P-ISSN: 2710-4966 E-ISSN: 2710-4958

Vol. 3. No. 04 (Oct-Dec) 2023 Page 520-530

The Effect of Teachers Feedback on Students Learning

Student of B.S English Linguistics University of Buner Khyber

Sabira Ahmad
Pakhtunkhwa ssabra779@[Link]
HOD and lecturer in English Department University of Buner Khyber
Noor Ur Rahim Safi
Pakhtunkhwa rahimsafi789@[Link]
Student of B.S English Literature University of Buner Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Akbar Ali
kjee7165@[Link]

Abstract: This comprehensive study has thoroughly examined the significant influence of teacher’s feedback
on students' learning experiences, academic achievement, and work habits. The study emphasizes how important
constructive criticism is for increasing students' motivation, sense of self-efficacy, and level of academic
engagement in general. It illustrates how helpful feedback not only develops a growth-oriented mindset but also
gives students the ability to develop their metacognitive skills, improve their learning processes, and create
relevant goals. It is clear from in-depth data analysis and student viewpoints that students actively seek out
feedback as a critical tool to track their development and establish ambitious academic goals. The outcomes
highlight how students' motivation, attitudes toward learning and academic performance are shaped by their
teachers' feedback. Thus, for the benefit of both students and teachers, this research emphasizes the significance
of teacher feedback in directing students' academic paths and creating a positive learning environment. It also
emphasizes the necessity of ongoing improvement in feedback practices. This work benefits the larger educational
community by providing insightful information about efficient feedback mechanisms and how to apply them to
improve educational outcomes.

Keywords: Teachers Feedback, Academic Performance, Student Motivation. Mechanisms, Pedagogy

Introduction reviews, functions as a powerful tool for

Background of the Study improving students' understanding and
competency.
The learning experiences and academic
performance of pupils are greatly influenced by Nevertheless, educational research continues to
teacher feedback in the context of learning. pay close attention to the efficiency of teacher
When delivered skilfully, constructive criticism feedback. Although educators are aware of its
has significant effects on student motivation, importance, there are still questions about how
self-efficacy, and general academic to best use technology to give students’ access
engagement. This broad range of feedback to content that is both meaningful and useful.
techniques, which includes written exams, oral This thesis introduces a thorough investigation
evaluations, one-on-one discussions, and peer of the complex interactions between teacher
evaluation and the improvement of student
academic performance. It also sheds light on its tools they need to evaluate their academic
wider implications for pedagogical practises progress and make wise decisions about their
and student outcomes. study habits. Students can improve their
learning strategies and develop a deeper
Whether it takes the form of verbal or written
understanding of the subject matter by
communication, in official or informal settings,
reflecting on the comments they get to better
teacher evaluation has the power to affect
understand their strengths and weaknesses.
students' motivation and innate drive for
excellence in addition to their academic This study essentially examines in-depth the
success. Students who get constructive varied effects of instructor feedback on
criticism develop feelings of appreciation, students' academic endeavours, taking into
encouragement, and a relentless pursuit of account its influence on motivation, self-
development, which encourages increased efficacy, goal-setting, learning strategies, and
commitment and the setting of ambitious goals. metacognitive abilities. The study aims to
On the other hand, too critical or vague provide nuanced viewpoints that will improve
comments can demoralise students and drain teacher feedback procedures and help both
their motivation for the learning process. teachers and students in the field of education.
Realising that teacher feedback has a significant Research Objective
impact on students' self-perceptions and
1. To analyze teachers feedback influences
academic aspirations, which affects their
student learning, with the impact varying
motivation, is of utmost importance. Positive
based on students' age and grade level.
criticism that recognises students' efforts and
successes encourages self-assurance and Research Question
promotes a growth-oriented perspective, which 1. How is student learning influenced
encourages students to meet academic by teachers feedback, and how do students'
problems head-on with resiliency. On the other age and grade level determine this impact?
hand, unfavourable or depressing criticism can
undermine students' confidence, weaken their Purpose of Statement
enthusiasm, and induce fears of academic The relationship between teacher feedback and
failure. students' academic performance and
Additionally, swift and useful feedback that is involvement is thoroughly examined in the
well-structured helps students set realistic goals present dissertation. It seeks to ascertain how
and skilfully track their academic progress. It various forms of feedback, including grades,
gives students the power to direct their learning test results, and overall academic
process, modify their study methods wisely, accomplishment, affect academic performance.
and develop a greater understanding of their Beyond the classroom, the study investigates
subjects. Additionally, teacher criticism can how feedback affects students' motivation and
influence students' learning techniques and engagement, looking at techniques like timely,
methods. Emphasising the value of critical constructive, and particular feedback. This
thinking, problem-solving skills, or effective study aims to offer a nuanced knowledge of the
study methods can motivate students to significant impact of feedback on student
incorporate these skills into their academic outcomes and effective learning practises using
routines, leading to improved comprehension empirical data and a review of a range of
and effective use of knowledge in a variety of literature.
contexts. Delimitation of the Study
Furthermore, feedback that promotes self- The results of this study may not be easily
reflection and metacognition gives students the extrapolated to elementary or early childhood

Vol. 3. No. 04. (Oct-Dec) 2023 Page | 521

education because they primarily focus on Literature Review
secondary and higher education levels, which
The purpose of this evaluation of the literature
have very different feedback dynamics and
is to thoroughly examine research studies that
implications. The study primarily concentrates
have been conducted by other authors on the
on traditional classroom settings, potentially
investigations of the impact of teacher feedback
omitting the distinctive feedback dynamics and
on the academic performance of students. This
difficulties present in online or distant learning
review aims to offer a thorough understanding
contexts. Although the study acknowledges the
of the effects of teacher feedback on a variety
potential impact of cultural and contextual
of learning performances, motivation levels,
elements, it does not thoroughly examine how
self-efficacy, and critical thinking skills in
cultural or geographic variations in the impacts
students. To do this, this study will examine a
of teacher feedback may differ from one
variety of studies carried out in various
another, necessitating further, context-specific
educational settings. The findings of this review
studies. Additionally, despite acknowledging
are meant to increase our understanding of
the crucial role that teacher-student connections
effective feedback mechanisms and to offer
play in the feedback process, the study places
direction for developing and implementing
more emphasis on the effects of feedback than
feedback strategies in educational contexts.
it does on the interpersonal dynamics of these
relationships. The research also emphasises It is crucial to include feedback into the
differences in learning styles, aptitudes, and teaching and learning processes in the field of
personalities among students, which can greatly pedagogy. According to the definition of
affect how they react to feedback from teachers. feedback, it "refers to information offered by an
However, given the complex and wide-ranging authoritative source, i.e., instructor, peer,
nature of the topic matter, it might not fully textbook, or parent; concerning aspects of an
examine these individual variances. individual's performance or grasp of a subject
matter." Feedback's main goal is to reduce the
Significance of Study
gaps between desired and actual performance
The study of how student work habits are levels (Hattie & Timperley, 2007). It is an
influenced by teacher feedback is of utmost effective method for formative assessment,
significance to the field of education. This giving students an understanding of how they
importance stems from its potential to are developing, highlighting their areas of
significantly enhance teaching methods by proficiency, and indicating those that need
developing efficient feedback techniques that improvement.
encourage fruitful working practises.
Precision, promptness, and the value it adds to
Additionally, it advances knowledge of student
the recipient with reference to their academic
development by highlighting the significance of
work are characteristics of effective feedback
good work habits for both academic
(Shute, 2008). They claim that feedback should
achievement and the development of practical
be goal-oriented, focusing on the particular
life skills. Additionally, this research can help
academic work rather than the individual
shape educational policies and changes,
student, but simultaneously offering helpful
encouraging the professional growth of
suggestions for improvement. Feedback should
teachers and raising the level of education
also be tailored to students' prior knowledge
generally. The significance of the study
and comprehension levels for best
encompasses educational practises, holistic
effectiveness.
student development, and the possibility of
good systemic change in education. Numerous studies have examined the
connection between students' academic
progress and teacher feedback. Black and

Page | 522 International Journal of Human and Society (IJHS)

Wiliam (2009) found a definite positive evaluate their work might improve these
relationship between effective feedback and abilities. For instance, in their meta-analysis of
enhanced student performance in their thorough formative assessment research, Nicol and
analysis of the literature on formative MacFarlane-Dick (2006) discovered a
assessment, which included feedback. The favourable association between feedback and
study emphasised the need of clear, focused students' ability for reflective learning and
feedback that identifies areas in need of change. critical thinking.
Kluger and DeNisi (1996) examined 131 Because English is already a widely used
research papers in a study to examine the effect language and because it allows for participation
of feedback interventions on task performance. in a wide range of social activities, learning
They discovered that feedback interventions English is the foundation for learning all other
had a moderate influence on performance subjects (Zuparova & Shegay, 2020). Language
enhancement, with the greatest benefit being serves as more than just a means of
seen when feedback was frequent, concentrated communication; it also helps people build
on certain performance-related factors, and relationships and understand how to interact in
included development ideas. various social contexts. English as Foreign
Language (EFL) students' perceptions of
Several studies have examined the relationship
teacher feedback in their English lessons and
between students' academic success and
how this feedback affects their self-regulated
feedback from instructors. Black and Wiliam
learning were examined by Putri and Munir in
(2009) found a definite positive correlation
their study (Putri and Munir, 2021). Ten EFL
between improved student accomplishment and
senior high school students took part in online
effective feedback in their thorough
semi-structured interviews for the study
examination of the formative assessment
mentioned above. The study's findings showed
literature, which includes feedback. The study
that students' opinions of teachers' feedback
highlighted the need of providing accurate,
were mixed. In addition, the feedback they got
targeted feedback that points out potential
encouraged students to practise self-regulated
development areas.
learning habits like goal-setting, tracking their
According to Hattie and Timperley's (2007) progress, motivating themselves, asking for
research, it's essential to provide students with help when they needed it, adjusting their
feedback that increases their self-efficacy— methods, and self-evaluating their English
confidence in their capacity to succeed. learning. These findings have consequences for
Feedback that offers precise direction and ideas educators, pointing to the necessity of
for improvement can boost students' self- improving the standard of feedback given
efficacy and confidence, inspiring them to work during classroom evaluations in order to better
diligently and promoting perseverance. assist students in their efforts to learn
Feedback plays a significant role in helping independently.
children improve their critical thinking and self- The considerable impact of teacher feedback on
regulation abilities. Setting objectives, keeping students' learning in classrooms at the
track of progress, and modifying action plans in secondary school level, emphasising its
response to feedback are all aspects of self- potential to boost learning motivation, spark
regulation. When teachers provide feedback curiosity, and promote language development.
that directs students' self-reflection and Notably, detection of persistent problems, such
metacognitive processes, students improve as as teachers undervaluing feedback language,
learners. ignoring good feedback, and missing skills in
According to studies, feedback that motivates applying feedback, which cause student
students to exercise critical thought and disengagement and declining motivation in

Vol. 3. No. 04. (Oct-Dec) 2023 Page | 523

learning. To address these issues, practical steps influence, community impact, and a wide range
have been taken to enhance instructor feedback, of student requirements. Feedback continues to
highlighting its importance in fostering teacher- be a cause of student disappointment despite its
student interaction, establishing the tone of the accepted value, underscoring its relevance to
classroom, and directing students' thought studies on the role of teacher feedback in
processes (Pianta et. al, 2012). students' learning processes.
In their study, Ahmad, Thomas, and Rimesha The importance of providing useful feedback
Farooq (2021) highlight the crucial role that during the teaching and learning process. It
teacher feedback plays in raising students' self- emphasises how vital it is for students to receive
efficacy and academic performance. This appropriate feedback in order to identify their
feedback should include constructive, learning gaps, provide suggestions for
evaluative, and remedial elements. With self- improvement, develop responsive learners,
efficacy serving as a mediator, it focuses on the improve teaching methods, and give teachers
effects of this feedback on undergraduate and students useful information. The essay
students within the setting of higher education emphasises that feedback is a tool for
in Balochistan, Pakistan. The results emphasise enhancing learning, not just for fixing mistakes
the significance of teacher feedback in the or giving grades. It emphasises the value of
learning process by showing how these kinds of constructive feedback that is relevant, dynamic,
feedback have a big impact on students' engaging, and centred on students' performance
academic performance and help them feel more and learning right now. They also stress the
self-assured. The study also highlights the need for feedback to be considerate of students'
necessity for efficient and valuable feedback needs and refrain from making generalisations
providing by emphasising issues with feedback about them. Additionally, it emphasises the
consistency and scheduling. These results are value of providing feedback soon after an
consistent with the central idea of the value of observation for maximum impact and promotes
teacher feedback in students' learning and the interactive feedback sessions that entail
significance of teacher. interaction between teachers and students,
encouraging active listening and engagement.
Alina Georgeta Mag (2019) emphasises the
These ideas are pertinent to this research study
crucial connection between effective feedback
since they are consistent with the literature on
and high-quality instruction, highlighting
the value of teacher feedback in increasing
recent studies that substantiate this association.
students' learning processes and performance
It fills a research vacuum concerning how
(Obilor & Isaac, 2019).
pupils perceive feedback, a crucial component
of learning. According to a research done with The crucial role feedback plays in improving
first-year students in the Primary and Preschool students' learning experiences in higher
Pedagogy programme, students' unhappiness education. Given that many lecturers still rely
was frequently brought on by late or inadequate on outdated feedback techniques that may not
feedback given during the semester. While adequately assist students' learning
opinions on whether there was enough feedback experiences, feedback is frequently seen as one
differed, students expressed a wish for of the most difficult aspects of teaching at this
academic staff to take a more proactive level. the need for contemporary,
approach, acknowledging the importance of technologically advanced feedback methods
feedback in advancing learning. The study that can considerably enhance the learning
emphasises the value of feedback in the context experiences of students. A revaluation of
of Romania's expanding educational system, feedback practises. The research recognises that
which is confronted with issues including feedback plays a crucial role in determining
changing teacher-student interactions, media students' learning futures and professional

Page | 524 International Journal of Human and Society (IJHS)

identities, and by resolving feedback-related print-based, along with providing knowledge or
difficulties, it not only benefits students but also information about to preserve participant
helps to professionalise teaching in higher confidentiality and they give more accurate
education (Bashir, Kabir, Rahman (2016). answers.
The literature review underscores the value of Secondary Data Collection
teacher feedback in helping students advance in
In addition, besides the main data for the study,
their academic performance and understanding.
available literature and records will be used.
Effective feedback has been demonstrated to
The literature sources chosen will be those that
improve academic accomplishment, self-
directly address the goals and questions of the
efficacy, motivation, and critical thinking
study. In order to give context and backdrop for
abilities. The growth and development of pupils
the study, this secondary data will be
is greatly benefited by specific, timely, and
incorporated into the analysis.
actionable feedback.
Research Method
Methodology
This study uses a qualitative methodology to
The main focus of this study is a qualitative
explore how students' working habits are
investigation into how students' academic
impacted by teacher feedback. As the major
performance and work habits are affected by
method of data analysis, thematic analysis
teacher comments. The study uses
enables systematic discovery of recurrent
questionnaires to carefully collect information
themes and patterns in the data, which is in line
from a wide range of participants, including
with the goals of the study. Data coding,
both male and female students, and provides
interpretation, and the use of software tools are
insightful information about the effects of
all part of the analysis process. Pilot testing and
teacher feedback. The study used a qualitative
the triangulation of data sources are taken into
methodology to explore the complex and
consideration to increase credibility. To further
multifaceted nature of teacher-student
assure the quality and dependability of the data,
interactions, examining how feedback
other procedures like member checking, peer
encourages self-regulated learning, motivates
debriefing, and extended engagement with the
students, and examines potential inequalities.
data will be used. This approach, which
Our comprehension of the educational process
combines triangulation, qualitative analysis,
and its implications will be improved by
and validation measures, provides a strong
revealing the complex dynamics of teacher
foundation for examining in-depth the complex
feedback in the educational setting through the
relationships between student work patterns
careful design of the research objectives and
and teacher feedback
questions.
Data Analysis and Discussion
Primary Data Collection
This chapter delves into the fundamental
The use of structured questionnaires is how the
subject matter of our research, which examines
majority of the data for this study was gathered.
how students' academic performance and work
The objectives and questions of the research are
habits are impacted by teacher feedback. The
carefully considered when creating these
data analysis stage plays a crucial role in
questionnaires. The process of choosing
revealing the insights and patterns concealed in
participants is an important step, with standards
the 30 students' responses who took part in this
set up to guarantee a varied sample that includes
study. We have gathered a wealth of data using
both male and female students. Participants'
a structured questionnaire with 20 thoughtfully
numbers and demographic information, such as
crafted questions; this data will be scrutinized,
their ages and educational backgrounds, will be
examined, and interpreted to satisfy the
made clear. The data collection procedure is

Vol. 3. No. 04. (Oct-Dec) 2023 Page | 525

research goals indicated in the preceding Hattie and Timperley (2007) and Shute (2008),
chapters. Additionally, this chapter will discuss formative feedback is crucial for providing
the data's findings and qualitative features in students with useful advice to enhance their
detail to give readers a thorough knowledge of performance. In formative assessment, Black
how teacher feedback affects students' work and Wiliam (1998) stress the value of ongoing,
habits. The analysis will add to the larger timely feedback. We will make references to
conversation on the dynamics of feedback in these and other studies throughout this data
educational settings and provide an empirical analysis chapter in order to compare our results
knowledge of the connection between teacher to previous research. Table 4.1, which
feedback and student outcomes. summarises key findings from a few research
for this comparison, will help us determine
It is critical to use previous research on the
whether our findings are in line with or differ
effects of instructor feedback on students'
from the body of knowledge on teacher
academic performance and work habits when
feedback and how it affects students' work
conducting this study. According to studies by
habits.

4.1. No of questions, students and over all responses in percentage:

No of Questions No of Students Responses

Positive responses Negative responses

Twenty (20) Thirty (30) Ninety two (92%) Eight (8%)

The total number of questions, total number of students indicated good opinions regarding the
respondents, and percentage of student importance of instructor feedback. There was a
responses are all listed in the table above. high degree of agreement with the significance
Twenty separate questions made up the design and influence of feedback, as shown by the 77%
questionnaire, which was distributed to various of respondents who strongly agreed with the
bachelors’ level students at the University of positive remarks. While the majority of
Buner (both male and female). After receiving students believed that teacher comments had a
instructions or knowledge of the questionnaire, good impact, a minority (8%) disagreed, with
the students responded to each question, with an 3% strongly disagreeing. The reasons for these
average of each student providing a more disagreements are unknown; they could be due
positive response than a negative response. to ignorance or other factors.
In addition, the study gave a sample of 30 The questionnaire design has been crucial in
undergraduate university students a obtaining insightful data on how teacher
questionnaire with 20 statements on it. The five feedback benefits students in many ways. The
response options were "Agree," "Strongly primary factors on which the questionnaire's
Agree," "Disagree," "Strongly Disagree," and results are based are as follows: The Value of
"Somehow Agree" and the students were asked Teacher Feedback on Students' Academic
to react. The purpose of the statements was to Performance About 92% of students agreed
learn how the students felt about the importance with the statement that receiving feedback from
of teacher feedback and how it affected their teachers is helpful for improving their academic
motivation and academic performance. 92% of performance. This broad agreement among the

Page | 526 International Journal of Human and Society (IJHS)

participants emphasises the conviction that majority of students valued thorough feedback
teachers' helpful feedback considerably adds to on their assignments, highlighting the value of
students' academic success. The fact that such a honest criticism. They requested teacher input
large number of respondents agreed with this proactively and used it to gauge their growth.
statement demonstrates the crucial role that
Accountability and Commitment: According to
teacher feedback plays in boosting educational
the results, instructor criticism helps pupils feel
quality and its effects on student performance.
responsible for their own learning. It also
Student motivation is boosted by teacher affects how committed they are to learning and
feedback, according to a significant 77% of how willing they are to take chances while
students who strongly agreed with this pursuing their education.
statement. This indicates that student
Overall Academic Performance: A sizable
motivation is boosted by teacher feedback
portion of students felt that receiving feedback
throughout their academic careers. This
from teacher’s results in better overall
affirmative reaction shows how much instructor
performance in class, highlighting the critical
feedback may motivate students to strive for
role that feedback from teachers plays in their
academic achievement by providing them with
academic achievement.
inspiration and motivation.
Higher objectives: A significant majority of
My comprehension of how to improve my work
students expressed agreement that teacher
is aided by instructor comments, according to
feedback is essential in inspiring them to seek
the data, which showed that an astonishing 92%
higher academic objectives. These results
of pupils agreed with this statement. This
emphasise the value of encouraging feedback in
response emphasizes the importance of
developing students' aspirations and inspiring
feedback as a useful teaching tool that helps
them to pursue harder academic goals.
students pinpoint their areas for development
and directs them toward personal growth. 92% Tracking Progress: According to the survey's
of students strongly agreed with the statement findings, many students view instructor
that "teacher feedback is a vital component in feedback as a useful tool for keeping tabs on
my learning process," echoing the opinions of their academic development. This demonstrates
the majority. This broad agreement supports the the crucial function that feedback plays in
notion that teacher feedback is essential to the assisting learners to maintain a close eye on
educational process and considerably enhances their educational path and make sure that they
students' growth and development. A stay connected with their academic goals.
significant 85% of students stated that receiving Motivation to Excel: A majority of students
constructive criticism from teachers helps them strongly agreed that receiving positive
feel more confident in their skills. This response comments from teachers increases their drive to
emphasises the psychological benefits of perform at the highest level possible in their
constructive criticism, which give pupils a coursework. These comments highlight the
sense of self-assurance and self-belief and can powerful motivational effect that feedback has
improve their academic achievement. on students, motivating them to pursue
Motivation and Confidence: According to the academic excellence.
evidence, encouraging student academic Actively Requesting Feedback: According to
success through teacher comments is essential. the research, a sizeable percentage of students
Additionally, it seems to boost students' self- actively request teacher feedback on their tasks.
assurance in their skills and motivate them to This proactive involvement in the learning
set greater standards. process demonstrates the importance students
Particulars of the teacher's feedback: The place on feedback as a crucial component of

Vol. 3. No. 04. (Oct-Dec) 2023 Page | 527

resource for their academic growth. from teachers is extremely important in
inspiring them to work hard in class. They
Belief in Capabilities: The majority of students
recognise the importance of feedback in their
expressed the opinion that receiving positive
academic path, and this inspiration is what
instructor comments helps them feel more
keeps them committed to achieving academic
confident in their skills. The importance of
greatness.
feedback in boosting students' self-assurance
and self-belief, both of which are essential for Influence on Effort: Most students saw the link
academic achievement, is highlighted by these between feedback and effort, highlighting the
remarks. importance of feedback in determining how
actively students participate in and contribute to
Academic performance: It is clear that many
the learning process.
students view feedback as a crucial element in
their performance in the classroom. This Overall Performance: Most students think that
research supports the idea that teachers' helpful receiving feedback from teachers has a
feedback has a big impact on how pupils favourable effect on their general performance
develop academically. in class. This supports the notion that
constructive criticism is a crucial element of
Risk-Taking: According to the questionnaire
students' educational experiences and a
responses, students' learning journeys are made
fundamental driver of academic success and
more adventurous by feedback. This
continuing growth.
demonstrates how feedback can encourage a
setting where students feel comfortable According to the research, teacher evaluation is
experimenting with new concepts and methods, a motivating and self-confidence-enhancing
thereby improving their educational element in students' academic lives. The
experiences. majority of students believe it to be a useful tool
for improving their overall performance,
Student Commitment to Learning: The majority
establishing higher goals, and measuring
of students strongly agreed with the notion that
progress. These results support previous
student commitment to learning is influenced
literature that emphasises the role of timely and
by instructor feedback. Feedback seems to
constructive feedback in promoting successful
increase students' commitment to their
learning outcomes by highlighting the
academic goals, highlighting its impact on
importance of effective feedback in the
motivation and commitment.
educational context. Collectively, these data
Accountability: A large number of pupils highlight the critical part that teacher feedback
develop a sense of accountability as a result of plays in influencing students' attitudes,
receiving feedback. Due to their increased motivation, and academic achievement. The
sense of ownership for their own learning, high rate of agreement with these claims
students are more engaged and approach highlights the importance of feedback as a key
learning with greater vigour as a result of this element of the teaching process.
accountability.
Conclusion
Student enthusiasm for learning has been found
The impact of teacher feedback on students'
to be positively impacted by teacher comments.
learning experiences, academic performance,
It promotes a love of learning and maintains
and work habits has been thoroughly explored
participation in academic pursuits,
in this study. It also sheds significant light on
demonstrating its impact on students' general
the value of constructive criticism and its
learning attitudes.
complex consequences on numerous facets of
Motivation to Work Hard: A sizeable portion of education. It has also revealed crucial insights
students think that receiving positive feedback into the dynamic relationship between

Page | 528 International Journal of Human and Society (IJHS)

instructor feedback and students. Overall, the teachers.
research has highlighted the critical importance
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