Another example is:
X (n) = 2nu (n)
2𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 ≥ 0
Or x (n) = {0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 < 0
1.2.3 Tabular Representation
In this, the sampling instant n and the magnitude of the signal at the sampling instant are represented
in the tabular form. The signal given in section 1.2.1 can be represented in tabular form as follows:
n 2 1 0 1 2 3
x (n) 3 2 0 3 1 2
1.2.4 Sequence Representation
A finite duration sequence given in section 1.2.1 can be represented as follows:
−3,2,0,3,1,2
X(n) = { }
↑
Another example is:
…2,3,0,1,−2…
X(n) = { ↑ }
The arrow mark ↑ denotes the n = 0 term. When no arrow is indicated, the first term corresponds
to n = 0.
So a finite duration sequence, that satisfies the condition x(n) = 0 for n < 0 can be represented as:
x(n) = {3, 5, 2, 1, 4, 7}
SuN and product of d iscrete-tiNe sequences
The sum of two discrete-time sequences is obtained by adding the corresponding elements of
sequences
{Cn} = {an} + {bn} → Cn = an + bn
The product of two discrete-time sequences is obtained by multiplying the corresponding
elements of the sequences.
{Cn} = {an}{bn} → Cn = anbn
The multiplication of a sequence by a constant k is obtained by multiplying each element of the
sequence by that constant.
{Cn} = k{an} → Cn = kan
1.3 ELEMENTARY DISCRETE-TIME SIGNALS
There are several elementary signals which play vital role in the study of signals and systems.
These elementary signals serve as basic building blocks for the construction of more complex
signals. Infact, these elementary signals may be used to model a large number of physical signals,
which occur in nature. These elementary signals are also called standard signals.
The standard discrete-time signals are as follows:
1. Unit step sequence
2. Unit ramp sequence
3. Unit parabolic sequence
4. Unit impulse sequence
5. Sinusoidal sequence
6. Real exponential sequence
7. Complex exponential sequence
1.3.1 Unit Step Sequence
The step sequence is an important signal used for analysis of many discrete-time systems. It exists
only for positive time and is zero for negative time. It is equivalent to applying a signal whose
amplitude suddenly changes and remains constant at the sampling instants forever after application.
In between the discrete instants it is zero. If a step function has unity magnitude, then it is
called unit step function.
The usefulness of the unit-step function lies in the fact that if we want a sequence to start at
n = 0, so that it may have a value of zero for n < 0, we only need to multiply the given sequence
with unit step function u (n).
The discrete-time unit step sequence u (n) is defined as:
1 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 ≥ 0
U (n) = {0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 < 0
The shifted version of the discrete-time unit step sequence u(n – k) is defined as:
1 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 ≥ 𝑘
U (n - k) = {0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 < 𝑘
It is zero if the argument (n – k) < 0 and equal to 1 if the argument (n – k) S 0.
The graphical representation of u (n) and u (n – k) is shown in Figure 1.3[(a) and (b)].
Figure 1.3 Discrete–time (a) Unit step function (b) Shifted unit step function
1.3.2 Unit Ramp Sequence
The discrete-time unit ramp sequence r (n) is that sequence which starts at n = 0 and increases
linearly with time and is defined as:
𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 ≥ 0
r(n) = {0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 < 0
or r(n) = nu(n)
It starts at n = 0 and increases linearly with n.
The shifted version of the discrete-time unit ramp sequence r(n – k) is defined as:
𝑛 − 𝑘 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 ≥ 𝑘
R(n – k) = {
0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 < 𝑘
Or r(n – k) = (n – k) u(n – k)
The graphical representation of r(n) and r(n – 2) is shown in Figure 1.4[(a) and (b)].
Figure 1.4 Discrete–time (a) Unit ramp sequence (b) Shifted ramp sequence.
1.3.3 Unit Parabolic Sequence
The discrete-time unit parabolic sequence p (n) is defined as:
𝑛2
𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 ≥ 0
P (n) = { 2
0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 < 0
𝑁2
Or P(n) = 2
u(n)
The shifted version of the discrete-time unit parabolic sequence p(n – k) is defined as:
(𝑛−𝑘)2
𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 ≥ 𝑘
P(n – k) = { 2
0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 < 𝑘
(𝑛−𝑘 )2
Or p(n – k) = 2
u(n – k)
The graphical representation of p(n) and p(n – 3) is shown in Figure 1.5[(a) and (b)].
Figure 1.5 Discrete–time (a) ParaboFic sequence (b) Shifted paraboFic sequence.
1.3.4 Unit Impulse Function or Unit Sample Sequence
The discrete-time unit impulse function (n), also called unit sample sequence, is defined as:
1 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 = 0
𝛿 (𝑛) = {
0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 ≠ 0
This means that the unit sample sequence is a signal that is zero everywhere, except at n = 0, where its
value is unity. It is the most widely used elementary signal used for the analysis of signals and systems.
The shifted unit impulse function (n – k) is defined as:
1 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 = 𝑘
𝛿 (𝑛 − 𝑘) = {
0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 ≠ 𝑘
The graphical representation of (n) and (n – k) is shown in Figure 1.6[(a) and (b)].
Figure 1.6 Discrete–time (a) Unit sample sequence (b) Delayed unit sample sequence.
Properties of discrete-time unit sample sequence
1 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 = 𝑘
1. 𝛿(n) = u(n) – u(n – 1) 2. 𝛿(n – k) = {
0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 ≠ 𝑘
3. X(n) = ∑∞
𝑘= −∞ 𝑥 (𝑘)𝛿 (𝑛 − 𝑘) 4. ∑∞
𝑛= −∞ 𝑥 (𝑛 )𝛿 (𝑛 − 𝑛0 ) = x(n0)
Relation Between The Unit Sample Sequence And The Unit Step Sequence
The unit sample sequence 𝛿(n) and the unit step sequence u(n) are related as:
U(n) = ∑𝑛𝑚=0 𝛿 (𝑚 ), 𝛿(n) = u(n) – u(n - 1)
Sinusoidal Sequence
The discrete-time sinusoidal sequence is given by
X(n) = A sin (𝜔𝑛 + ∅)
Where A is the amplitude, is angular frequency, is phase angle in radians and n is an integer.
The period of the discrete-time sinusoidal sequence is:
2𝜋
N= 𝑚
𝜔
Where N and m are integers.
All continuous-time sinusoidal signals are periodic, but discrete-time sinusoidal sequences may
or may not be periodic depending on the value of.
For a discrete-time signal to be periodic, the angular frequency must be a rational multiple of 2.
The graphical representation of a discrete-time sinusoidal signal is shown in Figure 1.7.
Figure 1.7 Discrete-time sinusoidal signal
1.3.6 Real Exponential Sequence
The discrete-time real exponential sequence an is defined as:
X(n) = an for all n
Figure 1.8 illustrates different types of discrete-time exponential signals.
When a > 1, the sequence grows exponentially as shown in Figure 1.8(a).
When 0 < a < 1, the sequence decays exponentially as shown in Figure 1.8(b).
When a < 0, the sequence takes alternating signs as shown in Figure 1.8[(c) and
(d)].
Figure 1.8 Discrete-time exponential signal an for (a) a > 1 (b) 0 < a < 1 (c) a < -1 (d) -1 < a < 0.
1.3.7 Complex Exponential Sequence
The discrete-time complex exponential sequence is defined as:
X(n) = anej(𝜔0 n+∅)
= an cos(𝜔0 𝑛 + ∅) + jan sin(𝜔0 𝑛 = ∅)
For |a| = 1, the real and imaginary parts of complex exponential sequence are sinusoidal.
For |a| > 1, the amplitude of the sinusoidal sequence exponentially grows as shown in
Figure 1.9(a).
For |a| < 1, the amplitude of the sinusoidal sequence exponentially decays as shown in
Figure 1.9(b).
EXAMPLE 1.1 Find the following summations:
(a) ∑∞
𝑛= −∞ 𝑒
3𝑛
𝛿 (𝑛 − 3) (b) ∑∞
𝑛= − ∞ 𝛿 (𝑛 − 2) cos 3𝑛
Figure 1.9 complex exponential sequence x(n) = anej(𝜔0 𝑛 + ∅) for (a)a > 1 (b) a < 1.
2
(c ) ∑∞ 2
𝑛= −∞ 𝑛 𝛿 (𝑛 + 4) (d)∑∞
𝑛= −∞ 𝛿 (n – 2)𝑒
𝑛
(e) ∑∞
𝑛=0 𝛿 (𝑛 + 1) 4
𝑛
Solution:
(a) Given ∑∞
𝒏=−∞ 𝜹
𝟑𝒏
𝜹(𝒏 − 𝟑)