Chem 101 – Lecture Notes for Chapter 1

1. Fundamental units of measurements (Chang section 1.7).

The system international (SI) base quantity and base units used in science are:

Base Quantity Base SI unit Symbol Other units and conversions

distance meter m 1 m = 101 dm = 102 cm = 103 mm
mass kilogram kg 1 g = 0.001 kg or 1 kg = 1000 g
1 mg (milligram) = 10−3 g = 10−6 kg
time second s
current ampere Amp 1 Amp = 1 C.s−1
temperature kelvin K 0 oC = 273.15K
amount mole mol 1 mole = 6.022x1023 units
Luminous intensity candela cd

Other system international quantity and units and their conversions are below:

Other Quantity SI unit Symbol Other units and conversions

Volume cubic meter m3 1 m3 = 1000 L
1 L = 1000 mL
1 mL = 1 cm3 = 10-3 L = 10−6 m3
charge coulomb C
force newton N 1 N = 1 kg.m.s−2
pressure pascal Pa 1 Pa = 1 N.m-2
1 atmosphere (atm) = 101,325 Pa or
101.325 kPa (kilopascal)
energy joule J 1 J = 1 N.m
1 calorie = 4.184 J

2. Consider the different between (.) and the comma (,) in writing numbers
101,325 is not same as 101.325. 101,325 is same as 101325
The scientific notation for 101,325 is 1.01325x105

3. Practical mass and volume units

- Mass: gram (g) 1 μg = 10−6g 1 mg = 10−3g 1 kg = 103g

- Volume: mL and L 1 dm3 = 1L 1cm3 = 1 mL

1dL = 0.1L 1 cL = 0.01L 1mL = 0.001L
−3 −6
1 μL = 10 mL= 10 L 1 mL = 10−3L

Examples:
See next sections for scientific notation, significant figures and dimensional analysis!

1. How many mL in 0.750 L?

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Answer:
0.750L x (1000 mL/1L) = 750 mL

2. How many pascal is 2.50 atm pressure?

Answer:
2.50 atm x (101,325Pa/1atm) = 253,312.5 Pa,
Now use scientific notation and proper significant figures (3) so 2.50 atm = 2.53x105 Pa

3. How many mg in 3.158 kg?

Answer:
3.158kg x (1000g/1kg)x(1000mg/1g) = 3.158x106 mg

4. How many m3 is 0.50 L?

Answer:
0.50Lx(1m3/1000L) = 5.0x10−4 m3

Excercises.

1. How many kg is 0.35 g? Answer: 3.5x10−4 kg

2. How many mL is 5 L? Answer: 5x103 mL

3. How many atm is 1.3 Pa? Answer: 1.3x10−5 atm

2. Significant figures (Chang section 1.8)

Significant figures are important in scientific calculation and practice because they show us
the accuracy (and the uncertainty) of the number we are calculating.

In many cases, the number of significant figures is simply the number of digits in a
number. For instance: 324 has 3 significant figures; 1.256 has 4 significant figures.

When we have zeros in the number:

1) zeros at the beginning of the number are not counted.
2) zeros at the end of the number are counted

For instance: 0.028 has two significant figures; 0.00350 has 3 significant figures.

3) When there is no decimal place, the rule for the zero at the end is not specified.

For instance, 450 may have 2 or 3 significant figures. This ambiguity (=uncertainty) is
avoided when we use scientific notation: if written as 4.50x102 there are 3 significant
figures, if written as 4.5x102 there are 2 significant figures.

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Rules for addition/subtraction and multiplication/division.

1) Addition and subtraction.

The result can have no more decimal places than the number with the lowest number of
decimal places.

Examples:
2.532 g 6.50 g
0.34 g 2.352 g
−−−−−− + −−−−−− −
2.87 g, not 2.872 g. 4.15 g not 4.148 g (note the rounding off!)

2.36 g + 0.2569 g + 20.1 g = 22.7167 = 22.7 g

2) Multiplication and division.

In multiplying or dividing, the result must have the same number of significant figures as
the number with the lowest number of significant figures.

Examples:
1. 1.2345x137x2.5 = 422.8 = 4.2x102.

2. 3.4x102x251 = 853.4x102 = 8.5x104

3. How many atoms in 12.3 mol (6.022x1023 ) of atoms?

Answer: 12.3(mol)x(6.022x1023atom/1mol) = 7.41x1024 atoms.

Best practice: when doing calculations on your calculator, carry all numbers through to
the end, then at the end round to the correct number of significant figures.

Example:
1. 12.36x14.50 − 3.8 = 179.22 −3.8 = 175.42 = 175.4 or 1.754x102

Note that in many cases we do indeed need scientific notation to represent the number of
significant figures correctly.

3. Density (Chang section 1.7)

Density = d (in most cases we use g/mL = g/cm3))

Mass = m (in most cases we use g)
Volume = V (in most cases we use mL = cm3)

m (g ) m (g )
d m (g) = d (g/mL)xV(mL) V (mL) 
V (mL) g
d( )
mL

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Examples.
1. Iron (Fe) has a density of 7.9 g/mL. What is the volume of 25.0 g of iron?
Answer: V = m/d = 25.0(g)/7.9(g/mL) = 3.16 mL = 3.2 mL (2 significant figures!)

2. 10.0 mL of a salt solution are found to weigh 11.342 g. What is the density of the
solution?
Answer: d = m/V = 11.342(g)/10.0mL = 1.1342 = 1.13 g/mL (or 1.13 g/cm3)

3. At 20oC and 1 atm pressure the density of air is 1.19 kg/m3. What is the density
expressed in g/mL?
Answer: 1 m3 = 1000 L; 1L = 1000 mL 1 kg = 1000 g, so using dimensional analysis:
kg 1 m3 1L 1000 g g
d  1.19 x x x  0.00119
m3 1000 L 1000 mL 1 kg mL
Check that the units cancel as shown! Also note the 3 significant figures in the answer!

4. Accuracy and precision (Chang section 1.8)

This topic is important in your chemistry and physics laboratory courses.

Accuracy tells us how close a measured value or a certain quantity is to the “real” value.
Precision tells us how close a number of measurements of the same quantity are to each
other.
As shown in Chang Fig. 1.13, a set of measurements can be precise but not accurate!

Example.

Three students weigh a piece of metal known to weigh exactly 2.3575 g.

Aisha weighs the metal three times. Her results are 2.229 g, 2.232g and 2.226 g, so her
average mass over the three measurements is (2.229+2.232+2.226)/3 = 2.229 g.

Fatima also weighs the metal three times. Her results are 2.639 g, 2.421 g and 2.895 g, so
her average over the three measurements is (2.639+2.421+2.895)/3 = 2.652 g

Finally, Sarah’s results are 2.359 g, 2.355 g and 2.356 g, so her average mass is
(2.359+2.355+2.356)/3 = 2.357 g.

Fatima’s results are neither precise nor accurate, Aisha’s measurements of are precise but
not accurate, but Sarah’s are both accurate and precise! Of course this may not be Fatima’s
fault, she may just have had a bad balance, and Sarah may have been lucky to have used a
very good balance!

5. Dimensional analysis (Chang section 1.9)

Dimensional analysis is the method we will use for solving quantitative problems
throughout this course. We have already applied the method in the earlier examples of

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these lecture notes. In applying this method, it is important to write the units throughout
the calculation. This way you will also automatically have the correct units for the final
answer. The best way to demonstrate the method is by examples.

1. How many eggs in 3 dozen eggs? (a “dozen’ means 12).

3 dozen x (12 eggs/1 dozen) = 36 eggs

Note that the dozen unit automatically cancels out. Also note that in this case 3, referring to
the number of dozens, and 12, the number of units in a “dozen” are exact numbers so we
don’t think of it as having significant figures.

2. How many seconds (s) in a year?

365 days 24 hrs 60 min s 60 s

1 year x x x x  31,536,000 s  3.1536 x107 s
1 year 1 day 1 hr 1 min
Note how all the units cancel, leaving just the seconds as the final units. Also note that all
numbers are exact (365, 24, 60, 60), so in this case the final answer is exact also at 31
million 536 thousand seconds!

3. How many nm in 2.03x10−5 cm?

Now we have to be careful with the length conversions! We could first convert the cm to m
(1 cm = 10−2m, then the m into nm (1 m = 109 nm):
2.03x10−5cm x(1m/100cm)x109nm/1m) = 2.03x102 nm
We could also have said 2.03x10−5 cm = 2.03x10−7 m (move the decimal place twice), then
multiply by 109 to convert m to nm. Of course this is exactly what we did with the
dimensional analysis method!

4. How many mL in 0.50 m3?

1 m3 = 1000 dm3 = 1000 L; 1L = 1000 mL Note these are all fixed numbers, so in
considering the significant figures in the final answer, it comes from the significant figures
in the 0.50 m3.
0.50 m3x(1000L/1m3)x(1000mL/1L) = 0.50x106 mL. However, this is not proper scientific
notation, so the correct answer is 5.0x105 mL, two significant figures!

5. How many atoms of hydrogen are there in 3.5 moles of water, H2O.?

Here the 2 in H2O is an exact number. We know Avogadro’s number, 6.022x1023 as the
number of units, in this case water molecules, in a mole.
(3.5 mole H2O) x (6.022x1023molecules H2O/1 mole H2O )x(2 atoms H/1 molecule H2O) =
4.215x1024 = 4.2x1024 atoms of hydrogen (2 significant figures from 3.5 moles).

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6. How many g of Na in 3.50 moles of NaCl?

(of course we will do mole-mass relations in Chapter 3, but let’s already skip ahead a little
to show how to use dimensional analysis for this calculation).

The molecular mass of NaCl is 58.44, molar mass of Na is 22.99.

3.50 mole NaCl x (58.44 g NaCl/1 mole NaCl) x (22.99 g Na/58.44 g NaCl) = 80.47 g Na
or 80.5 g Na (3 significant figures from the 3.50 moles in the problem). You can also write
8.05x101 g Na, both answers correct and have the correct number of significant figures.

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CHEM 101 Worksheet, Chapter 1 Name: _____________________ QU ID:____________
Note: Answers must have the correct number of significant figures!

Multiple choice questions: circle the correct answer(A-E)

1. 25.0 mL = _______ L ?
A. 0.25 L B. 2.5x10–3 L C. 2.5x10–2 L D. 0.250 L E. 2.50x10–2 L

2. 0.10 cm = ________ m?
A. 10 m B. 1.0x10–2m C. 0.010 m D. 1.0x10–3 m E. 0.001 m

3. 2.5 kg = _______ g?
A. 25,000 g B. 2.5x103 g C. 2.5x10–3 g D. 2.500 g E. 2500g

4. 2.4 nm = _______cm ?
A. 2.4x107 cm B. 2.4x10–9 cm C. 2.4x10–7 cm D. 2.4x10–11cm E. 2.4x10–5 cm

5. 1.657 g + 0.25 g = ?
A. 1.90 g B. 1.91 g C. 1.907 g D. 1.9 g E. 2 g.

6. 2.50 dL – 8.0 mL = ?
A. 242 mL B. 2.4 dL C. 17.0 mL D. 1.7x10–1 dL E. 242.0 mL

7. 8.30x17.45 = ?
A. 144.835 B. 1.448x102 C. 1.4x102 D. 1.44x102 E. 1.45x102

8. 234.5x104/0.00036 = ?
A. 6.514x109 B. 8.44x106 C. 6.514 D. 6.5x109 E. 6.51x10–7

9. 7.0x10–3 – 8.0x10–4 = ?
A. 0.00620 B. 62.x10–4 C. 6.2x10–3 0.006 E. –0.010

10. The density of iron (Fe) metal is 7.9 g/mL. What is the volume of 356. g of iron?
A 0.02219 mL B 45. mL C. 2.2x10–2 mL D. 45.06 mL E. 2.8x103 mL

11. A piece of a silvery metal weighing 194.3 g is placed in a graduated cylinder containing 242.0 mL water.
After putting in the metal, the volume in the cylinder rises to 260.5 mL. Calculate the density of the metal (show
your work and give your answer with the correct sign. figs and units!)
Chem 101 – Lecture Notes for Chapter 2

1. The atom (Chang sections 2.1-2.5, pp. 42-54)

The atom. Nucleus: protons (+ charge) and neutrons (no charge) contain
almost all the mass of the atom.
Electrons (− charge). For a neutral atom, the number of electrons
equals the number of protons.
Atomic number: the number of protons. Determines the order of elements in the
periodic table
Mass number: number of protons + number of neutrons
Isotopes: Same number of protons (and electrons), but different number
of neutrons.
Notation: e.g. Uranium, U, has isotopes with mass number 238 and 235:
238
92 U and 23592 U
92 = number of protons (and electrons), it is the same for the two
isotopes.
238 and 235 are the mass numbers (number of protons + neutrons)
The number of neutrons therefore is 238-92 = 146 for 238U and
235−92 = 143 for 235U.
Ions: Elements can lose or gain electrons. For instance:
Fe3+ is an iron atom that has lost 3 electrons. 56Fe3+ still has 26
protons (the atomic number of Fe in the periodic table) and 30
neutrons, but only 26 − 3 = 23 electrons.

Examples:

1. Give the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons in each of the following:
a) 19F b) 137Cs c) 27Al3+ d) 24Na e) 37Cl−
Look up the atomic number of these elements in the periodic table on p. 51.
Answer:
a) F (fluorine) has atomic number 9, so 9 p+ , 9 e-, and 19 − 9 = 10 n
b) Cs (cesium) has atomic number 55, so 55 p+ , 55 e- , and 137 − 55 = 82 n.
c) Al (aluminum) has atomic number 13, so Al3+ has 13 p+, 13−3 = 10 e-, and 27−13 =
14 n
d) Na (sodium) has atomic number 11, so 11 p+ , 11 e -, and 24 – 11 = 13 n.
Note that 24Na is not the stable sodium isotope, it is a radioactive isotope of sodium and
emits β rays (ehigh energy electrons) from its nucleus)
e) Cl (chlorine) has atomic number 17, so the chloride anion, 37Cl− has 17 protons, 17+1
= 18 e- , and 37 − 17 = 20 neutrons.
37
Cl is one of two stable chlorine isotopes, the other is 35Cl.

2. Write the notation for:

39
a) the isotope of potassium with mass number 39 Answer: 19 K
b) the bromine anion with mass number 80 Answer: 80
35 Br 

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2. Molecular and empirical formulas (Chang section 2.6 pp. 54-58)

A molecule consists of two or more atoms held together by an ionic or covalent (electron
sharing) chemical bond.
Cl2 is a covalent, diatomic molecule of the element chlorine
CH4 is a covalent, polyatomic molecule of the compound methane
NaCl is an ionic compound consisting of Na+ and Cl− ions held together by ionic bonds

The molecular formula tells us how many and which atoms are in a given molecule.
The empirical formula tells us the lowest ratio of the atoms in a given molecule

For instance:
CH4 (methane): molecular formula = empirical formula, 1 C atom with 4 H atoms
C2H6 (ethane): molecular formula C2H6, 2 carbon atoms and 6 H atoms in a
molecule, empirical formula CH3.
H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide): molecular formula H2O2, empirical formula HO

Examples:
Write the empirical formulas for:
a) dinitrogen tetroxide, N2O4
b) carbon dioxide, CO2
c) glucose, C6H12O6
d) octane, C8H18

Answers:
a) empirical formula NO2 b) empirical formula=molecular formula CO2
c) empirical formula CH2O (historical note: the empirical formula of glucose “looks like” a carbon atom +
a water molecule; this is the origin of the name “carbohydrate”)
d) C4H9

3. Ions, ionic compounds, compound names (Chang section 2.6 − 2.7, pp. 57-68)

Columns in the periodic table are called “groups”.

Rows in the periodic table are called “periods”
According to the IUPAC system, the periodic table is arranged in 18 groups.
Note that Chang also uses the old system of groups 1, 2, 3, then 3B-10B, then 3A-8A

Metals are in the groups to the left (mainly groups 1, 2 and 13 (Chang notation 1,2, 3A).
non-metals on the right, groups 18, 17, 16, 15 but with exceptions we will discuss in
chapter 8).
Noble gases are in group 18 (or 8A)
Transition metals are group 3-12 (or 3B-12B)
Lanthanides (also called rare earths) are elements 58-71
Actinides are elements 90-103

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Metals can lose electrons and become cations (positive charge).
Non-metals can gain electrons and become anions (negative charge).

You should know the following charges of the monoatomic ions and there names.

Group 1 can lose 1 electron: Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+, Cs+. Also H → H+
Group 2 can lose 2 electrons: Mg2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2
Group 13 can lose 3 electrons: Al3+

Group 17 can gain 1 electron: F− (fluoride), Cl− (chloride), Br− (bromide), I− (iodide)
Group 16 can gain 2 electrons: O2− (oxide), S2− (sulfide)
Group 15 can gain 3 electrons: N3− (nitride, actually nitride ions are very uncommon),
P3− (phosphide)
See table 2.2 in Chang (p. 60)

Ionic compounds are combinations of cations and anions, with an overall neutral charge:

NaCl sodium chloride (Na+ + Cl−)

BaF2 barium fluoride (Ba2+ + 2F−)
CaS calcium sulfide (Ca2+ + S2−)
Al2O3 aluminum oxide (2Al3+ + 3O2−)

Many transition metals can have several stable ions. You should know the following:
Cr3+ chromium(III) ion
Mn2+ manganese(II) or manganous ion Mn4+ manganese(IV)
2+
Fe iron(II) or ferrous ion Fe3+ iron(III) or ferric ion
Co2+ cobalt(II) or cobaltous ion Co3+ cobalt(III) or cobaltic ion
+
Cu copper (I) or cuprous ion Cu2+ copper(II) or cupric ion
Ag+ silver ion
Zn2+ zinc ion
Sn2+ tin(II) or stannous ion Sn4+ tin(IV) or stannic ion
2+
Pb lead(II) or plumbous ion Pb4+ lead(IV)
Hg22+ mercury(I) or mercurous ion Hg2+ mercury(II) or mercuric ion

Look these elements up in the periodic table and think of which group they are in and
how they have the same ions within a group!

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Common oxo-anions and their corresponding acids you should know:
Anion name acid name
NO3− nitrate ion HNO3 nitric acid
–
NO2 nitrite ion HNO2 nitrous acid
CO32− carbonate ion H2CO3 carbonic acid
SO42− sulfate ion H2SO4 sulfuric acid
2−
SO3 sulfite ion H2SO3 sulfurous acid
PO43− phosphate ion H3PO4 phosphoric acid
−
ClO3 chlorate ion HClO3 chloric acid
ClO2– chlorite ion HClO2 chlorous acid
−
ClO hypochlorite ion HClO hypochlorous acid
ClO4− perchlorate ion HClO4 perchloric acid
−
MnO4 permanganate ion
CrO42− chromate ion
2−
Cr2O7 dichromate ion
OH− hydroxide ion

Examples.
Name the following compounds:
a) CaCl2 calcium chloride
b) Na2SO4 sodium sulfate
c) MgCO3 magnesium carbonate
d) Fe(NO3)3 iron(III) nitrate
e) Ba(OH)2 barium hydroxide
Give the formula of the following compounds:
Aluminum bromide AlBr3
sodium phosphate Na3PO4
iron(III) sulfite Fe2(SO3)3
potassium permanganate KMnO4

Exercise.
Name the following compounds:
a) Na2CO3
b) Mg(NO2)2
c) Fe2(SO4)3
d) Cu3(PO4)2
Give the formula for the following compounds
e) potassium chromate
f) sodium hypochlorite
g) calcium perchlorate
h) iron(III) oxide
i) mercury(II) sulfate
j) nitric acid

Answers.
a) sodium carbonate b) magnesium nitrite c) iron(III) sulfate d) copper(II) phosphate e) K2CrO4
f) NaClO g) Ca(ClO4)2 h) Fe2O3 i) HgSO4 j) HNO3

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Molecular compounds and “valency”. (Chang p. 62-63)

In molecular, or covalent compounds, molecules are held by covalent (= electron sharing)

bonds, they do not consist of positive and negative ions. Most molecular compounds are
combinations of non-metals. In very general terms, each non-metal has a certain valency,
which tells us how many bonds it can form in a molecular compound. For the first row
elements only, the common valencies are:
hydrogen: 1 carbon: 4 nitrogen: 3 oxygen: 2 fluorine: 1.

Note that there are many exceptions to these valencies!!

Thus we can have the compounds:

H2O
CO2 carbon dioxide
HF hydrogen fluoride or hydrofluoric acid
NH3 ammonia

You will be able to write the formula of a named molecular compound from the prefixes:
mono = 1, di = 2, tri = 3, tetra = 4, penta = 5, hexa = 6, hepta = 7

However, many of these compounds also have common names, for instance NH3 is
simply ammonia, it does not have a systematic name, just like H2O is water, not
dihydrogen oxide!.

Exercise.
Write the formula for the following molecular compounds.
a) sulfur dioxide
b) dinitrogen tetroxide
c) hydrogen sulfide
d) hydrogen bromide or hydrobromic acid
e) phosporus pentachloride
f) sulfur hexafluoride

Answers: a) SO2 b) N2O4 c) H2S (this is a common compound, we delete the di in dihydrogen!) d) HBr
e) PCl5 f) SF6

Acids and bases. (Chang pp. 64-67)

First, simplified definition of acids and bases:

An acid is a compound that yields (produces) hydrogen ions (H+) in water
A base is a compound that yields hydroxy (OH−) ions in water.

In Chem 102 you will see more complete definitions of acids and bases, but for the
moment these simple definitions will do.

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Common acids and their names you should know:
HF(aq) hydrofluoric acid
HCl(aq) hydrochloric acid
HBr(aq) hydrobromic acid
HI(aq) hydroiodic acid
For these halogen acids, the (aq) is needed to indicated “in aqueous solution). If not in
solution they are molecular compounds present as gases at standard temperature and
pressure, and named hydrogen fluoride(g), hydrogen chloride(g), hydrogen bromide(g)
and hydrogen iodide(g).
HNO3 nitric acid HNO2 nitrous acid
H2CO3 carbonic acid
H2SO4 sulfuric acid H2SO3 sulfurous acid
H3PO4 phosphoric acid
HClO3 chloric acid ClO3− = chlorate anion
HClO2 chlorous acid (one less O than HClO3) ClO2− = chlorite anion
HClO hypochlorous acid (two less O than HClO3) ClO− = hypochlorite anion
HClO4 perchloric acid (an extra O compared to HClO3) ClO4− = perchlorate anion

The common bases are much easier to remember:

NaOH sodium hydroxide
KOH potassium hydroxide
Ca(OH)2 calcium hydroxide, etc.

But also: NH3(aq)! When dissolved in water, ammonia acts as a (weak) base:

NH3 + H2O  NH4+ + OH–

The NH4+ cation is called the ammonium ion. In many ways it forms salts in the same
way as the alkali metal ions, e.g.:

ammonium chloride NH4Cl

ammonium sulfate (NH4)2SO4
ammonium nitrate NH4NO3
etc.

Hydrates (Chang p. 67)

Some compounds when precipitated from water crystallize as hydrates, i.e., compounds
combined with a specific number of water molecules. Some examples:
CuSO4.5H2O copper(II)sulfate pentahydrate (blue colour)
CuSO4.H2O copper(II)sulfate monohydrate (white colour)
MgSO4.7H2O magnesium sulfate heptahydrate
Some molecular (covalent) compounds also can form hydrates, e.g.:
H2C2O4.2H2O oxalic acid dihydrate

You are not responsible for Chang section 2.8

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Exercises.

Write the formula for:

a) iron(III) nitrate b) copper(I) nitrite
c) sulfuric acid d) sulfurous acid
e) aluminum hydroxide f) lead(II) iodide
g) sodium hypochlorite h) barium chloride dihydrate
i) phosphoric acid j) iron(II) sulfate
k) iron(III) sulfite l) chloric acid
m) magnesium perchlorate n) nitric acid
o) copper(II) nitrite p) lead(II) phosphate
q) tin(IV) carbonate r) silver nitrate

Answers
a) Fe(NO3)3 b) CuNO2 c) H2SO4 d) H2SO3 e) Al(OH)3 f) PbI2 g) NaClO h) BaCl2.2H2O i) H3PO4 j) FeSO4
k) Fe2(SO3)3 l) HClO3 m) Mg(ClO4)2 n) HNO3 o) Cu(NO2)2 p) Pb3(PO4)2 q) Sn(CO3)2 r) AgNO3

7
CHEM 101 Worksheet, Chapter 2: Atoms and Molecules NAME:__________________ QUID________
Multiple choice questions: circle the correct answer(A-E)
1. Phosphorus (P) is element # 15, Z = 15, 31 amu. It has ___protons, ___neutrons, ___electrons
A. 15, 31, 46 B. 16, 15, 16 C. 15, 16, 15 D. 31, 16, 31 E. 15, 46, 15
2. An isotope of the element bromine, Br, has 35 protons, it has 80 atomic mass units (80 amu).
Z= ___, ____neutrons, ____electrons
A. 80, 45, 80 B. 35, 45, 35 C. 35, 80, 35 D. 45, 35, 55 E. 35, 45, 35
3. Sodium, Na is element #11, 1123Na. The 23Na+ ion has ___protons, ___neutrons, ___electrons
A. 11, 12, 11 B. 11, 23, 10 C. 23, 11, 12 D. 11, 12, 12 E. 11, 12, 10
4. Chlorine is element #17. The chloride ion, Cl– , of isotope 35Cl has ___ p+, ___ n, ___e–
A. 18, 17, 18 B. 17, 18, 16 C. 17, 35, 16 D. 17, 18, 18 E. 17, 18, 16
5. Sulfur is element #16, 32 amu. The sulfide ion 32S2– has ___p+ , ___n, ___e–
A. 16, 32, 16 B. 16, 16,18 C. 16, 16, 14 D. 32, 16, 14 E. 14, 16, 16.
6. Octane has the molecular formula C8H18. Its empirical formula is:
A. CH9 B. C2H9 C3H9 D. C4H9 E. C8H18
7. Propene (also called propylene) has the molecular formula C3H6. Its empirical formula is
A. CH2 B. C2H C2H4 D. C6H12 E. CH3
In the tables below, fill in the correct formula or name
8. Give formulas for the following compounds.
Example: sodium chloride NaCl
a. potassium carbonate __________________
b. copper(II) sulfide __________________
c. iron(III) sulfite __________________
d. sodium dihydrogen phosphate (see Chang p. 66) __________________
e. nitric acid __________________
f. phosphoric acid __________________
g. aluminum nitrite __________________
h. dinitrogen tetroxide __________________
i. carbon monoxide __________________
j. magnesium sulfate heptahydrate __________________
k. sulfuric acid __________________
l. sulfurous acid __________________
m. hypochlorous acid __________________
n. chloric acid __________________
o. periodic acid (from iodine, I, analogous to perchloric acid) __________________
9. Name the following compounds
Example: KCl potassium chloride
a. K2SO4 _________________________
b. SO3 _________________________
c. Fe2O3 (use “Stock system”, p. 61) _________________________
d. Ba(OH)2 _________________________
e. Al2(CO3)3 _________________________
f. HClO3 _________________________
g. Ca(ClO3)2 _________________________
h. HClO4 ________________________
i. NaClO _________________________
j. Mg(NO3)2 _________________________