2nd Sem, AY 2022-2023 | Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges
GE 7 - SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY
CHAPTER 2
Ejay F. Barcinilla, LPT
Instructor I
The term Intellectual Revolution (IR),
sometimes called as scientific revolution,
refers to Greek speculation about the
nature in the period before Socrates
(between 600 to 400 BCE). Experts believe
that there are appropriate words for IR,
and these are pre-Socratic or non-
theological or first philosophy.
It refers to the series of events that led to
the emergence of modern science and
progress of scientific thinking across
critical periods in history.
IRs are paradigm shifts from a renewed
and enlightened understanding of how
the universe behaves and functions.
Changed the way how people perceive the
influence of science on society.
It is the period where paradigm shifts occurred,
wherein the scientific beliefs about the nature of
the universe, that have been widely embraced and
accepted by the people where challenged and
opposed.
IRs brought drastic changes in scientific thought
that took place during the 16th and 17th centuries.
Arose a new view of science, bringing about the
transformations like the "development of an
experimental, Scientific Method that sought definite
answers to certain limited questions couched in
the framework of specific theories".
There are three characteristic features of this Greco-intellectual revolution in verse form.
The world is not a product of supernatural forces that do not
1 make things happened, but it is a natural whole entity.
There are laws of nature which people strongly believe and
2 follow because it is highly immoral to ignore them.
Humans of highly and respectable intellect discovered these
3 laws of nature.
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Job Position
This revolution removed the Earth from the center of divine creation
and placed it in the orbit of a heliocentric system. The change in
COPERNICAN perspective of this revolution brought about groundbreaking shifts to
the human conception of the cosmos and of humanness itself.
Darwin's greatest contribution to science is that he completed the
Copernican Revolution by drawing out for biology the notion of
DARWINIAN nature as a system of matter in motion governed by natural laws.
With Darwin's discovery of natural selection, the origin and
adaptations of organisms were brought into the realm of science.
Freud's revolution may be viewed as the discovery of a way of
FREUDIAN locating in the mind objective entities which can be studied like
physical things.
Nicolaus Copernicus, made a paradigm shift during the 16th century in the field of astronomy
from a geocentric understanding of the universe, to a heliocentric understanding; this shift
marked the start of a broader scientific revolution that set the foundations of modern science
and allowed science to flourish as an autonomous discipline within its own right.
Why should the crystalline orb containing Earth circle the Sun? And how was it possible for
Earth itself to revolve on its axis once in 24 hours without hurling all objects, including humans,
off its surface? No known physics could answer these questions, and the provision of such
answers was to be the central concern of this scientific revolution.
Copernicus published his "Six Books Concerning the Revolutions of Celestial Spheres", in
1543, it became a standard reference for advanced problems in astronomical research,
particularly for its mathematical techniques.
Ptolemy's Geocentric Copernicus' Heliocentric
Model Model
UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION
Uniform circular motion is the motion of an object in a circle at a constant speed.
As an object moves in a circle, it is constantly changing its direction.
Earth's circular motion around the Sun–the
centripetal force causing the motion is the result
of the gravitational attraction between them.
GRAVITY/GRAVITATIONAL FORCE
Gravity is the force by which a planet or other body draws objects toward its center.
The force of gravity keeps all of the planets in orbit around the sun.
It is an invisible force that pulls objects toward each other.
Earth's gravity is what keeps you on the ground and what makes things fall.
Albert Einstein described gravity as a curve in space that
wraps around an object—such as a star or a planet.
In 1859, Charles Darwin published his book "On The Origin of Species" and began a revolution
that brought humanity to a new era of intellectual discovery.
His book presented evidences on how species evolved over time and presented traits and
adaptation that differentiate species.
Darwin proposed that species can change over time, that new species come from pre-
existing species, and that all species share a common ancestor. In this model, each species
has its own unique set of heritable (genetic) differences from the common ancestor, which
have accumulated gradually over very long time periods.
Through this revolution, the development of organisms and the origin of unique forms of life
and humanity could be rationalized by a lawful system or an orderly process of change
underpinned by Laws of Nature.
...and stretching until neck
Keeps stretching neck ...and stretching becomes progressively longer
Original short-necked to reach leaves higher
ancestor up on tree
Darwin’s theory of evolution met with resistance and
considered to be controversial.
Darwin demonstrated that the complexity of living beings
can be explained by natural processes without the
intervention of a supernatural being or "Creator/God".
Natural selection unavoidably removes the aura of
divinity of human beings and returns us to the level of
"animality".
This revolution can be linked to the Copernican
Revolution in its demonstration of the power of the Laws
of Nature in explaining biological phenomena of survival
and reproduction.
THEORY OF EVOLUTION BY NATURAL SELECTION
A theory proposed that evolution occurs
because of a phenomenon called natural
selection.
Natural selection is an evolutionary process
by which organisms, including humans,
inherit, develop, and adapt traits that favored
survival and reproduction.
Survival of the Fittest - traits are manifested
in offspring that are more fit and well suited
to the challenges survival and reproduction.
Charles Darwin did not discover evolution,
but he was the first person to cast the
subject in a thoroughly scientific mode.
This revolution, proposed by Sigmund Freud, considered to be the Father of Psychoanalysis,
viewed as the discovery of a way of locating in the mind objective entities which can be
studied like physical things.
On the practical side, psychoanalysis is a specialized diagnostic and therapeutic technique
within the domain of psychiatry, the branch of medicine that concerns itself with mental
illness.
Psychoanalysis is also a system of psychology, an organized body of theories about human
behavior; and, in spite of Freud’s denials that it was committed to any particular
Weltanschauung, it has become, in the hands of his interpreters, a doctrine with its own
philosophy. All of these aspects of psychoanalysis — along with popular misconceptions, and
with heresies and innovations, some of which may represent progress — have contributed to
the cultural revolution which one is forced to call Freudian.
PSYCHOANALYSIS
Is a method for treating mental illness and also a theory
which explains human behavior.
Is a scientific method of understanding inner and
unconscious conflicts embedded within one’s personality,
springing from free associations, dreams, and fantasies of
the individual.
Freud believed that events in our childhood have a great
influence on our adult lives, shaping our personality.
He developed a Topographical Model of the Mind, whereby
he described the features of the mind’s structure and
function. He used the analogy of an iceberg to describe
the three levels of the mind.
The Conscious Mind
The small amount of mental
Thoughts
activity we know about. Perceptions
The Subconscious Mind Memories
Things we could be aware of Stored Knowledge
if we wanted or tried.
Instincts - Sexual and Aggressive
The Unconscious Mind
Things we are unaware of and
can not become aware of. Fears
Unacceptable sexual desires
Violent motives
Irrational wishes
The Id Immoral urges
The id is part of the unconscious Selfish needs
mind and comprises the two Shameful experiences
instincts: Eros and Thanatos. Traumatic experiences
Higher Self
Intuition Love and joy Observation
Willpower Freud emphasized the
Actions Decisions
importance of the
Goals Conscious Mind Plans unconscious mind.
Analysis Behavior Here lie the processes
that are the real cause
Emotions Values of most behavior.
Subconscious Mind
Needs clear orders
The most important
and images; does
Personal beliefs Fears part of the mind is the
not judge; resists part you cannot see.
Cultural beliefs Imagination
change; wants to
serve Projections Habits The primary assumption
of Freudian theory is that
Self-image/ All memories the unconscious mind
identity governs behavior to a
greater degree than
Unconscious Mind people suspect.
Trauma Secrets
Violence Shame and guilt
THE PSYCHE: PSYCHIC APPARATUS
He later developed a more structural model of the mind comprising the entities id, ego, and
superego – Psychic Apparatus. These are not physical areas within the brain, but rather
hypothetical conceptualizations of important mental functions.
The Id The Ego The Superego
Pleasure Principle Reality Principle Idealistic Principle
Id - operated at an unconscious level according to the Pleasure
Principle (gratification from satisfying basic instincts). It comprises
two kinds of biological instincts(or drives): Eros and Thanatos.
Eros or Life instinct - helps the individual to survive; it directs life-
sustaining activities such as respiration, eating, and sex .
Thanatos or Death instinct - is viewed as a set of destructive forces
present in all human beings. This often making humans engage in
activities that bring them closer to death. Examples are war and
murder.
Ego - develops from the Id during Infancy. Its goal is to satisfy the
demands of the Id in a safe a socially acceptable way.
Ego follows the reality principle as it operates in both the
conscious and unconscious mind.
Superego - develops during early childhood; is responsible for
ensuring moral standards are followed.
Superego operates on the Morality Principle and motivates us to
behave in a socially responsible and acceptable manner.
The Id The Ego The Superego
Instincts Reality Morality
I need to eat right You can't do that because Eating during an important
this second you're in the middle of an meeting is rude and
important meeting inappropriate
I want chocolate Eat a small bar of chocolate You're on a diet
I want it now I need to do a bit of planning You can't have it; it's not right
to get it
Exams are approaching, should you....
Do no revision and Revise with a realistic revision Do nothing but revision,
socialize timetable having no rest or relaxation
COPERNICAN DARWINIAN FREUDIAN
Copernicus dethroned man from the Darwin challenged his sense of divinity Freud, the first cartographer of the
center of the universe. by tracing his descent to the animal unconscious, punctured his conviction
kingdom. that the conscious mind was master of
man’s fate.
Nicolaus Copernicus Charles Darwin Sigmund Freud
Information revolution describes the present economic, social, and technological trends after
the first wave of Industrial Revolution (IRE). It is the development of technologies (e.g.,
computers, digital communication, microchips, etc.) in the second half of the 20th century
that has led to dramatic reduction in the cost of obtaining, processing, storing, and
transmitting information in all forms (text, graphics, audio, and video).
Economically, information revolution may have improved transactions but reduced the
employment rate: Machines can do what humans can in a factory at a faster rate. Workplace
accidents have been reduced because machines had taken over the work of humans.
On the social aspect, human lives have improved tremendously. It is now a necessity to own
a gadget; unlike before that it was more a status symbol rather than a necessity. This is a
tangible evidence of technological influence.
Information is still reshaping our lives. Information is universal energy, effecting change, and
creating and disrupting order.
Mesoamerica is an important historical region and cultural area in the Americas, extending
from Mexico through Belize, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and northern
Costa Rica, and within which pre-Columbian societies flourished before the Spanish
colonization of the Americas in the 15th and 16th centuries.
One of the great agricultural revolutions in human history took place in the valleys and river
drainages of central Mexico, beginning in the 7th millennium BCE. By 1500 BCE village life
based on agricultural food production spread in the Valley of Mexico and communities
began to grow.
It is one of six areas in the world where ancient civilization arose independently and the
second in the Americas along with North Chico (Caral-Supe) in present-day northern coastal
Peru. It was inhabited by three unique dominating groups: Olmec, Maya, and Aztec.
The first great civilization of Mesoamerica is
the Olmec. The Olmec were the first
complex society in the region.
Their name comes from what the Aztecs
refer to them by: "The Rubber People". They
did in fact grow rubber trees and harvest
rubber.
They developed the first written language
and numbering system in Mesoamerica.
They built cities and acquired great wealth.
They left amazing artifacts, such as jade
masks and giant heads (stone sculptures).
The Maya flourished with their great cities
from about 250 CE until around 1400. They
covered southern Mexico, Guatemala, and
Honduras.
They had a highly developed written
language and mathematics, plus they had
an amazing knowledge of astronomy.
Their cities were amazing urban centers:
they included pyramids like in Tikal, one of
the largest sites left of the Maya.
The Maya were ruled by an aristocratic
nobility and they had elaborate funeral
practices.
They used cocoa beans as currency.
When used to describe ethnic groups, the term
"Aztec" refers to several Nahuatl-speaking
peoples of central Mexico in the postclassic
period of Mesoamerican chronology, especially
the Mexica, the ethnic group that had a leading
role in establishing the hegemonic empire
based at Tenochtitlan.
The Aztecs were famous for their agriculture,
land, art, and architecture.
They developed writing skills, a calendar system
and also built temples and places of worship.
They were also known for being fierce and
unforgiving: to please their gods they sacrificed
humans.
The intellectual history of China is connected to the birth of scholarship in ancient China, the
creation of Confucianism with its extensive exegesis of the texts of Confucius, and the active
part of scholars in government.
In China, literati referred to the government officials who formed the ruling class in China for
over two thousand years. These scholar-bureaucrats were a status group of educated
laymen, not ordained priests.
In Korea, the yangban scholar movement drove the development of the Korean intellectual
history from the late Goryeo to the golden age of intellectual achievement in the Joseon
Dynasty.
Confucianism is a complex system of moral, social, political, philosophical, and religious
thought which has had tremendous influence on the culture and history of East Asia.
The modern intellectual history of China is considered to begin with the arrival of the Jesuits
in the 16th century. The Jesuits brought with them new astronomical and cartographic
knowledge and were responsible for new developments in Chinese science.
The 19th and the 20th centuries in East Asia are known as a time of rapid change. Whereas
change was a daily and concrete experience in a globalizing environment, it was also the
object of psychological fear and ideological desire. During that period, Asian countries and
their intellectual and political elites confronted the technical and military superiority of the
western powers, as well as local inner tensions and crises, by elaborating patterns of
selective imitation, reconsidering their traditional knowledge, and recreating their own
cultural background. Drawing on western cultural traditions, the new vocabulary consisted of
words such as enlightenment, renaissance, evolution, revolution and renewal.
On the one hand, traditional terminology and concepts from Buddhism, Confucianism, and
Taoism found a new configuration that enriched their meanings.
India thought is a broad topic that includes the ancient epics of South Asia, the development
of what is now called Hinduism and Hindu philosophy and the rise of Buddhism, as well as
many other topics relating to the political and artistic lives of pre-modern South Asia.
India had universities much before Europe, but they were for religious training of Buddhist
monks and nuns. For broad sciences, the scholarship was done within families that were
patronized by the king or princes.
If many Indian sciences and technologies were the most advanced in the pre-modern world,
the question arises as to why the scientific revolution and the industrial revolutions took place
in Europe and not in India.
Many advances in metallurgy and tool making were made across the entirety of ancient
Africa. These include steam engines, metal chisels and saws, copper and iron tools and
weapons, nails, glue, carbon steel and bronze weapons and art.
The culture of the ancient Near East and eventually much of Africa as well was modified
significantly by the arrival of Islam beginning in the 7th century CE. Islamic culture is not a
simple and unified entity: The history of Islam, like that of other religions, is a history of
different interpretations of approaches to Islam.
Persian philosophy can be traced back as far as to Old Iranian philosophical traditions and
thoughts which originated in ancient Indo-Iranian roots and were considerably influenced by
Zarathustra's teachings.
Iranian philosophy after Arab invasion of Persia is characterized by different interactions with
the Old Iranian philosophy, the Greek philosophy and with the development of Islamic
philosophy.
Islam and progress encompass the relation and compatibility between the phenomenon of
modernity, its related concepts and ideas, and the religion of Islam.
Intellectual movements in Iran involve the Iranian experience of modernism, through which
Iranian modernity and its associated art, science, literature, poetry, and political structures
have been evolving since the 19th century.
Religious intellectualism is Iran developed gradually and subtly. It reached its apogee during
the Persian Constitutional Revolution (1906-1911). The process involved numerous
philosophers, sociologists, political scientists, and cultural theorists. However, the associated
art, cinema and poetry remained to be developed.
Recent concepts about African culture include the African Renaissance and Afrocentrism.
The African Renaissance is a concept popularized by South African President Thabo Mbeki
who called upon the African people and nations to solve the many problems troubling the
African continent. It reached its height in the late 1990s but continued to be a key part of the
post-apartheid intellectual agenda in South Africa.
With the rise of Afrocentrism, the push away from Eurocentrism has led to the focus on the
contributions of African people and their model of world civilization and history. It is
concerned with distinguishing the influence of European and Oriental peoples from African
achievements.
The First Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain in the mid-to-late 1700s when innovation
led to goods being produced in large quantities due to machine manufacturing.
The Industrial Revolution transformed economies that had been based on agriculture and
handicrafts into economies based on large-scale industry, mechanized manufacturing, and
the factory system. New machines, new power sources, and new ways of organizing work
made existing industries more productive and efficient.
The Industrial Revolution had one further important effect on the development of modern
science. The prospect of applying science to the problems of industry served to stimulate
public support for science.
Rapid advances in the creation of steel, chemicals and electricity helped fuel production,
including mass-produced consumer goods and weapons. It became far easier to get
around on trains, automobiles and bicycles. At the same time, ideas and news spread via
newspapers, the radio and telegraph.
The Second Industrial Revolution fueled the Gilded Age, a period of great extremes: great
wealth and widespread poverty, great expansion and deep depression, new opportunities,
and greater standardization.
The Second Industrial Revolution is the Age of Science and Mass Production. Things started to
speed up with a number of key inventions. Think gasoline engines, airplanes, chemical
fertilizer. All inventions that helped us go faster and do more.
Beginning in the 1950s, the Third Industrial Revolution brought semiconductors, mainframe
computing, personal computing, and the Internet—the digital revolution—the shift from
mechanical and analog electronic technology to digital electronics, with the adoption and
proliferation of digital computers and digital record-keeping, that continues to the present
day.
The Third Industrial Revolution began in the 1970s in the 20th century through partial
automation using memory-programmable controls and computers. Since the introduction of
these technologies, we are now able to automate an entire production process - without
human assistance.
This era marked the beginning of the Information Age.
The Fourth Industrial Revolution is a fusion of advances in artificial intelligence (AI),
robotics, the Internet of Things (IoT), Web3, blockchain, 3D printing, genetic engineering,
quantum computing, and other technologies. It is the collective force behind many
products and services that are fast becoming indispensable to modern life.
The Fourth Industrial Revolution is a way of describing the blurring of boundaries between the
physical, digital, and biological worlds.
The Fourth Industrial Revolution heralds a series of social, political, cultural, and economic
upheavals that will unfold over the 21st century.
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