Algorithms for Python Lab Record
(From 4.d to Last)
[Link]. 4.d – Selection Sort
Step 1: Start
Step 2: Enter n numbers into list
Step 3: For each position i in list:
Step 4: Find the smallest element from i to end
Step 5: Swap it with element at i
Step 6: Print sorted list
Step 7: Stop
[Link]. 4.e – Insertion Sort
Step 1: Start
Step 2: Enter n numbers into list
Step 3: For i=1 to n-1:
Step 4: Take current element
Step 5: Shift larger elements to right
Step 6: Insert current element in correct place
Step 7: Print sorted list
Step 8: Stop
[Link]. 5.a – Matrix Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication
Step 1: Start
Step 2: Enter two matrices A and B
Step 3: Add: C[i][j] = A[i][j] + B[i][j]
Step 4: Subtract: C[i][j] = A[i][j] - B[i][j]
Step 5: Multiply: C[i][j] = sum(A[i][k]*B[k][j])
Step 6: Print results
Step 7: Stop
[Link]. 5.b – Matrix Transpose
Step 1: Start
Step 2: Enter matrix A
Step 3: Transpose: swap rows with columns
Step 4: Print transpose
Step 5: Stop
[Link]. 5.c – Sum of Main and Anti Diagonal
Step 1: Start
Step 2: Enter square matrix A
Step 3: Sum main diagonal: add A[i][i]
Step 4: Sum anti diagonal: add A[i][n-i-1]
Step 5: Print sums
Step 6: Stop
[Link]. 6.a – Circulate a List
Step 1: Start
Step 2: Enter list L
Step 3: Repeat for given rotations:
Step 4: Move first element to last
Step 5: Shift others left
Step 6: Print list after each rotation
Step 7: Stop
[Link]. 6.b – Find Largest in List
Step 1: Start
Step 2: Enter list of numbers
Step 3: Set largest=first element
Step 4: For each number: if bigger than largest, update
Step 5: Print largest
Step 6: Stop
[Link]. 7.a – Factorial using Recursion
Step 1: Start
Step 2: Define function fact(n): if n<=1 return 1 else n*fact(n-1)
Step 3: Enter number
Step 4: Call fact(number)
Step 5: Print result
Step 6: Stop
[Link]. 7.b – Towers of Hanoi
Step 1: Start
Step 2: Define moveTower(height, fromPole, toPole, withPole):
Step 3: If height>0:
Step 4: Move tower-1 to helper
Step 5: Move disk to target
Step 6: Move tower-1 from helper to target
Step 7: Call function with n disks
Step 8: Stop
[Link]. 8.a – String Operations
Step 1: Start
Step 2: Enter string s
Step 3: Reverse: s[::-1]
Step 4: Check palindrome: compare with reverse
Step 5: Count vowels by checking a,e,i,o,u
Step 6: Print results
Step 7: Stop
[Link]. 8.b – Remove and Replace Character
Step 1: Start
Step 2: Enter string s
Step 3: Enter char to remove, char to replace, new char
Step 4: Remove: build new string skipping char
Step 5: Replace: build new string replacing old with new
Step 6: Print results
Step 7: Stop
[Link]. 9.a – Item in Library
Step 1: Start
Step 2: Create dictionary of books
Step 3: Enter book name
Step 4: If found, print details else Not found
Step 5: Stop
[Link]. 9.b – Components of Car
Step 1: Start
Step 2: Create dictionary with car parts and values
Step 3: Print each part and options
Step 4: Stop
[Link]. 9.c – Weight of Motor Bike
Step 1: Start
Step 2: Create dictionary with bike models and weights
Step 3: Print each with weight
Step 4: Stop
[Link]. 9.d – Retail Purchase Billing
Step 1: Start
Step 2: Create items and prices
Step 3: Repeat until user exits: choose product and qty
Step 4: Add cost to total
Step 5: Print bill
Step 6: Stop
[Link]. 9.e – Frequency of Characters
Step 1: Start
Step 2: Enter word s
Step 3: Create empty dictionary
Step 4: For each char in s: count frequency
Step 5: Print dictionary
Step 6: Stop
[Link]. 10.a – File Copy
Step 1: Start
Step 2: Open source file for reading
Step 3: Open destination file for writing
Step 4: Read content and write to new file
Step 5: Close both files
Step 6: Stop
[Link]. 10.b – Longest Word in File
Step 1: Start
Step 2: Open file and read words
Step 3: Find longest word by length
Step 4: Print it
Step 5: Stop
[Link]. 10.c – Most Frequent Word in File
Step 1: Start
Step 2: Open file and read words
Step 3: Count each word using dictionary
Step 4: Find word with maximum count
Step 5: Print it
Step 6: Stop
[Link]. 11.a – Divide by Zero Exception
Step 1: Start
Step 2: Enter two numbers a and b
Step 3: Try to compute a/b
Step 4: If division by zero, show error message
Step 5: Stop
[Link]. 11.b – Age Validation
Step 1: Start
Step 2: Enter age
Step 3: If age<18 → Not eligible
Step 4: Else → Eligible
Step 5: Stop
[Link]. 11.c – Mark Validation
Step 1: Start
Step 2: Enter mark
Step 3: If mark<0 or >100 → Invalid
Step 4: Else → Print mark
Step 5: Stop
[Link]. 11.d – Simple Program using Pandas
Step 1: Start
Step 2: Create DataFrame with country, capital, population
Step 3: Print unsorted data
Step 4: Sort by population
Step 5: Print sorted data
Step 6: Stop
[Link]. 12.a – Matrix Operations using NumPy
Step 1: Start
Step 2: Create two numpy matrices
Step 3: Add using [Link], subtract using [Link]
Step 4: Multiply using [Link]
Step 5: Print results
Step 6: Stop
[Link]. 12.b – Bar Chart using Matplotlib
Step 1: Start
Step 2: Enter x labels and y values
Step 3: Plot bar chart with labels and values
Step 4: Show chart
Step 5: Stop
[Link]. 12.c – Solve Simultaneous Equations
Step 1: Start
Step 2: Represent equations in matrix form A, b
Step 3: Use [Link](A,b)
Step 4: Print solution
Step 5: Stop
[Link]. 13 – Introduction to Pygame
Step 1: Start
Step 2: Import pygame
Step 3: Initialize screen
Step 4: Run loop until quit event
Step 5: Draw shapes and update screen
Step 6: Stop
[Link]. 14 – Elliptical Orbits in Pygame
Step 1: Start
Step 2: Set up pygame window
Step 3: Use sine and cosine to find orbit positions
Step 4: Draw orbit path and moving circle
Step 5: Update display repeatedly
Step 6: Stop
[Link]. 15 – Bouncing Ball in Pygame
Step 1: Start
Step 2: Load ball image
Step 3: Move ball with speed values
Step 4: If ball hits boundary, reverse direction
Step 5: Draw ball in new position
Step 6: Repeat until quit
Step 7: Stop