
discharged.
(c) It lasts 3-5 days.
(ii) Follicular Phase/Proliferative Phase (a) The
primary follicles in the ovary grow and become a
fully mature Graafian follicle.
(b) The endometrium of the uterus is regenerated
due to the secretion of LH and FSH from anterior
pituitary and ovarian hormone, estrogen.
Steps 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶 and 𝐷 can be seen as (c) It least for about 10-14 days.
(iii) Ovulatory Phase (a) Rapid secretion of LH
(LH surge) induces rupture of Graafian follicle,
thereby leading to ovulation (release of ovum).
(b) It lasts for only about 48 hr.
(iv) Luteal Phase/Secretor Phase (a) In this phase
the ruptured follicle changes into corpus luteum

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 in the ovary and it begins to secrete the hormone
progesterone.
(b) The endometrium thickens further and their
glands secrete a fluid into the uterus.
c) If ovum is not fertilized, the corpus luteum
undergoes degeneration and this causes
disintegration of the endometrium leading to
menstruation.
(d) Oestrogen and progesterone levels rise during
this phase. It lasts for only 1 day. (e) During
pregnancy all events of the menstrual cycle stop
and there is no menstruation. The menstrual cycle
permanently stops in females at the age of around 1. Infundibulum 1. Perimetrium
50 years. This is called menopause It is the opening of Outer thin covering
392 (b) fallopian tube found of uterus wall
During spermatogenesis, at the end of first near to ovaries
meiotic division, the male germ cells differentiate 2. Fimbriae 2. Myometrium
into the secondary spermatocytes. Finger like projection Middle thick layer or
for collecting ovum uterus wall
393 (b) near to ovaries
The mode of cleavage is determined by the 3. Ampulla 3. Endometrium
amount of yolk and its distribution. Infundibulum leads Inner layer of uterus that
394 (c) to the wider contains glands and many
In secretory phase during ovulation, the follicle part of oviduct blood vesels
breaks and collapse under the continuous 4. Isthmus
influence of Luteinizing Hormone (LH). It begins Last part of oviduct
to enlarge and forms a yellowish structure, called having a narrow
the corpus luteum. The corpus luteum plays an lumen which joins
important role in the preparation of the the uterus
endometrium for the implantation of the fertilized
egg by secreting estrogens and progesterone.

395 (b)
Vasa deferentia emerges from the cauda
epididymis on each side and leaves the scrotal sac
and enters the abdominal cavity through inguinal
canal. It is lined by many stereocilia to transport 397 (a)
the sperms from testis to the outside through Nucleus and acrosome.
urethra Structure of a sperm (spermatozoa) It consists of
396 (b) four parts i.e., Head, Neck, Middle piece and tail,
Myometrium is the middle thick layer of the enveloped by a plasma membrane.
uterus (the womb). By weight myometrium is the Head It is the enlarged end of a sperm, containing
largest component of uterus wall. the large haploid nucleus, i.e., condensed
chromatin body and is capped by acrosome. The
acrosome contains hydrolytic enzymes that help
in dissolving membranes of the ovum for
fertilization.
Neck It contains proximal centriole which is
necessary for the first cleavage division of zygote
and the distal centriole that is connected to the
tail filament.
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 Middle piece It contains a number of mitochondria developing embryo (foetus) and maternal body
that provide energy for the movement of the tail called placenta
that facilitate sperm motility essential or
fertilization.
Tail It consists of axial filaments surrounded by
the plasma membrane. It helps the sperms to
swim in a fluid medium
398 (d)
The foetal part of the placenta in human is formed
by the chorionic villi, which lie in the maternal
blood pool, formed by the erosion of uterine
405 (b)
endometrium and endothelial wall of uterine
Mucous (jelly –like) connective tissue is present
blood vessels to form the haemochorial placenta.
mostly in embryos with Whartorn’s jelly (highly
399 (a) gelatinous) as the ground substance. The tissue is
Oxytocin hormone is secreted from common in umbilical cord, cock’s comb and
neurohypophysis of pituitary. It stimulates the viterous body of eye ball.
contraction of the smooth muscles of uterus
406 (a)
inducing labour pain for child birth.
The cervix is the part which joins the anterior wall
400 (a) of the vagina and opens into it. The cavity of the
Labium majora are two large thick folds of skin, cervix is called cervix canal. The cervix
which form the boundary of vulva. The labia communicates above with the body of the uterus
majora are considered homologous to the by an aperture called internal os and with the
scrotum of the male. vagina below by an opening the external os
401 (a) 407 (d)
The transformation of spermatids into Oogenesis or primordial follicles starts their
spermatozoa is called spermiogenesis or development at the foetal stage but after birth this
spermateliosis. The spermatids are later on development stops and again resumes at the
known as sperms. After spermiogenesis head puberty stage
becomes embedded in the Sertoli cells and are 408 (c)
finally released from the seminiferous tubules by Due to changing of the membrane potential, there
process called spermiation is depolarization and due to depolarization the
402 (c) entry of other sperms is blocked. This leads to the
Amnion is an extra embryonic membrane that monospermy
surrounds embryo in reptiles, birds and 409 (b)
mammals. It provides a kind of private aquarium In spermatogenesis, during growth phase some
to the embryo and protects it from mechanical spermatogonia either due to growth or due to
shock and desiccation food storage become 2 or 3 times large of their
403 (c) original size and are known as primary
A – Primary spermatocytes spermatocytes, which undergo meiosis-I and as a
B – Secondary spermatocytes result 2 haploid secondary spermatocytes are
C – Spermatozoa formed.
404 (b) Futher, meiosis-II takes place that results in the
After implantation, finger-like projections appear foramtion of 4-spermatids. Then, these round,
on the trophoblast called chorionic villi, which are non-motile and haploid spermatids are
surrounded by the uterine tissue and maternal transformed into thread-like motile, haploid
blood. The chorionic villi and uterine tissue (four) sperms.
become interdigitated with each other and jointly 410 (c)
form a structural and functional unit between

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 Karyogamy and amphimixis are the same terms. Week 12 Foetus fully formed,
Mixing up of chromosomes of male and female with all organs,
nucleus is called karyogamy or amphimixis muscles, bones toes
411 (d) and fingers. Sex
organs well
6th month.
developed. Foetus is
Summary of important development changes in moving
the human embryo Week 20 Hair beginning to
Time from Organ Formed grow including
Fertilisation eyebrows and
Week 1 Fertilisation cleavage eyelashes.
starts about 24 hours Fingerprints
after fertilisation developed.
cleavage to form a Fingernails and
blastocyst 4-5 days toenails growing.
after fertilisation. Firm hand grip.
More than 100 cells Between 16 and 20
implantataion 6-9 weeks baby usually
days after fertilisation felt moving for first
Week 2 The three primary time
germ layers Week 24 Eyelids open. Legal
(ectoderm, endoderm limit of abortion in
and mesoderm) most circumstances
develop By Week 26 Has a good chance of
Week 3 Woman will not have survival if born
a period. This may be prematurely
the first sign that she By Week 28 Baby moving
is pregnant. Beginning vigorously. Responds
of the backbone. to touch and loud
Neural tube develops, noises. Swallowing
the beginning of the amniotic fluid and
brain and spinal cord urinating
(first organs) By Week 30 Usually lying head
Week 4 Heart, blood vessels, down ready for birth
blood and gut start 40 Weeks Birth
forming. Umbilical 412 (a)
cord developing Menstruation occurs in human, apes and old
Week 5 Brain developing, world monkeys. Menstruation is bleeding from
‘Limb buds’, small
uterus of adult female at intervals of one lunar
swelling which are
the beginning of the month. A reduction in oestrogens and
arms and legs. Heart progesterone causes menstruation. Gonadotropin
is a large tube and releasing hormone secreted by the hypothalamus
starts to beat, stimulates the release of FSH and LH. FSH and LH
pumping blood. This stimulate the ovarian follicles to produce more
can be seen an oestrogens during proliferative phase of
ultrasound scan
menstrual cycle. Growth hormone (GH) has no
Week 6 Eyes and ears start to
form role in the process of menstrual cycle.
Week 7 All major internal 413 (b)
organs developing. In a 28 day menstrual cycle, the menses takes
Face forming. Eyes place. For 3-5 days, the production of LH from the
have some colour. anterior lobe of the pituitary gland considerably
Mouth and tongue reduced. The withdrawal of this hormone causes
develop. Beginning of
degeneration of the corpus luteum and therefore,
hand and feet
progesterone production is reduced.

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 Production of oestrogen also reduced in this 420 (c)
phase (menstrual). The endometrium of the Pseudocoelom is a persisted blastocoel. It lacks
uterus breaks down and menstruation begins. The definite mesoderm lining.
cells of endometrium secretions and the 421 (b)
unfertilized ovum constitute the menstrual flow Fallopian tube or oviduct is the site of fertilization
414 (d) in mammals. The embryo develops upto
A-FSH; B-Oestrogen blastocyst stage in fallopian tube.
415 (a) 422 (a)
Fertilisin antifertilisin interaction was proposed Bulbourethral gland secretes mucus, which
by IR Lillie. According to this theory, ovum lubricate penis during intercourse. This reduces
secretes fertilisin (composed of glycoprotein = the friction during the process. Bulbourethral
monosaccharide + Amino acid) and sperm gland is also called Cowper’s gland
release antifertilisin (composed of acidic amino 423 (d)
acid). They interact with each other and they are A- Antrum, B- Secondary follicle, C-Tertiary
species specific. The adhesion of sperm to the egg follicle
of the same species through chemical recognition 424 (d)
is known as agglutination The process of formation of spermatozoa from
416 (b) spermatids is called spermiogenesis.
Clitoris is considered as rudimentary organ in
female external genitalia and considered as 425 (a)
homologous to penis Each human testis is oval in shape with a length of
417 (a) about 4 to 5 cm and a width of about 2 to 3 cm
Ectoderm. 426 (a)
Fate of three germ layers ER is absent in human sperm.
Mesoderm Dermis of skin, circulatory system,
427 (b)
muscles, bones (except facial)
Largest egg is of ostrich.
Endoderm Lining of Gl tract, lining of lungs,
kidney ducts and bladder, thymus, thyroid 428 (c)
tonsils The wall of uterus is composed of three layers of
Ectoderm Epidermis of skin, tooth enamel, lens tissues-the perimetrium (outer covering), the
and cornea of the eye outer ear Brain and spinal myometrium (middle layer of smooth muscle
cord, facial bones skeletal muscles in the head fibre) and endometrium (the mucus membrane
All bones are derived from the mesoderm but lining).
only facial bones which are derived from the 429 (a)
ectoderm The head of sperm is composed of two regions, i.e,
418 (b) nuclear region and an acrosomal region.
When the regeneration is limited to the repair or Acrosomal regions contains the acrosome, a large
healing of wounds, it is called reparative lysosome possessing hydrolytic enzymes which
regeneration. It takes place by localized cell help in the penetration of the layers of cells
proliferation and migration, e.g., healing of bone surrounding the egg immediately before
fracture, regeneration of liver (compensatory fertilization.
regeneration). 430 (a)
419 (a) Bartholin’s gland in female is the counterpart of
Embryologist can draw the fate maps of future Cowper’s gland in male. The secretion of this
organ of embryo in blastula stage using natural gland is thick, viscid and alaline for lubrication
colour patten or vital dyes to show the fate of during copulation and counteracting urinary
various germ layers. acidity.

431 (a)
Embryo at 8 to 16 stages is called morula stage of embryo
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432 (d) (ix) Parturition (child birth) it involves expelling
Neoteny is the retention of larval or embryonic of the baby from the mother’s womb (uterus)
characters even after sexual maturity. It is shown 434 (c)
by Axolotl larva or Ambystoma (tiger salamander) The female individual contains two X
found in USA and Mexico. chromosomes. The eggs are produced by the
433 (a) meiosis, i.e., reduction division. So, the egg
Implantation is the attachment of blastocytes to contains one X-chromosome, when released from
the uterine wall. ovary. After fertilization, the diploid phase is
Gametes. The major reproductive events in restrored.
human beings are as follows
(i) Gametogenesis It is the formation of gametes. 435 (d)
It includes spermatogenesis (formation of Acrosome is a part of human sperm.
sperms) and oogenesis (formation of ova/eggs)
436 (b)
(ii) Insemination It is the transfer of sperms by
If testes are removed before maturity, the
the male into the genital tract of the female
secondary sexual characteristics will not develop
(iii) Fertilization Fusion of male and female
due to absence of male hormone testoterone. Such
gametes to form zygote is called fertilization
a condition is known as eunuchoidism.
(iv) Cleavage It is rapid mitotic divisions of the
437 (a)
zygote which convert the single celled zygote into
Acrosome contains hyaluronidase proteolytic
a multicellular structure called blastocyst
enzymes, which is popularly known as sperm
(blastula)
lysin as it is used to penetrate egg (ovum) at the
(v) Implantation It is the attachment of blastocyst
time of fertilisaton
to the uterine wall
438 (c)
(vi) Placentation It involves the formation of
Placenta is an organic connection between the
placenta which is the intimate connection
foetus and uterine wall for physiological exchange
between the foetus and uterine wall of the mother
between foetus and mothers blood. The placenta
to exchange the materials
develops at the point of implantation.
(vii) Gastrulation It is the process by which
Extraembryonic membrane, i.e., amnion, allantois,
blastocyst is changed into gastrula with three
chorion and yolk sac are formed from trophoblast
primary germ layers
(the ring of cells surrounding the inner cell mass
(viii) Organogenesis It is the formation of specific
in a developing pro-embryo). Chorion is formed of
tissue, organs and organ systems from three
ectoderm externally and mesoderm inside. Along
primary germ layers

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 with allantois, it participates in formation of functions of fallopian tube is to convey ovum from
placenta. ovary to uterus. Fertilization of ovum generally
takes place in the upper portion of fallopian tube.
439 (d) 446 (a)
Cleavage divisions are mitotic division, in which S. Cell type Nature of Cell
the single celled zygote is connected into a No. Type
multicellular morula. But during cleavage 1. Spermatozoon Haploid (1n)
division, there is no growth of resultant daughter 2. Secondary Diploid (2n)
cell/blastomeres. So, the DNA content will Spermatocytes
increase, but there is no increase or insignificant 3. Spermatogonium Diploid (2n)
4. Spermatid Haploid (2n)
increase in amount of protoplasm.
5. Primary Diploid (2n)
440 (a) spermatocytes
Development periods It includes embryonic or 6. Secondary oocyte Haploid (1n)
prenatal and post embryonic or postnatal (natal 7. Second polar Haploid (1n)
concerning birth) body
(i) Embryonic period (prenatal period) In human 8. First polar body Haploid (1n)
beings is passed in mother’s womb (uterus). It 9. Primary oocyte Diploid (2n)
447 (b)
includes the events from the formation of an
The distal centriole of the sperm divides and
embryo till the time of birth
forms two centrioles to generate the mitotic
(ii) Post embryonic period (postnatal period).
spindle formation for cell division. The
This period is passed outside the mother’s womb.
mammalian secondary oocyte (egg) does not have
It includes events from birth to the death
centriole of its own
441 (a)
448 (d)
Scrotum maintains the temperature of testis,
Cone of reception. The secondary oocyte forms a
which is 2-2.5°C below the body temperature. In
projection termed as the cone of reception or
winter they reduces their surface area for
fertilization cone, which receives the sperm
preventing heat loss, so that temperature remains
449 (c)
34.5-35℃. In summer it increase their surface
Sperm lysin is found in head region of sperm
area for cooling, so that the temperature remains
Acrosome contains hyaluronidase proteolytic
34.5-35℃
enzymes, which is popularly known as sperm
442 (b)
lysin as it is used to penetrate egg (ovum) at the
During fertilization, sperm enters from animal
time of fertilisaton
pole in unfertilized egg.
451 (c)
443 (b) The oviducts (Fallopain tubes), uterus, vagina
Blastocyst secretes a hormone called human constitute the female accessory ducts. Each
chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), which maintains Fallopian tube is about 10-12 cm long and extends
the corpus luteum in the ovary. from periphery of each ovary to the uterus
452 (a)
444 (c) A- Plasma membrane, B-Acrosome, C-
The embryo with 8 to 10 blastomeres is called Mitochondria.
morula Structure of a sperm (spermatozoa) It consists of
four parts i.e., Head, Neck, Middle piece and tail,
enveloped by a plasma membrane.
Head It is the enlarged end of a sperm, containing
the large haploid nucleus, i.e., condensed
chromatin body and is capped by acrosome. The
acrosome contains hydrolytic enzymes that help
445 (d) in dissolving membranes of the ovum for
Oviduct (Fallopian tube) consists of urerine part, fertilization.
isthmus, the ampulla and the infundibulum. The
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 Neck It contains proximal centriole which is Menstrual 1-5 Endometrium
necessary for the first cleavage division of zygote phase breaks down,
and the distal centriole that is connected to the menstruation
tail filament. begins. The cells
of
Middle piece It contains a number of mitochondria
endometrium,
that provide energy for the movement of the tail secretions,
that facilitate sperm motility essential or blood and the
fertilization. unfertilized
Tail It consists of axial filaments surrounded by ovum constitute
the plasma membrane. It helps the sperms to the menstrual
flow.
swim in a fluid medium
Progesterone
453 (c) and LH
Prostate gland’s secretions constitute 25% production is
volume of semen reduced
Follicular 6-13 Endometrium
phase rebuilds, FSH
(proliferative secretion and
phase) oestrogen’s
secretion
increase
Ovulatory 14 Both LH and
454 (a) phase FSH attain a
peak level.
Corpus luteum acts as a temporary endocrine
Concentration
gland, It secretes progesterone and relaxin. of oestrogen in
Progesterone is essential for promoting secretory the blood is also
changes in uterine endometrium (prepares uterus high and
for implantation of fertilized ovum) and inhibits reaches its peak,
ovulation and menstrual cycle during pregnancy.) Ovulation
occurs
455 (d) Luteal phase 15- Corpus luteum
As a result of gastrulation, ectoderm, mesoderm (secretory 28 secretes
phase) progesterone.
and endoderm are formed.
Endometrium
456 (d) thickens and
uterine glands
Amniocentesis is a technique for the diagnosis of
become
congenital abnormalities before birth. By secretory
karyotypic studied of somatic cells, abnormalities 459 (a)
due to changes in chromosome number like Oviduct has four regions, infundibulum, ampulla,
Down’s syndrome. Turner’s syndrome, isthmus, and uterine part. Ampulla is the long,
Klinefelter’s syndrome, etc, can be determined. wide, thin walled major part of the fallopian tube
457 (a) or oviduct. It lies next to the infundibulum and is a
Epidermis, including glands, hair, nails, etc is site for fertilization.
ectodermal in origin. Notochord and muscles are
mesodermal in origin. Dermis of skin is also 460 (d)
mesodermal. Enamel of teeth is ectodermal in Greater vestibular glands (Bartholin’s gland) are
origin. packed glands situated on each side of vaginal
orifice. These glands are homologous to male
458 (a) bulbourethral (Cowper’s) gland and secretes
6-13 days. viscus fluid that supplements the lubrication
Menstrual cycle during sexual intercourse.
Phases Days Events

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 The lesser vestibular glands (paraurethral glands important role in controlling the menstrual cycle
or glands of Skene) are numerous minute glands in human females.
that are present on either side of the urethral 466 (a)
orifice (opening). These glands are homologous to Parturition
the male prostate glands and secrete mucus (i) The average duration of human pregnancy is
461 (a) about 9 months which is called the gestation
A-Primary sex organs; B-Secondary sex organs period
462 (b) (ii) The act of expelling the full term foetus from
Sertoli’s cells are found in human testes, also the mother’s uterus at the end of gestation period
called nurse cells. These are supportive nutritive is called parturition
cells and secrete a polypeptide hormone called (iii) It is induced by a complex neuroendocrine
inhibin and a steroid oestradiol which interferes mechanism
with spermatogenic activity and kinetics of sperm (iv) Parturition signals originates from the fully
production. developed foetus and the palcenta, which induce
463 (c) mild uterine contractions called foetus ejection
GnRH is secreted by the hypothalamus. It reflex
stimulates the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland (v) This triggers the release of oxytocin from the
to secrete LH and FSH. In male LH is known as maternal pituitary
Interstitial Cells Stimulating Hormone (ICSH) (vi) Oxytocin induces stronger uterine muscle
because it stimulates interstitial cells (Leydig’s contractions
cells) of the testes to secrete androgens. (vii) Relaxin increases the flexibility of the pubic
Testosterone is the principal androgen. FSH symphysis and ligaments that helps to dilate the
stimulates Sertoli cells of the testes to secrete an uterine cervix during labour pain
Androgen Binding Protein (ABP) that (viii) This leads to the expulsion of baby
concentrates testosterone in the seminiferous 467 (c)
tubules. Sertoli cells also secretes a protein Placentation is a connection between foetus and
hormone called inhibin, which suppresses FSH uterine wall.
synthesis. FSH acts directly on spermatogonia to Gametes. The major reproductive events in
stimulate sperm production human beings are as follows
(i) Gametogenesis It is the formation of gametes.
It includes spermatogenesis (formation of
sperms) and oogenesis (formation of ova/eggs)
(ii) Insemination It is the transfer of sperms by
the male into the genital tract of the female
(iii) Fertilization Fusion of male and female
gametes to form zygote is called fertilization
(iv) Cleavage It is rapid mitotic divisions of the
zygote which convert the single celled zygote into
a multicellular structure called blastocyst
(blastula)
(v) Implantation It is the attachment of blastocyst
464 (a) to the uterine wall
Sertoli’s cells are located in the seminiferous (vi) Placentation It involves the formation of
tubules, the structural and functional units of placenta which is the intimate connection
testes. These cells are also called nurse cells as between the foetus and uterine wall of the mother
these provide nourishment for differentiating to exchange the materials
spermatozoa (developing sperm). (vii) Gastrulation It is the process by which
465 (c) blastocyst is changed into gastrula with three
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH), Luteinzing primary germ layers
Hormone (LH) and oestrogen, all play an
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 (viii) Organogenesis It is the formation of specific (b) Growth Phase Each primary oocyte then gets
tissue, organs and organ systems from three surrounded by a layer of granulosa cells. This
primary germ layers structure is called the primary follicle. A large
(ix) Parturition (child birth) it involves expelling number of these follicles degenerate during the
of the baby from the mother’s womb (uterus) phase from birth to puberty. At puberty, only
468 (b) 60000 and 80000 primary follicles are left in each
Corpus luteum secretes the hormone ovary. The primary follicles get surrounded by
progesterone, which prepares and maintains the more layers of granulosa cells and a new theca to
uterus during pregnancy. form secondary follicles
469 (b) (c) Maturation Phase In the first maturation
All the chordates (including humans) at some phase, the secondary follicle soon transforms into
stages of their life cycle, contain a series of paired a tertiary follicle. The primary oocyte within the
lateral gills clefts or gill slits. These are finger like, tertiary follicle grows in size and completes its
hollow pouches that grow out from pharyngeal first meiotic division to form a large haploid
wall and meet with corresponding inpocketing of secondary oocyte and a tiny first polar body
body wall. In lower chordates, gill clefts serve as The tertiary follicle changes into a mature follicle-
respiratory organs but in higher chordates, these the Graafian follicle which ruptures to release the
are present only during embryonic development. secondary oocyte (ovum) from the ovary by a
470 (c) process called ovulation. The second maturation
Endoderm. phase occurs after fertilization when the meiotic
Fate of three germ layers division of the secondary oocyte is complete. This
Mesoderm Dermis of skin, circulatory system, second meiotic division results in the formation of
muscles, bones (except facial) a second polar body and a haploid ovum (ootid)
Endoderm Lining of Gl tract, lining of lungs, 473 (d)
kidney ducts and bladder, thymus, thyroid Menarche.
tonsils Menstrual Cycle
Ectoderm Epidermis of skin, tooth enamel, lens (i) The rhythmic series of changes that occurs in
and cornea of the eye outer ear Brain and spinal the reproductive organs of female primates
cord, facial bones skeletal muscles in the head (monkeys, apes and human beings) is called
471 (d) menstrual cycle.
To control the human population, many birth (ii) It is repeated at an average interval of about
control methods can be used, such as hormonal 28/29 days.
method, i.e., use of contraceptive pills (oestrogen The first appearance of menstruation at puberty
and progesterone are main constituents), is called menarche
mechanical prevention method i.e., use of IUCDs 474 (d)
(Intra Uterine Contraceptive Devices), surgical Antrum is the fluid filled cavity which is formed
sterilization methods, like tubectomy (surgical only in secondary follicle or Graafian follicle
removal of fallopian tubules) or vasectomy 475 (b)
(surgical removal of vas deferens). Trophoblast, inner cell, endometrium, inner mass
cell, blastocyst, implantation
472 (a) 476 (c)
Oogenesis is the process of formation of mature Inner portion of seminiferous tubules is lined by
ovum. It has three phases male germ cells and Sertoli cells
(a) Multiplication Phase Oogenesis takes place in
embryo stage. A couple of million of gamete
mother cells (oogonia) are formed within each
foetal ovary. No more oogonia are formed after
birth. These cells (oogonia) get into prophase-I of
meiotic division. They get temporarily arrested as
this stage called primary oocyte

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 the embryo and the membrane. The amniotic fluid
prevents dessication of the embryo and acts as a
protective cushion that absorbs shocks
(iii) Allantois The allantois is composed of
endoderm inside and splanchnopleuric
extraembryoic mesoderm outside. It is a sac like
structure, which arises from the gut of the embryo
near the yolk sac. In human the allantois is small
and non-functional except for furnishing blood
vessels to the placenta
(iv) Yolk Sac The primary yolk sac consists of
endoderm inside and splanchnopleuric
extraembryoic mesoderm outside. The yolk sac is
non-functional in human beings except that it
functions as the site of early blood cell formation
479 (d)
Interstitial or Leydig cells.
Region outside the seminiferous tubules is called
interdigital space, which is lined by interstitial
cells also called Leydig cells. Leydig cells secretes
testosterone and also called endocrine part of the
testis

477 (c)
A-vas deferens; B-urinary bladder
478 (a)
Chorion is made up of trophoblast outer and
somato pleutronic inside
Extraembryonic or Foetal Membranes
The growing embryo/foetus develops four
membranes called the extraembryoic or foetal
membranes. These include chorion, aminion,
allantois and yolk sac
(i) Chorion It is made up of trophoblast outside
and somatopleuric extraembryonic mesoderm
inside. It completely surrounds the embryo and
protects it. It also takes part in the formation of
placenta
(ii) Amnion It is composed of trophoblast inside
and somatopleuric extraembryonic mesoderm
outside. The space between the embryo and the
amnion is called the amniotic cavity, which is
filled with a clear, watery fluid secreted by both

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 Germ cell is immortal.
485 (b)
A-Mons pubis, B-Labia majora, C-Glans clitoris, D-
Labia minora, E-Urethra, F-Vagina, G-Anus
External genitalia (vulva) of female has following
parts
(i) Mons Pubis It is the anteriormost portion of
the external genitalia which is covered by the skin
and pubic hairs. It acts as a cushion during
intercourse
(ii) Labia Majora These are fleshy folds of tissue
which extend down from the mons pubis and
surrounds the vaginal opening
(iii) Labia Minora These are paired folds of tissue
under the labia majora
(iv) Hymen The opening of vagina covered
partially by a membrane called hymen

481 (c)
Somatic mutation theory is a part of damage or
error theories regarding the cause of ageing. It
advocates that genetic mutations occur and
accumulate with increasing age, causing cell to
deteriorate and malfunction.
482 (d)
I-Testicular lobules, J-Rete-testis, K-Vasa
efferentia, L-Epididymis.
Male reproductive system is made up of a pair of (v) Clitoris is a tiny finger-like structure which
testis, scrotum, vasa efferentia, a pair of lies at the upper junction of the two labia minora
epididymis, a pair of vasa deferentia, a pair of above urethral opening
seminal vesicles, a pair of ejaculatory ducts,
urethra, prostate gland, a pair of Cowper’s gland
and penis

483 (b) 486 (b)

During development of the foetus in human by Ejaculation or seminal emission is the foreceful
week 20, hair begin to grow including eyebrows expulsion of semen during sexual intercourse. At
and eyelashes. Fingerprints develop. Fingernails an average ejaculation, 3mL of semen contain
and toe nails grow. Firm hand grip. Between 16 about 300 million spermatozoa.
and 20 weeks baby usually felt moving for first
time. 487 (d)
484 (b)
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 Human Placental Lactogen (HPL) causes milk is produced, it passes from alveoli into
production of milk in mammary glands, oxytocin mammary lobules and into the mammary ducts
initiates milk flow and prolactin regulates milk 494 (d)
flow. The first milk produced after child birth is Placenta is the intimate connection between
called colostrum and is very nutritious. foetus and uterine wall of the mother to exchange
488 (c) material. Placenta performs (i) Nutrition (ii)
The acrosome of sperm contains lytic enzymes Respiration (iii) Excretion (iv) Storage (v)
such as cathepsin, acid phosphatase, Endocrine part of embryo
hyaluronidase, proacrosin. Hyaluronidase enzyme 495 (a)
is found particularly in the sperms of mammals. By meiotic division, a diploid spermatogonium
This enzyme dissolves corona radiata enables the produces four haploid spermatids, these
sperm to penetrate through it. Proacrosin changes spermatids cannot act directly as the gametes or
into acrosin and helps to dissolve the zona sperms so, each spermatid first passes to a
pellucida layer of the ovum. prosess known as spermiogenesis and then
produces four sperms or gametes.
489 (c)
Either (a) or (b). 496 (b)
Blastocyst Formation At the next stage of In mesolecithal eggs, moderate amount of yolk is
development (morula), which produces an present. Cleavage found in mesolecithal eggs are
embryo with about 64 cells, a cavity is formed holoblastic and unequal, e.g., frog, Petromyzon,
with in the cell mass. This cavity is called etc.
blastocyst cavity (blastocoel) and the embryo is 497 (d)
termed as blastocyst. A - Interstitial cell B - Spermatogonium
Blastocyst composed of an outer envelops of cells
the trophoblast or trophoectoderm and inner C – Spermatid D – Spermatozoa
mass cell (embryoblast). The side of the E - Sertoli’scells
blastocyst to which inner mass cell is attached is
called embryonic pole (animal pole), while 498 (b)
opposite side is the abembryonic pole The male reproductive system, prostate gland is a
490 (b) single, large gland. It is situated around the first
Ageing is retarded by CKN (cytokinins). part of the urethra. It secretes a thin, milky fluid
491 (a) that contains calcium, citrate ion, phosphate ion, a
The entire bone marrow in young ones is red and clotting enzyme and a profibrinolysin.
it actively synthesizes RBCs. But it gradually begin 499 (d)
to change in yellow bone marrow at about 5 years The part of the fallopian tubes (oviducts) closer to
of age. the ovary is the funnel-shaped infundibulum. The
edges of the infundibulum possess finger-like
492 (d) projections called fimbriate, which help in
In rabbit head of epididymis present at the head collection of the ovum after ovulation.
of the testis is called caput epidiymis. 500 (c)
493 (a) In the neck of human sperm there are pair of
The glandular tissue comprises about 15-20 lobes centriole. They also eter with nucleus in the ovum.
in each breast. Each lobe is made up of number of Rest of sperm left behind. The first division in
lobules. zygote takes place due to that centrioles. They
Each lobule is composed of grape like cluster of form spindle fibre for first cell division
milk secreting glands termed as alveoli. When 501 (a)
Foetal ejection reflex

502 (d)

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 A-Blood vessels
B-Primary follicles
C-Tertiary follicles showing antrum
D-Graafian follicles
E-Ovum
F-Corpus luteum
Ovary is internally differentiated into four parts, i.e., outer germinal epithelium of cubical cells, a delicate
sheath of connective tissue or tunica albuginea, a cortex of dense connective tissue with reticular fibres,
spindle-shaped cells, ovarian follicles and a few blood vessels while the central part of medulla is made of
less dense connective tissue with elastic fibres, smooth muscles, a number of blood vessels and a few
nerves.
Maturation of secondary oocyte is completed in mother’s oviduct after the sperm entry into it for
fertilization. 2° oocyte stops advancing further after the completion of metaphase-II. Sperm entry restart
the cell cycle by breaking down MPF (Maturation Promoting Factor) and truning on APF (Anaphase
Promoting Factor)

503 (c) (ii) It is repeated at an average interval of about

Corpus luteum (yellow body) is fromed from 28/29 days.
ruptured Graafian follicle. The first appearance of menstruation at puberty
is called menarche
504 (c) 507 (b)
Prolactin is a protein-gonadotrophic hormone At the time of fertilization, the sperm secretes
secreted by the vertebrate anterior pituitary sperm lysin and anti-fertilizin.
gland. In mammals, it promotes secretion of
progesterone by the corpus luteum and is 508 (b)
involved in milk secretion (lactation). Seminal vesicle secretes seminal fluid containing
505 (d) fructose and prostaglandins. Polar bodies are
According to some embryologists, the hypoblast is formed by meiosis-I and meiosis-II before and
termed the embryonic endoderm, the first germ after fertilisation respectively. Polar bodies serves
layer to be formed. Some workers called epiblast both as dumping ground for extra sets of
as ectoderm, the second germ layer. chromosomes and ensures that the ovum will
have most of the cytoplasm
506 (a) 509 (c)
Menstrual Cycle Brain is ectodermal in origin. Notochord and
(i) The rhythmic series of changes that occurs in kidney are mesodermal, whereas liver is
the reproductive organs of female primates endodermal in origin.
(monkeys, apes and human beings) is called 510 (a)
menstrual cycle. Contraception pills for women contain female sex
hormones oestrogen and progesterone.

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511 (c) brain and spinal cord
There are eight charcteristic activites common to (first organs)
all organisms, respiration, nutrition, metabolism, Week 4 Heart, blood vessels,
excretion, sensitivity, locomotion, reproduction blood and gut start
forming. Umbilical
and growth. The possession and practice of these
cord developing
characteristic activities of organisms is the way Week 5 Brain developing,
biologists identify and define life. ‘Limb buds’, small
512 (b) swelling which are
The trophoblast encircles the blastocoel and inner the beginning of the
mass cell. The inner mass cell is the precursor of arms and legs. Heart
the embryo. It means that inner mass give rise to is a large tube and
starts to beat,
embryo. The cells of the trophoblast helps to
pumping blood. This
provide the nutrition to the embryo. The cells of can be seen an
the trophoblast form extra embryonic membranes ultrasound scan
namely chorion and amnion. The cells of the Week 6 Eyes and ears start to
trophoblast which are in contact with inner mass form
are called cells of raubers Week 7 All major internal
organs developing.
Face forming. Eyes
have some colour.
Mouth and tongue
develop. Beginning of
hand and feet
Week 12 Foetus fully formed,
with all organs,
muscles, bones toes
and fingers. Sex
513 (c) organs well
3rd month. developed. Foetus is
Summary of important development changes in moving
the human embryo Week 20 Hair beginning to
grow including
Time from Organ Formed
eyebrows and
Fertilisation
eyelashes.
Week 1 Fertilisation cleavage Fingerprints
starts about 24 hours developed.
after fertilisation Fingernails and
cleavage to form a toenails growing.
blastocyst 4-5 days Firm hand grip.
after fertilisation. Between 16 and 20
More than 100 cells weeks baby usually
implantataion 6-9 felt moving for first
days after fertilisation time
Week 2 The three primary Week 24 Eyelids open. Legal
germ layers limit of abortion in
(ectoderm, endoderm most circumstances
and mesoderm)
By Week 26 Has a good chance of
develop survival if born
Week 3 Woman will not have prematurely
a period. This may be
By Week 28 Baby moving
the first sign that she
vigorously. Responds
is pregnant. Beginning to touch and loud
of the backbone.
noises. Swallowing
Neural tube develops, amniotic fluid and
the beginning of the
urinating
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 By Week 30 Usually lying head 521 (c)
down ready for birth LH and FSH both are present in follicular phase
40 Weeks Birth but LH’s high concentration is seen in ovulatory
514 (a) phase.
There are about 250 compartments in human Menstrual cycle
testis called testicular lobules Phases Days Events
515 (d) Menstrual 1-5 Endometrium
Hyaluronidase enzyme facilitates the entry of phase breaks down,
spermatozoa. menstruation
begins. The cells of
516 (a) endometrium,
Biological process of ageing is higher in human secretions, blood
males than in females. Thus, dead space is highest and the
in old men. unfertilized ovum
constitute the
517 (a)
menstrual flow.
Progesterone and
LH production is
reduced
Follicular 6-13 Endometrium
phase rebuilds, FSH
(proliferative secretion and
phase) oestrogen’s
Blastocyst Formation At the next stage of
secretion increase
development (morula), which produces an Ovulatory 14 Both LH and FSH
embryo with about 64 cells, a cavity is formed phase attain a peak level.
with in the cell mass. This cavity is called Concentration of
blastocyst cavity (blastocoel) and the embryo is oestrogen in the
termed as blastocyst. blood is also high
Blastocyst composed of an outer envelops of cells and reaches its
peak, Ovulation
the trophoblast or trophoectoderm and inner
occurs
mass cell (embryoblast). The side of the Luteal phase 15- Corpus luteum
blastocyst to which inner mass cell is attached is (secretory 28 secretes
called embryonic pole (animal pole), while phase) progesterone.
opposite side is the abembryonic pole Endometrium
520 (a) thickens and
The male humans, if testes fail to descend into the uterine glands
become secretory
scrotal sac, it is called cryptorchidism.
522 (b)
46, 46, 23

A-Oogonia-46 chromosomes, B-Primary oocyte-46 chromosomes, C-Secondary oocyte-23 chromosomes

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523 (d) (iii) Ovulatory Phase (a) Rapid secretion of LH
In the male, ICSH stimulates the interstitial cells (LH surge) induces rupture of Graafian follicle,
or Leydig’s cells in testis to develop and secrete thereby leading to ovulation (release of ovum).
large amount of testosterone. (b) It lasts for only about 48 hr.
524 (c) (iv) Luteal Phase/Secretor Phase (a) In this phase
Implantation is the attachment of the blastocyst to the ruptured follicle changes into corpus luteum
the uterine wall. It access after the seven days of in the ovary and it begins to secrete the hormone
fertilisation progesterone.
525 (a) (b) The endometrium thickens further and their
Region outside the seminiferous tubules is called glands secrete a fluid into the uterus.
interdigital space, which is lined by interstitial c) If ovum is not fertilized, the corpus luteum
cells also called Leydig cells. Leydig cells secretes undergoes degeneration and this causes
testosterone and also called endocrine part of the disintegration of the endometrium leading to
testis menstruation.
526 (c) (d) Oestrogen and progesterone levels rise during
Oxytocin hormone is secreted by posterior this phase. It lasts for only 1 day. (e) During
pituitary gland. It helps in ejection of milk from pregnancy all events of the menstrual cycle stop
mother’s breasts, when the baby is sucking. and there is no menstruation. The menstrual cycle
permanently stops in females at the age of around
527 (b) 50 years. This is called menopause
The penis contains three cylindrical masses of 530 (b)
erectile tissues – two dorsal corpora cavernosa All the three germ layer (ectoderm, endoderm,
(which run parallel on the dorsal part) and a mesoderm) are originated form inner cell mass
central corpus spongiosum (which contain 531 (b)
urethra). Spermatogenesis is the formation of sperm from a
528 (b) germ cell. Four spermatozoa are produced from a
Undifferentiated primordial germ cells undergo primary spermatocyte therefore, 16 spermatozoa
mitotic division to produce spermatogonia. Each will be formed from four primary spermatocytes.
spermatogonium grows to a large primary
spermatocyte by obtaining nutrients from the 532 (a)
nursing cells. The DNA content remains same Stem cells are the cells, which can give rise to any
(2𝑛) in both spermatogonia and primary type of cell. They are also called totipotent cells.
spermatocyte. They (stem cells) are found more abundantly in
529 (b) plants than animals
During ovulation the oestrogen level do not 533 (d)
remain the low. The GnRH is secreted by hypothalamus which
Generally, menstrual cycle have four phases stimulates the anterior lobe of pituitary gland to
(i) Menstrual phase (a) The soft tissue of secretes LH and FSH. FSH, stimulates the growth
endometrial lining of the uterus disintegrates of the ovarian follicles and also increases the
causing bleeding. development of egg/oocytes within the follicle to
(b) The unfertilized egg and soft tissue are complete the meiosis-I to form secondary oocyte.
discharged. FSH also stimulates the formation of oestrogens.
(c) It lasts 3-5 days. LH stimulates the corpus lutem to secretes
(ii) Follicular Phase/Proliferative Phase (a) The progesterone. Rising level of progesterone
primary follicles in the ovary grow and become a inhibits the release of GnRH, which, in turn,
fully mature Graafian follicle. inhibits the production of FSH, LH and
(b) The endometrium of the uterus is regenerated progesterone
due to the secretion of LH and FSH from anterior
pituitary and ovarian hormone, estrogen.
(c) It least for about 10-14 days.

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Session : 2025-26 AS PER NEW NTA SYLLABUS
Total Questions : 566

NEET BIOLOGY
[Link] REPRODUCTION

Assertion - Reasoning Type

This section contain(s) 0 questions numbered 1 to 0. Each question contains STATEMENT 1(Assertion) and
STATEMENT 2(Reason). Each question has the 4 choices (a), (b), (c) and (d) out of which ONLY ONE is correct.

a) Statement 1 is True, Statement 2 is True; Statement 2 is correct explanation for Statement 1

b) Statement 1 is True, Statement 2 is True; Statement 2 is not correct explanation for Statement 1

c) Statement 1 is True, Statement 2 is False

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 d) Statement 1 is False, Statement 2 is True

Statement 1: Zona pellucida do not disappears when blastocyst reaches the uterus

Statement 2: Role of zona pellucida is to check the implantation of the blastocyst at the veginal site

Statement 1: A woman passes out hCG in the urine during pregnancy

Statement 2: Presence of hCG in urine is the basis for pregnancy test

Statement 1: Production of FSH increases, while that of LH decreases in the ovulation phase

Statement 2: Due to decrease in the level of LH, ovulation (releasing of ova) takes place

Statement 1: Parthenogenesis is a kind of variation of sexual reproduction

Statement 2: In parthenogenesis a young one develops from an ovum but without fertilisation

Statement 1: Testis are located in the scrotum, outside the coelom

Statement 2: A vaginal coelom partly surrounds the testis in the scrotum

Statement 1: Ovum retains most of the contents of the primary oocyte and is much larger than a
spermatozoan
Statement 2: Ovum needs energy to go about in search of a spermatozoan for fertilisation

Statement 1: In humans, the gamete contributed by the male determines whether the child produced
will be male or female
Statement 2: Sex in humans is a polygenic trait, depending upon a cumulative effect of some genes on
X-chromosome
8

Statement 1: Senescence is the time when age associated defects are manifested.

Statement 2: Certain genes may be undergoing sequential switching on and off during one’s life.

Statement 1: A sperm sticks to an egg for fertilization

Statement 2: Interaction of surface receptors, fertilisin on the egg and antifertilisin on the sperm head
makes them adhere together

P a g e | 110
10

Statement 1: Due to fragmentation in Planaria each part develops the remaining body parts and
becomes a complete animal.
Statement 2: Differentiated tissue present in each broken part of Planaria undergoes dedifferentaition
and then differentiation for regeneration.
11

Statement 1: Holoblastic cleavage with almost equal sized blastomeres is a characteristic of placental
animals.
Statement 2: Eggs of most mammals, including human, are of centrolecithal type.

12

Statement 1: Cleavage in human zygote is holoblastic

Statement 2: Human egg contains abundant yolk in ooplasm

13

Statement 1: In a Graafian follicles, the primary oocyte and the follicle cells may be regarded as sibling
cells
Statement 2: Both arises from the same parent cell, the oogonium, by mitotic divisions

14

Statement 1: Twins may arise from a single egg or from two egg

Statement 2: One egg gives rise to identical twins by separation of blastomeres and two eggs produces
non-identical twins
15

Statement 1: Old age is not an illness. It is a continuation of life with decreasing capacity for
adaptation.
Statement 2: Cessation of mitosis is a genetically programmed event.

16

Statement 1: Testis originate in the abdomen but later descend into the scrotum under the influence of
testosterone
Statement 2: The interstitial (Leydig’s cells) of the testes secrete male sex hormone, inhibin

17

Statement 1: In the testis, spermatogenesis occurs in the seminiferous tubules and testosterone
secretion takes place in the Sertoli cells
Statement 2: Testosterone brings growth and maturation of primary sex organs and also development
of accessory sex characters
18

Statement 1: Menstrual phase is also called shedding tears of lost ovum

Statement 2: In the menstrual phase cast of endometrial lining along with ovum takes place due to
reduced titre of oestrogen and progesterone
19

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 Statement 1: Placenta is connected to the foetus by an umbilical cord

Statement 2: Foetal components of the placenta are derived from the chondroblast

20

Statement 1: Infection of urethra is more common in female than male

Statement 2: Urethra is shorter in female than male

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Session : 2025-26 AS PER NEW NTA SYLLABUS
Total Questions : 566

NEET BIOLOGY
[Link] REPRODUCTION

: ANSWER KEY :
1) d 2) a 3) b 4) a 17) d 18) a 19) c 20) a
5) c 6) c 7) c 8) a
9) a 10) a 11) c 12) c
13) a 14) a 15) c 16) c

P a g e | 113
Session : 2025-26 AS PER NEW NTA SYLLABUS
Total Questions : 566

NEET BIOLOGY
[Link] REPRODUCTION

: HINTS AND SOLUTIONS :

1 (d) It is the sperm, which needs energy to more about
Zona pellucida disappears when blastocytes in female tract, so that fertilisation of ova takes
reaches to the uterus and check the implantation place
at the uterine wall 7 (c)
2 (a) In human, the gametes contributed by male-
The chorionic cells secretes a hormone called determines the sex of a child. Sex in human is a
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG). Which polygenic trait depending upon a comulative
resembles and take over the job of pituitary LH effect of some genes present on Y-chromosome
during pregnancy. hCG maintains the corpus and not on X-chromosome
luteum and stimulate it to secrete progesterone. Implantation
Progesterone maintains the endometrium lining (i) Zygote divides rapidly by mitotic division. This
and cause it to grow through out pregnancy is called cleavage. As a result 2, 4, 8, 16 daughter
3 (b) cells are produced which are termed as
Fertility Phase/Ovulation Production of FSH blastomeres
decrease, while that of LH increase. It causes (ii) Embryo with 8-16 blastomeres is called a
ovulation. The ovum is drawn into Fallopian tube. morula
It is viable for two days when fertilisation can (iii) The morula changes into a large mass of cells
occur. Ovulation takes places, between 10th-14th called blastocyst, which passes further into the
day (fertility period 10th -6th day of menstrual uterus
cycle). Two characteristic of the fertility phase (iv) Blastomeres in the blastocyst are arranged
help in fertilization: (i) Uterine movement help in into an outer layer called trophoblast and an inner
spread of sperms in female reproduction tract. (ii) group of cells attached to trophoblast called inner
Ciliary movements in the epithelium of Fallopian cell mass
tubes for bringing in the ovum (v) The trophoblast layer gets attached to the
4 (a) cells of the endometrium and the inner cell mass
Parthenogenesis is a kind of sexual reproduction gives rise to the embryo
in which there is no fusion of male and female (vi) The cells of endometrium divide rapidly and
gametes occur. The organism is developed from cover the blastocyst
haploid egg only (vii) So, the blastocyst gets embedded in the
5 (c) endometrium of the uterus. This is called
Vaginal coelom partly surrounds the testis in implantation, which leads to pregnancy
scrotum is a wrong statement because vagina is 8 (a)
the part of external genitalia (vulva) in the female Senescence is the process of ageing, which
reproductive system and scrotum is a sac like involves the progressive deterioration in activity
structure in which testes are suspended of cells, tissues, organs, etc. Ageing may be due to
6 (c) gradual accumulation of somatic mutations or too

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 late expression of genes not subject to strong 15 (c)
selection. Old age is not an illness. It includes progressive
deterioration of the structure and functions of
9 (a) cells, tissues, organs and organs systems. With
Sperm stick to an egg for fertilisation. The increasing age, the efficiency of heart decreases
stickness of sperm to the egg takes place due to and consequently, the blood going the brain and
interaction of surface receptors, fertilisin of the kidney is reduced to 80% and 42 % respectively.
egg and antifertilisin on the sperm head Arthritis, weak eyesight, less secretion of
10 (a) digestive juices, etc, are some degenerative
1. If Assertion is True, Reason is True, Reason is diseases. Cessation of mitosis is not a genetically
correct explanation of 1 programmed event.
2. If Assertion is True, Reason is True, Reason is 16 (c)
not correct explanation of 1 Inhibin is secreted by Sertoli cells. Sertoli cells are
3. If Assertion is True, Reason is False also called nurse cells
17 (d)
4. If Assertion is False, Reason is True In the testis spermatogenesis occurs in the
seminiferous tubules and testosterone secretion
11 (c) takes place in interstitial cells. Testosterone
Eggs containing a small amount of yolk or without brings growth and maturation of secondary sex
any yolk are known as organs. It also brings development of secondary
microlecithal/alecithal/oligolecithal/meiolecithal sex characters
eggs. Such eggs are found in starfish, Amphioxus, 18 (a)
eutherian mammals including rabbbit and human Menstrual phase. It is the phase of menstrual
beings. In such eggs, equal holoblastic cleavage flow/menses which continues for 3-5 days and
takes place, in which equal or approximately involves discharge of blood (a total of 50-100 mL)
equal sized blastomeres are produced. along with easting off endomitrial lining (uterus,
Follopian tube and vagina) due to reduced titre of
12 (c)
Human egg contains very less ooplasm hence, both oestrogen and progesterone hormones.
called alecithal egg Menstrual phase is also called funeral of
13 (a) unfertilised egg or shedding tears of lost ovum.
First day of menstrual phase is also considered to
Primary oocyte and follicle cells both arises from
the Graafian follicle by the mitosis cell division. be first day of menstrual cycle
Hence, they (Graafian follicle and primary 19 (c)
oocytes) are regarded as the sibling cells The foetal components of placenta are derived
14 (a) from the inner mass cell
Twins are two types 20 (a)
(i) Indetical Twins (maternal twins) One egg give A urethra of females are shorter than male. That
way the infection of urethra is more common in
rise to identical twins by separation of blastomere
females than in males
(ii) Non-identical Twins (paternal twins) Two
eggs fertilized by two sperms give and rise to non-
identical twins

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Session : 2025-26 AS PER NEW NTA SYLLABUS
Total Questions : 566

NEET BIOLOGY
[Link] REPRODUCTION

Matrix-Match Type

This section contain(s) 0 question(s). Each question contains Statements given in 2 columns which have to be
matched. Statements (A, B, C, D) in columns I have to be matched with Statements (p, q, r, s) in columns II.

1. Match the following columns

Column-I Column- II

(A) Acrosome (1) Rudimentary tissue

(B) Endometrium (2) Uterus

(C) Polar body (3) Oogenesis

(D) Clitoris (4) Spermatozoa

CODES :

A B C D

a) 2 1 4 3

b) 4 2 3 1

c) 4 2 3 1

d) 4 3 1 2

2. Match the following columns

Column-I Column- II

(A) Ovaries (1) Fertilization

(B) Oviduct (2) Ovulation

(C) Uterus (3) Pregnancy

(D) Cervix (4) Child birth

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 CODES :

A B C D

a) 2 1 3 4

b) 1 2 3 4

c) 4 3 1 2

d) 2 3 4 1

3. Match the column I with column II and choose the correct option

Column-I Column- II

(A) Inguinal canal (1) Network of seminiferous tubules

(B) Rete testes (2) Secondary sexual characters

(C) Leydig’s cells (3) Far descending of testis

(D) Prepuce (4) Dorsal bundles of muscles

(E) Corpora cavernosa (5) Terminal skin of penis

CODES :

A B C D E

a) 1 2 3 5 4

b) 3 1 4 2 4

c) 3 1 2 5 4

d) 2 4 3 5 4

4. Match column I with column II and choose the correct option.

Column-I Column- II

(A) Hyaluronidase (1) Acrosomal reaction

(B) Corpus luteum (2) Morphogenetic movements

(C) Gastrulation (3) Progesterone

(D) Capacitation (4) Mammary gland

(E) Colostrum (5) Sperm activation

CODES :

A B C D E

a) 5 2 4 1 3

b) 1 3 2 5 3

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 c) 3 2 5 4 3

d) 1 2 3 4 3

e) 4 2 5 3 3

5. Match the hormones listed under column I with their functions listed under column II. Choose the answer,
which gives the correct combination of the alphabets of the two columns.
Column-I Column- II

(A) Oxytocin (1) Stimulates ovulation

(B) Prolactin (2) Implantation and maintenance of pregnancy

(C) Luteinizing hormone (3) Lactation after child birth

(D) Progesterone (4) Uterine contraction during labour

(5) Reabsorption of water y nephrons

CODES :

A B C D

a) 4 2 3 5

b) 5 3 1 4

c) 4 3 1 2

d) 5 2 4 3

6. Match the following columns

Column-I Column- II

(A) Hyaluronidase (1) Graafian follicle

(B) Corpus luteum (2) Mammary gland

(C) Colostrum (3) Progesterone

(D) Antrum (4) Acrosomal reaction

CODES :

A B C D

a) 2 1 4 3

b) 4 2 3 1

c) 4 3 2 1

d) 4 3 1 2

7. Match the following column

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 Column-I Column- II

(A) Perimetrium (1) Inner glandular layer of uterus

(B) Endometrium (2) External thin membrane of uterus

(C) Myometrium (3) Middle thick membrane of uterus

CODES :

A B C D

a) 2 1 3

b) 1 2 3

c) 3 2 1

d) 3 1 2

8. Match the items in column I with column II and choose the correct option

Column-I Column- II

(A) Binary fission (1) Algae

(B) Zoospore (2) Amoeba

(C) Conidium (3) Hydra

(D) Budding (4) Penicillium

(E) Gemmules (5) Sponge

CODES :

A B C D E

a) 1 4 5 3 2

b) 2 1 4 3 2

c) 2 4 3 5 2

d) 1 4 3 2 2

e) 4 1 3 5 2

9. Match the following columns

Column-I Column- II

(A) Stage-I (1) Menstrual phase

(B) Stage-II (2) Follicular proliferative

(C) Stage-III (3) Ovulartory phase

(D) Stage-IV (4) Luteral/secretory phase

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 CODES :

A B C D

a) 4 3 1 2

b) 4 1 2 3

c) 1 2 3 4

d) 4 3 2 1

10. Match the following columns

Column-I Column- II

(A) Endometrium (1) Copulation site

(B) Menopause (2) Site of implantation

(C) Fallopian tube (3) Stopping of menopause

(D) Vagina (4) Site of fertilisation

CODES :

A B C D

a) 2 3 4 1

b) 1 2 3 4

c) 1 4 3 2

d) 4 3 2 1

11. Match the following columns

Column-I Column- II

(A) Testis (1) Gives specific small to semen

(B) Vulva (2) Oogenesis

(C) Prostate fluid (3) Scrotum

(D) Production of ova (4) Labia majora

CODES :

A B C D

a) 3 4 1 2

b) 4 2 3 1

c) 4 3 2 1

d) 4 3 1 2

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12. Match column I with column II and choose the correct answer.

Column-I Column- II

(A) Hypothalamus (1) Sperm lysins

(B) Acrosome (2) Oestrogen

(C) Grafian follicle (3) Relaxin

(D) Leydig’s cells (4) GnRH

(E) Parturition (5) Testosterone

CODES :

A B C D E

a) 4 1 2 3 5

b) 2 1 4 3 5

c) 2 1 5 4 5

d) 4 1 2 5 5

e) 5 1 3 2 5

13. Match the hormone in column I with their function in column II. Choose the answer, which gives the
correct combination of the two columns.
Column-I Column- II

(A) FSH (1) Prepares endometrium for implantation

(B) LH (2) Develops female secondary sexual characters

(C) Progesterone (3) Contraction of uterine wall

(D) Oestrogen (4) Development of corpus luteum

(5) Maturation of Graafian follicle

CODES :

A B C D

a) 5 4 1 2

b) 4 5 2 1

c) 4 3 2 5

d) 5 1 2 4

P a g e | 121
Session : 2025-26 AS PER NEW NTA SYLLABUS
Total Questions : 566

NEET BIOLOGY
[Link] REPRODUCTION

: ANSWER KEY :
1) b 2) b 3) c 4) b 13) a
5) c 6) c 7) a 8) b
9) c 10) a 11) a 12) d

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Session : 2025-26 AS PER NEW NTA SYLLABUS
Total Questions : 566

NEET BIOLOGY
[Link] REPRODUCTION

: HINTS AND SOLUTIONS :

1 (b) Column I Column II
Polar bodies are formed during oogenesis in Oxytocin Uterine contraction
meiosis-I and meiosis-II. Clitoris is rudimentary during labour
female penis gives excitement to women during Prolactin Lactation after child
intercourse. birth
Luteinizing hormone Stimulates ovulation
Column I Column II
Progesterone Implantation and
A. Acrosome Spermatozoa
maintenance of
B. Endometrium Uterus
pregnancy
C. Polar body Oogenesis
D. Clitoris Rudimentary
tissue
2 (b) 6 (c)
Ovaries – Fertilisation Colostrum is the milk produced by mother in the
Oviduct – Ovulation initial few days of lactation. It contains antibodies,
Uterus - Pregnancy which gives immunity to baby from infectious
Cervix - Child birth disease.
3 (c) Column I Column II
Column I Column II A. Hyaluronidase Acrosomal
reaction
Inguinal canal Far descending of
B. Corpus luteum Progesterone
testis
C. Colostrum Mammary gland
Rete testes Network of
D. Antrum Graafian follicle
seminiferous tubules
Leydig’s cells Secondary sexual
characters 7 (a)
Prepuce Terminal skin of Perimetrium – External thin membrane of uterus
penis Endometrium – Middle thick membrane of uterus
Corpora cavernosa Dorsal bundles of Myometrium – Inner glandular layer of uterus
muscles 8 (b)
4 (b) Binary fission - Amoeba
Column I Column II
Hyaluronidase Acrosomal reaction Zoospore- Algae
Corpus luteum Progesterone
Gastrulation Morphogenetic Conidium - Penicillium
movements
Budding - Hydra
Capacitation Sperm activation
Colostrum Mammary gland Gemmules - Sponge
5 (c)

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9 (c) Parturition Relaxin
Column I Column II
A. Stage I Menstrual phase
B. Stage II Follicular phase
C. Stage III Ovulatory phase
D. Stage IV Luteal/Secondar 13 (a)
y phase FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone) is
10 (a) gonadotrophic hormone, secreted by anterior
Column I Column II pituitary. It functions in maturation of Graafian
A. Endometrium Site of follicles (ovarian follicles). Secreting ‘oestrogen’ in
implantation
females and induces spermatogenesis in males.
B. Menopause Stopping of
menopause LH (Luteinizing hormone) is gonadotrophic
C. Fallopian tube Site of
hormone, secreted by anterior pituitary. It causes
fertilization
ovulation with FSH. It controls secretion of
D. Vagina Copulation site
11 (a) progesterone by development of corpus luteum.
Column I Column II Progesterone is a steroid hormone, secreted by
A. Testis Scrotum
corpus luteum (emptied enlarged follicles). It
B. Vulva Labia majora
C. Prostate fluid Gives specific ceuses changes in endometrial linings of uterus
smell to semen for receiving eggs. In pregnancy, it helps in
D. Production of Oogenesis attaching the embryo to uterine wall and
ova developing placenta.
12 (d)
Column I Column II Estrogen or oestrogen is a steroid hormone, ed by
Hypothalamus GnRH growing Graafian follicle. It functions with FSH
Acrosome Sperm lysins and develops secondary sexual characters in
Grafian follicle Oestrogen female.
Leydig’s cells Testosterone

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