Scribd
Upload
32 views1 page

Class 12 Solutions Notes Summary

Uploaded by

malikaayan6005
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
32 views1 page

Class 12 Solutions Notes Summary

Uploaded by

malikaayan6005
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Solutions – Class 12 Short Notes

1. Types of Solutions
- Gaseous: gas/liquid/solid in gas
- Liquid: gas/liquid/solid in liquid
- Solid: gas/liquid/solid in solid
(Binary solution = solute + solvent)

2. Concentration Terms
- Mass % = (mass solute / mass solution) × 100
- Volume % = (volume solute / volume solution) × 100
- Mole fraction (χ) = moles of component / total moles
- Molarity (M) = moles solute / volume solution (L)
- Molality (m) = moles solute / mass solvent (kg)

3. Solubility
- Solids ↑ with T, depends on nature
- Gases ↓ with T, ↑ with P
- Henry’s law: p = KH × x

4. Vapour Pressure
- Pure solvent: depends on T
- Raoult’s Law: pA = pA0·χA, pB = pB0·χB
- Ptotal = pA + pB
- Ideal: obey Raoult’s law, ∆Hmix=0, ∆Vmix=0
- Non-ideal: +ve/–ve deviation

5. Colligative Properties
1. R.L.V.P: (p0–p)/p0 = χsolute
2. ∆Tb = Kb·m
3. ∆Tf = Kf·m
4. Osmotic pressure: π = CRT

6. Abnormal Molar Mass


- Association or dissociation
- Van’t Hoff factor: i = observed/calc
- i>1 → dissociation, i<1 → association
- Modified: ∆Tb=iKb·m, ∆Tf=iKf·m, π=iCRT

Key Graphs:
- Vapour pressure vs mole fraction
- Solubility vs temperature
- Freezing & boiling point diagrams

You might also like