Chapter 4

Application Building
With IOT

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 Outline
• Smart perishable tracking / Smart transportation
• Smart healthcare
• Smart lavatory maintenance
• Smart water through IoT
• Smart warehouse monitoring
• Smart retail
• Smart driver assistance systems

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CKPCET, SURAT
 Introduction to Sensors Interfacing
The real potential and capability of IoT can be understood when applications are built with it. This chapter
discusses many case studies/possibilities which will certainly enable us to think about IoT from the application
perspective. Some of these case studies have been implemented and tested and the results are presented as well.

HEMIL PATEL
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CKPCET, SURAT
 IFTTT
• IFTTT is the acronym of "If This Then That", which is a web service created to chain any two web
services of user's choice.
• IFTTT is used as a major component in the applications.
• It is seen as an asset in the automation and IoT sector, where the applications can be developed
with ease and without much programming involved.

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CKPCET, SURAT
 • IFTTT versus Other Cloud Services
• IFTTT is a unique web service that offers many
interesting services and uses based on the
uploaded cloud data.
• Other cloud computing services can only store or
process data, but IFTTT not only processes data
but also triggers other conventional services such
as Google Assistant, Facebook, and Twitter.
• The best part of IFTTT is that the trigger for any of
its services can be generated by any other
services hosted by it. A simple diagrammatic
representation of the concept of IFTTT is shown in
Fig.

HEMIL PATEL
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CKPCET, SURAT
• Let us consider the following example. Let us assume that a user needs to send an email without even
opening the browser.

• The user wishes to send the email with a voice command through the Google Assistant.

• IFTTT makes it very simple and the task can be accomplished without writing any code.

• In the discussion, the procedure to create an account in IFTTT is presented step by

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• Step 1: Creation of Account

• IFTTT offers a very adaptable interface in order to create applets. To create an account or to sign in to an
existing account, visit the web link [Link] (Fig.).

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Step 2: Creation of Applets
• After the creation of the IFTTT account, click on
the "My Applets" tab at the top right corner and
click on "New Applet" to create a custom applet of
your own (Fig).
• As highlighted in Fig., we should instruct "if this
happens, then that has to happen" in a sequence.
Hence, the sequence has to be set by the user with
the set of supported services from IFTTT.

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• The user has to input both the
trigger and action of the task to be
performed.
• In simple words, the user has to
tell the applet what to perform
when a predefined task has been
completed.

• After clicking on the "New Applet"

tab shown in Fig. the page with
options shown in below Fig.
appears, where the user has to
specify the sequence of the actions.

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• For setting up the trigger, you have to
click on "this".
• Then, search for your favourite services
such as Gmail and Facebook. As
mentioned earlier, the goal is to send an
email just through a voice command.
• For doing this task, let us fragment the
statement into two tasks.
• The first task is to create a trigger
statement to provoke the email service,
and the trigger must be in the form of a
voice command.
• For receiving a voice command through
your phone, the best way is to use Google
Assistant. So, search for Google Assistant
in the search tab (Fig.)

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• After selecting the result (here,
Google Assistant is the result)
presented in the above search. click
on the applet named "Say a simple
phrase" (here, we are trying to give a
voice command)

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• After clicking on the tab shown in Fig.,
enter details like the voice command
you want to speak, reply from Google
Assistant, language for communication,
etc. Then click on the "create trigger"
tab to create and activate the trigger.
• This trigger is the starting point of the
sequence of actions to be performed
(Fig).

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• Now, it is time to create the action part of the task. To
do that, click on the "that" tab on the screen that
appears, as shown in Fig.

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• This will redirect you to the same search
box page where have to choose the email
service.
• After selecting the email service option, fill
in details such you as subject, body of the
mail, etc.

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• In the last step, click on the "create
action" tab to complete the process and
activate the applet.
• The place where you have to enter the
details is shown Fig.

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After completion of the entire
process, an
acknowledgement appears
on the screen (Fig. 79) to
show that everything has
been done the right way.

You can try some thing else

on your own.

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• Web services like IFTTT hold an important place in world of IoT
• IFTTT can control all your home appliances without touching your phone
• This possibility is a result of IFTTT integration with IoT

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• To control home appliances such as fans, lights, etc we need microcontroller
• It is hard for microcontroller to read an email we make it’s job easier by sending the data to
cloud service
• The microcontroller can easily read the data stored in the cloud service
• For example – If the data is stored in the cloud service such as Adafruit , then the
microcontroller NodMCU can easily read the data using the MQTT protocol

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Smart Perishable Tracking with loT and Sensors

Vegetables, fruits or any eatables all over the world are cultivated/produced at one place
and circulated to other parts of the country/world.
They are transported using various means, from the place of their cultivation to their
markets in faraway places.
For example, tomatoes cultivated in Ooty (Tamil Nadu) are transported in trucks to
many places in the state and across India.
Monitoring the quality of perishables and vegetables during transport is a challenge that
can be tackled by IoT and sensors.
Ironically, India suffers a huge loss due to wastage of agricultural produce while many
Indians go hungry and about 15% of the population is undernourished .
Therefore, it is essential to find and implement solutions to check the quality of
perishables.
IoT and sensors can be used to monitor the quality of agricultural produce to ensure that it is
consumed before it gets wasted/spoiled.

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 how perishables are stored under appropriate cooling systems at the source and destination, which helps
retain their quality.

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•There is a system available to track the quality of
perishables being transported and the delivery
being made, instead of the traditional "first in-last
out" pattern.
•Consider as an example three boxes of perishables
whose quality we have to monitor.
•We grade the boxes based on the quality of
perishables as A, B, and C Through IoT, sensors,
and an Android application, vegetable boxes are
graded and location details are pro- vided to the
driver to deliver the boxes with the help of a map.
•The proposed solution is presented
diagrammatically in Fig. Hence,
IoT + Sensors + Data Analytics = Frugal and
Feasible Solution
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Smart Healthcare Elderly Fall Detection with IOT and
Sensors
Why Fall Detection is Essential
•Aging Population:
Rapid increase in the elderly population globally.
More elderly individuals living independently.
•Fall Statistics:
Falls are a leading cause of injury among the elderly.
Statistically, 1 in 4 elderly people fall each year.
•Consequences of Falls:
Physical injuries (fractures, head injuries).
Psychological effects (fear of falling, loss of independence).
High healthcare costs.
•Current Solutions:
Manual monitoring.
Emergency call buttons

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Traditional Fall Detection Challenges
Delayed Response: Manual systems often lead to delayed help.
False Alarms: Traditional systems may not accurately differentiate between falls and non-fall
incidents.
Limited Coverage: Existing solutions may not cover all areas of a home or facility.

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Introducing Smart Fall
Detection with IoT
IoT (Internet of Things): Network
of interconnected devices that can
communicate and exchange data.
Sensors: Devices that collect and
transmit data to monitor the
environment and the person.

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Design

How IoT Enhances Fall Detection

Real-time Monitoring:
Sensors continuously monitor the elderly individual's movements.
Data Collection:
Various types of sensors (e.g., accelerometers, gyroscopes) detect abnormal movements or falls.
Immediate Response:
Automated alerts sent to caregivers or emergency services in case of a fall.

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Workflow of Fall detection system.
•The accelerometer (GY-61) sensor and the
gyro (MPU-6050) sensor are attached to the
posed wearable.
•The wearable has to be worn on both hands
of the elderly person.
•It can worn similar to a watch.
•Having measured the angle change of GY-61
and MPU-6050 with data various deliberate
falls, we have identified the threshold value
for each of these sensors.
• The data acquired from these sensors is
transmitted via Bluetooth node (HC-05),
which in turn is connected to the
microcontroller unit.
•Here we use Arduino Uno R3.

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•The server receives the data and the graph is
plotted for further analysis.
•During analysis, the focus is on observing whether
the data has gone above the determined threshold
or not.
•The moment the threshold value of the data to is
crossed , a call is triggered to the elderly person's
caretaker along with an alert message sent to
his/her registered mobile number.
• As an added alert mechanism, a buzzer is also
raised to get immediate attention.
•All this happens due to the synchronization of IoT,
sensors and data
analytics.

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 There is another feature of the fall detection system.
•When an elderly person goes to the bath- room he/she might remove the wearable.
• If he/she falls inside the bathroom, the fall may go unnoticed.
•To enable fall tracking inside the bathroom, two IR sensors are placed at the entrance of the bathroom.
•Also, piezoelectric plates are implanted at different places of the bathroom, just like tiles
•When there is a fall, the piezoelectric plates will generate the data
•This data is sent via bluetooth.
•When the person enters the bathroom, the IR sensors detect the entry and stop the incoming data from the
wearable.
•Now, the data transmission begins from the piezo- electric plates via bluetooth.
•The moment the person falls on the bathroom floor where piezo- are implanted, it would trigger alert
signals to the caretaker.
•. So, the fall inside the toilet or bathroom can also be tracked.

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Working of transmitter of fall detection system

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Working of the receiver of fall detection system

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Overall flow diagram of fall risk assessment using wearable
sensors.

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Understanding Fall Detection Systems

2020 2021 2022 2023

Sensor Technology Integration with
Real-Time Monitoring AI Enhancements
Advances Wearables

In 2020, fall By 2021, The year 2022 In 2023, artificial

detection systems algorithms were marked the intelligence
saw significant implemented to integration of fall further improved
advancements in analyze data from detection systems fall detection
sensor sensors in real- with wearable systems by
technology, time, enabling devices. This learning individual
including immediate innovation user behaviors.
accelerometers detection of falls. allowed users to This personalized
and gyroscopes This capability led have more approach
that enhanced to quicker freedom while minimized false
motion detection response times, ensuring that help alarms and
capabilities. which is crucial is just a tap away increased the
These for the safety of in case of a fall, accuracy of fall
improvements individuals prone enhancing overall detection, making
allowed for more to falling. user experience. these systems
accurate more reliable for
Following are the benefits or advantages of IoT Fall detection system.
➤The system reduces number of deaths of elderly people.
➤The system relieves tension of caretakers of the elderly people.
➤Moreover the caretakers need not have to be present 24 x 7 with the
elderly people and hence it saves time.
➤The system does not cost much due to availability of cheaper
components.
➤The system provides immediate first aid by alerting caretakers
immediately.
Smart Inflight Lavatory Maintenance with IOT

•Flight travel has become affordable for everyone.

•Many airlines are doing good business and many new airlines are opening.
•The quality of inflight hygiene and comfort, especially in long flights, is an important factor that
influences air travelers' choice of airlines.
•Therefore, it is important to keep inflight hygiene in top quality and give due importance to the
passenger comfort.
•If there is a threat to hygiene even during a flight, immediate action must be taken to address the
cause of the threat.
•A number of diseases are there which are caused by the unclean toilets.
•There is a system developed using IoT as the main technology for automating the lavatory
quality monitoring process and initiating an alert for cleaning to the crew.
•Apart from IoT, data analytics and embedded systems have been utilized to build this system.
The system has been tested for its working and it is observed that, if implemented, it would
definitely add value to the
airlines' efforts for hygiene maintenance.
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Prevailing Aircraft Lavatory Cleaning Practice
Till now, lavatory cleaning is done manually on land and the cabin crew is not alerted
about any hygiene threat through any system at all.
Lavatory Monitoring
•Aircrafts are checked for complete cleanliness before take-off. The aircraft lavatories are
cleaned and hygiene is ensured before take-off and After landing the aircraft.
•The cleanliness routine is repeated during re-fuelling of the aircraft. Thus, aircraft cleaning takes
place only before take-off and after landing. However, no measure is taken for assessing hygiene
during the flight.
This could be annoying for travellers. Hence, lavatory cleanliness is a challenge that has
to be addressed through technical solutions.
Statement
A better approach is to measure cleanliness during flight with real-time alert to the crew to clean
the lavatory if needed. This subsection provides a comprehensive technical solution for
monitoring in-flight lavatories.
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Working

In this system, the gas sensor MQ-05 is used for assessing the methane level present in the
lavatory.
•The threshold methane level corresponding to the clean lavatory is identified.
• When the methane level goes above this threshold, it is understood that the lavatory has to be cleaned.
• In this case, an alert shall be triggered to the concerned crew for necessary cleaning.
•The sensory data gathered from the lavatory shall be sent to the cloud for analysis and storage. Here, we
have used Adafruit for storage.
• The data is processed in the cloud and based on the data analysis, the concerned people gets an update
about the lavatory status.
•In addition to the automatic tracking of lavatory's cleanliness, every user is supposed to give feedback
about the lavatory cleanliness. To receive passenger feedback, we place two IR sensors,
one for positive feedback and the other for negative feedback.
•Together, the automatic tracking and the passenger feedback make up an effective system for getting the
best prediction possible about lavatory cleanliness. If a passenger gives a negative feedback, immediate
alert shall also be sent to the crew.
The sensor collects the data, the processing happens in the microcontroller and the data is stored in the
cloud for future prediction or reference.
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Architecture of the lavatory cleanliness monitoring system

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The testbed we used is very simple. Figure shows the gas sensor MQ-05 connected to
NodeMCU. The manual feedback collection setup is shown in Fig.

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IOT-Based Application to Monitor Water Quality

Water quality is failing due to various environment changes and man made pollution. As a result, it
has become essential to measure quality of the water at various water bodies. This helps in reducing water
pollution and consecutively in saving water life.
To monitor the quality of the water at regular interval of time, following methods are used.
• Manual Method
• Nodal network method
• IoT (Internet of Things) method

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Manual Method Of Water Quality Monitoring

In manual method, water samples are collected manually from different parts of the water body. The
collected water samples are sent to the laboratory for analysis of various parameters such as pH, dissolved
oxygen, conductivity, chloride content and so on.
The limitations or drawbacks or disadvantages of manual method are as follows.
➤It is difficult to collect the water samples from all the area of the water body.
➤The cost of analysis is very high.
➤The lab testing and analysis takes some time and hence the lab results does not reflect real
time water quality measurement due to delay in measurement.
➤The process is time consuming due to slow process of manual data collection from different
locations of the water body.
➤The method is prone to human errors of various forms.

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Nodal Network Method Of Water Quality Monitoring

In this method, wireless sensor nodes are installed at various regions of a river. The data collection is
carried out by these sensors and uploaded to cloud storage using internet. The location of sensors and their
position inside the water is fixed by the analysis team initially itself.
The limitations or drawbacks or disadvantages of Nodal network method are as follows.
➤The system is less effective as sensors are installed very deep inside the water and their positions are
fixed.
➤The sensors are very expensive. Moreover their maintenance cost is also very high. This leads to higher
cost on the regulatory body.
➤The sensors which work on power source may often required to be replaced in case of malfunctioning.
➤Mounted Sensors may get damage during natural disasters and often by aquatic animals.

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IoT Based Water Quality Monitoring System

➤In IoT based method water boat housing ESP32 board with water sensors is used. ESP32 consists of wifi
and bluetooth functionalities.
In order to avail GSM/GPRS functionality in the system, GSM/GPRS board (SIM800A) is interfaced with
ESP32 using UART interface. In case of Arduino Uno other than GSM board one has to interface wifi/BLE
module also as arduino does not house wifi or BLE chip.
➤Water sensor kit consists of many sensors used to measure water quality. These include pH sensor,
temperature sensor, conductivity sensor, dissolved oxygen sensor and so on.
➤The data collected by sensors from various locations of the water body such as river or lake are uploaded
to cloud storage server using wifi or GSM.
➤The data are being analyzed using machine learning techniques and appropriate reports are being
generated in different formats.
➤End users of the system can monitor the reports and results of water samples collected from various
locations using mobile or web app developed. GPS coordinates of the collected samples are also integrated
in the reports to understand level of pollution at particular locations.

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Benefits Or Advantages Of IoT Based Water Quality
Monitoring System
Following are the benefits or advantages of IoT based Water Quality Monitoring System are as follows.
➤The boat is mobile in nature and hence large number of samples are easily collected from different
locations in less time.
➤It is very easy to maintain the IoT based water quality monitoring system as all the electronic boards
are available in the boat itself.
➤The system is very cheap as the hardware and software does not cost much.
➤Machine learning techniques have made it very easy to plot the data collected in various formats for
proper analysis.
➤Cloud storage platforms such as adafruit, azure helps in storing the sensor data immediately and
wirelessly to the robust servers.

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Smart Warehouse Monitoring

The continuous growth of e-commerce is driving the rapid

development of the logistics and warehousing industries. It’s
not possible using only human efforts.

1. Chance of human error in inventory assessment

2. Miscounting
3. Most of the warehouse have tall racks(tall ladders are
used).
so it proves expensive for both staff and
management

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Smart Warehouse Monitoring

The continuous growth of e-commerce is driving the rapid development of the logistics and warehousing
industries. It’s not possible using only human efforts.
That’s why modern warehousing heavily relies on information technologies like Internet of Things
(IoT) systems to track, manage, and ship items as fast as possible.
Using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), or drones, allows warehouses to partially automate the
following activities:
• Speed up their work
• Improve warehouse efficiency
• Reduce the risk of physical harm for humans
• Reduce costs on warehouse management
• Cycle counting reduces the no. of missed inventories
• Barcode system (line of sight and barcode will fade)Vs Automated system.

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Hence, there is a need for automating the entire process of inventory management. We can use
IoT, drones and data analytics for automating inventory management.
We have used drones, data analytics, Android and IoT in our system to simplify the inventory
assessment process.
The drone will fly inside the warehouse, track the goods and components rack-wise, and give an
alert/update to the warehouse manager through both a web interface and an Android application that we
have developed

. This way, we can track every individual box in the warehouse, eliminating the chance for it being
lost/going untracked.
The architecture of our proposed system is presented in Fig. The complete workflow is also
explained which highlights the importance of IoT in accomplishing this task.

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Working

• The drone can be turned ON or OFF with the web app/Android app.
• The authorities managing the warehouse will have access to the application.
• An authorized person, maybe the warehouse manager, can control and access the application as well as
the drone.
• The pilot will drive the drone with appropriate flying directions and information.
• The flying can be fully automated when high-end autonomous drones are used which require zero
manual intervention.
• We attach an RFID reader to the drone.
• Each box in the warehouse is expected to have an RFID tag for unique identification.
• The RFID reader reads the information from the tag of a box when it flies near the box.
• The tag's ID details, read by the reader, are sent to the Adafruit Server.
• It is received by the web app using excel intermediate API. All the other incoming and outgoing inventory
details are manually read by the warehouse manager and directly entered into the web app.

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• The web app compares the data from the Adafruit and checks in database.
• If no missing data is observed, it shows no alert and there is no missed inventory.
• If there is any missing data or a data mismatch, it stores the data separately and alerts the user to look
into it to report the missing inventory.
• Another functionality "Track me" allows the manager to check the location of a particular item inside
the warehouse.
• When you enter a particular item code, the web app checks the code with its database and, if found, it
shows the result.
• If the particular item is not found, the web app automatically sends an alert notification to the
warehouse manager regarding the same.
• The notification could be: "Use the drone and check the item.
In the future, we may fly multiple drones inside the warehouse which can talk to each other.

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Benefits of the loT-based inventory assessment system.

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Smart Retail- IOT Possibilities in the retail sector

Overview
• Retail is the process of selling consumer goods or
services to end-users for earning a profit.
• The retail sector can be divided into
 Food,
 Clothing and textiles,
 Consumer Durables,
 Footwear
 Jewelry
 Books, Music, Gifts, etc.

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Importance

 In the retail industry customer plays key role

 The retail industry is rapidly transforming with IOT solutions.
 IOT is taking center stage in the sector.
 Industrial management has been an expensive and tedious process.
 IOT systems automatically monitors inventory.
 Send alert message to a managers if any certain item is running low or going to expire soon
 IOT devices are also helpful for avoiding
• Oversupply
• Shortage of goods and
• Thefts in stores.

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Importance

 Customers are notified about discounts and offers in real time

 It gives data about customer behavior and routes.
 Iot helps to increase
• Customer loyalty,
• Boosts sales
• Offer personalized experience
• Improve inventory management

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Requirements for IOT setup
 Sensors(Touch sensors, Gas Sensors, fire sensors, IR sensors)
 Actuators and tags(Alarm, Water sprinkler, Beacons, RFID Tag and Reader)
 Controllers(ESP32 MCU or Arduino UNO with wifi or Network Shield)
 LAN and WAN connectivity(Router and Switches, wireless access points)
 Cloud services

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Architecture

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Feedback- A key tool for Enhancing Customer Relationship

“Getting a new customer is tough, but retaining the gained customer is toughest”.
 Criticism spread faster by using social media platform.
 Feedback is very important for any business to sustain.
 It is hard to collect feedback with pen and paper
 Essential(because it can bring other customers)
 Feedback collection process can be improved by connecting it directly to the customer.
 By Using IOT based real time feedback collection with data analytics

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Workflow

 The system of collecting feedback through

simple equipment which has buttons to
reflect the service quality should be
deployed at all the important points .
 System has buttons like HAPPY, OKAY,
UNHAPPY, TERRIBLE which would be
connected to the sensors
 Inputs would be recorded and data their
data sent to the cloud.
 Immediate action can be taken on negative
feedback. Ex. Changing room
 Fig indicates diff. points in retail store where
the IOT based feedback collection equipment
could be placed.

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Prevention of Drowsiness of Drivers IOT-Based smart
Driver Assistance System.
Overview
 Vehicle manufacturing companies are trying
to make vehicles more comfortable and safe
for their passengers.
 They are experimenting to design a system
that could monitor and alert the user
suffering from highway hypnosis or white
line fever.
 As well as they need an lot based system to
prevent accidents caused by drowsy driver.

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Importance

Importance
 Driver's drowsiness is one of the major factor is
reported in road accidents.
 Drowsiness is a kind of sleeping sensation which can
lead for closing eyes.
 Drowsiness make one physically inactive and
insensitive to surroundings.
 So we need to monitor driver's consciousness along
with his acceleration pattern and steering angle.
 If any deviation is detected, a system should be there to
alert the driver.
A process of detecting the deviation and drowsiness of the
driver should be developed.

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Importance

 Using Image Processing and Machine

Learning (ML) technology a system can be
developed.
 The system detect whether the driver has
deviated or not, by monitoring the driver's
• facial movements,
• Eye Aspects Ration (EAR) for drowsiness,
• Acceleration pattern and
• change in the steering angle

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Requirements for IOT setup

 Sensors
•Ultrasonic Sensor
 Cameras
 On Board Diagnostic (OBD)
Access
 Controlling
• Raspberry Pi
 WAN Connectivity
 Cloud Services
 For Monitoring and Analysis
• PC
• Mobile
• Tablet

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How it works

 Camera units should be placed on board for capture

the face of driver and road view.
 The camera units should have USB connectivity with
vehicle computer.
 The camera units sends the sensed data to the
vehicle computer.
 The ultrasonic sensor nodes should be placed at
various place on outside the vehicle for detecting
surrounding distance.
 All the sensor nodes should have Wired / Bluetooth
connectivity with the vehicle computer.

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How it works

 The OBD unit of the vehicle should have Bluetooth

connectivity with the vehicle computer
 The vehicle computer
• Collects the data from the camera units, OBD unit and
the sensor nodes, and
• Apply some business logic,
• Do analysis on the collected data on it
as per the requirements and
• Send the filtered limited data to the
cloud computer as well as
• Send the alert messages to the driver.
 The vehicle computer should have Internet
connectivity for the cloud communication.

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How it works
 The driver side camera capture the drive facial and eye movement.
 The camera send the captured images to vehicle computer for EAR value and other calculation.
 EAR (Eye Aspect Ratio) is measured using following equation.

 Using image processing the system finds the eye positions and calculate the above mentioned
distance of the six points.
 When the driver closes his eye, the EAR value eventually drops to zero and the system detects

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How it works

 The road side camera capture the front view

images.
 The capture images sends to the vehicle
computer for
• Detecting lane
• Objects
• Sign boards
 Deviation is monitored using
OBD (On-Board Diagnostics) device.

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How it works

 OBD can record the pattern of acceleration

and steering angles during the drowsiness
of the driver.
 Compare the recorded values with the
threshold value and the historical data for
the actual deviation.
 All the calculated data is sent to the data
analytics and obtained result, is used to
alert the driver.
 The cloud data also useful for the vehicle
owner.

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System to measure collision impact in an accident with IOT

Overview
 Modern vehicles are equipped with the
collision detection mechanism.
 It blow up airbags when an accident occurs
and save lives in major cases.
 But if the collision is massive then the airbags
may not sufficient.
 In these cases emergency help needed to save
the lives.
 So we need a system that measure the severity
impact of the collision and alert messages

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Overview
 The messages contents
• Location of the accident
• Severity impact,
• Fire status,
• Speed of the vehicle,
• Number of passengers,
• Time of the incident, etc.
 Broadcast the messages to all the authorities like
•Ambulance service,
•Hospitals,
•Highway patrolling team,
•Fire brigade,
•Police,
•Family member of the vehicle owner, etc.

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Importance

➤ If a single accident occur in along highway

then it can be managed without the data of
severity of the collision.
➤ When multiple accident occurs on the
highway then the severity data is very
important to save lives of the very serious
victims.
Based on the data and severity impact, all the
emergency help will be reached timely at the
point.
➤ Thus, we need an lot based system that
sense the necessary parameters of the
collision.

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Requirements for loT Setup
➤ Sensors
• FSR Sensor(A force sensing resistor )
• Fire Sensor
• GPS Sensor
➤ Cameras
➤ OBD Access
➤ Controlling
• Raspberry Pi
➤ WAN Connectivity
➤ Cloud Services
 Monitoring and Analysis
• PC
• Mobile
• Tablet

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How it works

 Force sensitive resistor (FSR) sensors are useful

to measure pressure applied on the vehicle during
the collision.
 The FSR sensor are mounted on the vehicle at the
places where impact probability is higher than the
other part of vehicle during an accident.
 Based on the FSR data we can estimate the
severity of the collision.
 Fire sensor and GPS should be placed at
appropriate place of the vehicle.
 All the sensor nodes should have Wired /
Bluetooth connectivity with the vehicle computer.
 Camera units should be placed on board for
capturing all the passengers.

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How it works

 The camera units should have USB connectivity with vehicle

computer.
 The camera units sends the captured images to the vehicle
computer.
 The OBD unit of the vehicle should have Bluetooth connectivity
with the vehicle computer
The vehicle computer
• Collects the data from the camera units, OBD unit and the sensor
nodes.
• Apply some business logic,
• Do analysis on the collected data on it as per the requirements.
• Send the analyzed data to the cloud computer.
• Should have Internet connectivity.

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How it works

 Using OBD (On-Board Diagnostics) device the system records speeds of the vehicle.
 The fire sensor and GPS also sends the sensed data to the vehicle computer.
 Based on the analyzed data and severity of the collision the cloud system sent alert messages to all the
emergency help service provider and family member of the vehicle owner.
 The cloud data is used for data analytics and to provide the priority based emergency services.
 The system is automatic activated when the collision is detected.

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Integrated Vehicle Health Management

Integrated vehicle health management(IVHM) is one of the key areas in the

automobile industry. It is specifically connected to the aeronautical industry via
sensors and IOT.
IVHM involves the integration of sensors, AI, communication technology, data
analysts and software health management(SHM) to enable diagnosis of vehicles
condition and status by understanding and analyzing the data acquired from the
sensors.

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• The sensors are installed on all crucial parts of the plane and data from the
sensors is monitored continuously for flawless and continuous functioning of
the aircraft.
• Such data collected from the sensors can analyse the present state of the
flight, and it can also help in understanding and predicting the state of the
flight in the future.
• With these predictions, one can initiate maintenance and avoid accidents or
any risks associated.
• Such data is very handy to arrive at any operational decision, which is vital for
any real-time system such as aircraft.
• We need to understand that IVHM is not meant just for aircrafts. It can be used
for automobiles where applicable.

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What is IVHM?

• In simple words, IVHM is the ability of the systems to evaluate the current state as
well as the upcoming state of a machine (ie., the vehicle's condition).
• The results arrived at help us to understand the current status of the machine and
to make decisions and act accordingly.
• IVHM is related to diagnostic and prognostic systems.
• Diagnostics is concerned with analysing the failure of a system.
• On the other hand, prognostics is related to prediction.

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• It is more reasonable to predict failures
well in advance, before the failure
creeps into the system.
• Also, this helps in predicting the
remaining useful life of all the
components and parts of the machine.
• This remaining useful time is called
total technical life (TTL).
• Overall, IVHM is aimed at increasing
the availability, reliability and the
overall system life.
• A typical IVHM stack is presented in
Fig. 7.52. It shows that sensors,
communication technologies and AI are
required for the system to be complete.

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Functions of IVHM

There are five functions of IVHM that help in achieving

the goals, which are safety enhancement
and maintenance cost reduction .
• IVHM systems continuously collect data from
various sensors embedded in critical vehicle
components.
• IVHM can detect abnormalities by comparing real-
time data with expected performance models. For
instance, an unexpected rise in temperature or
pressure may indicate a developing fault.
• Fault prediction is the ability to foresee potential
failures before they occur, based on real-time
monitoring and historical data analysis.
• Maintenance planning involves organizing and
scheduling maintenance activities. It helps in
optimizing safety and operational efficiency.

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Architecture of IVHM

Figure shows the basic functional architecture of IVHM system.

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 The first block in the diagram is the data acquisition block, which incorporates
sensors for measuring the state of the components by the data collected.
 The temperature sensor, pressure sensor, speed sensor, flow rate sensor,
ultrasonic sensor and proximity sensor are used to monitor and control sensor
devices that are created for health management applications.
 Quick and accurate data transfer is ensured by the use of wireless sensor
networks by using the ability of the IEEE 802.11 protocol.
 The second block in the figure is the signal processing block, which is involved
in preprocessing and feature extraction of the data collected.
 The collected data is preprocessed to remove noises and artifacts.

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 The preprocessed data is then used to extract the fault or unwanted features in
the data.
 Low-pass filtering and time synchronous averaging(remove noise from the sensor
data,) are some of the data cleansing methods used for cleaning the data derived
from IVHM sensors, Fast Fourier transform(allowing analysts to identify patterns
in the data.) and short-time Fourier transform(useful for capturing changes in
signal characteristics over time.) are used for feature extraction process
algorithms.
 Both denoising and feature extraction can be done by using the wavelet theory(it
a powerful tool for analyzing complex signals).
 The third block in the IVHM architecture is the diagnostic block that receives the
component health/degradation data to find faults in it.
 This module analyses the received data to detect and isolate present and future
failure conditions.

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 The fourth block in the figure is the prognostic module that is used to predict
future failure conditions.

 This module receives the vehicle status data from the diagnostics block, which is
then combined with the historical data to estimate the time to failure of the
components and subsystems.

 IVHM uses model based(predict system behavior and identify deviations that
might indicate a problem.) and data-driven based(rely on historical data to learn
patterns and make predictions) algorithms for monitoring.

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 The Bayesian probability theory or Weibull modelling is used to analyse the
statistical form of historical data according to the experienced based approach.
 The fifth and final block of the architecture is the decision and reasoning
block, which helps to take action based on the analysed results from previous
blocks.
 The prognostic data is converted into product support actions and transmitted
to the auto-recovery systems onboard the vehicle through the information
system.
 The physical components of the IVHM are shown in Fig.

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The IVHM system architecture is presented for aircraft

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•Airborne System:
•This system monitors and manages the health of airborne equipment, such as
avionics, engines, and sensors.
•Detection:
•This function involves identifying potential faults or anomalies in the aircraft
systems. Technologies such as sensor networks and data mining are used to detect
irregularities.
•Diagnosis:
•After detecting a fault, the system performs a diagnosis to determine the cause of
the issue. This could involve analyzing data from various aircraft subsystems.
•Mitigation:
•Once a fault is detected and diagnosed, the system suggests or takes corrective
actions to mitigate the problem, preventing it from affecting the aircraft's operations.

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•Prognosis:
•Prognostic technology predicts the remaining useful life of components and
systems,
allowing for preventive maintenance before failure occurs. This is crucial for
improving safety and efficiency
•Structural Health Management System:
•This system monitors the aircraft's structural integrity, such as the airframe and
wings,
using construction technology and self-healing materials to manage potential
damage.
•Propulsion Health Management System:
•This system focuses on the health of the aircraft’s propulsion systems, primarily
engines,
ensuring they operate within safe parameters.

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•Technologies:
•The diagram lists key technologies used in this architecture:
•Sensor Network: Collects data from various points in the aircraft.
•Construction Technology: Involves the use of advanced materials and structures.
•Self-Healing Material: Materials that can repair themselves when damaged.
•Modeling Technology: Simulates different conditions to predict failures.
•Data Mining Technology: Analyzes large datasets for fault detection.
•Prognostics Technology: Predicts future failures.
•Fault Isolation Technology: Identifies the specific component causing the fault.
•Redundant Configuration Technology: Ensures system resilience by having backup
configurations.
•Filtering Technology: Filters out irrelevant or erroneous data during analysis.

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Applications of Industrial IOT(IIOT)

Introduction to IIOT
Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) refers to the application of IoT in industrial sectors, using
interconnected sensors, devices, and machines for improved automation and efficiency.
• M2M
 Connectivity(All industrial devices are connected)
 Sync.
 Communication
• Manual Error(Due to human intervention)
• Defect /Problems detection(at initial stage)
• Time & cost(minimum)
• Efficiency(increased)
• Safety(minimize accidents)
• Business Decisions(Fast and accurate)

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• IIoT focuses on connecting machines, sensors, and systems in industrial environments, such
as manufacturing plants, energy grids, healthcare, and transportation systems.
• Sensors and Actuators: These devices collect and transmit data from machines and their
surroundings.
• Connectivity: The data collected by sensors is transmitted via various communication
protocols.
• Data Analytics and AI: Data is analyzed, often using machine learning or AI, to derive insights
that help in decision-making and automation.
• Applications: Examples of IIoT applications include predictive maintenance—where
equipment failures are predicted in advance—or real-time monitoring of factory processes
for optimization.

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•Manufacturing: The concept of the Smart Factory involves IIoT-enabled automation and
real-time monitoring, leading to reduced downtime and improved production efficiency.
•Energy: Smart Grids use IIoT to monitor and manage energy consumption, allowing for
more efficient energy distribution.
•Healthcare: Hospitals use IIoT for remote monitoring of medical equipment and patients,
improving healthcare delivery and patient safety.
•Transportation: In logistics, fleet management systems use IIoT to track vehicles and
optimize routes, reducing fuel consumption and improving delivery times.
•Agriculture: Precision farming uses IIoT sensors to monitor soil conditions, ensuring
better crop yields and optimized resource use.

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Benefits of IIoT

• One of the top touted benefits the industrial internet of things affords business is predictive
maintenance. This involve organizations using real time data generated from IIoT systems to
predict defects in machinery.
• IIoT technologies help field service technicians to identify potential issues in customer
equipment before they become major issues.
• Asset tracking is another benefit. Suppliers, manufacturers and customers can use asset
management systems to track the location, status and condition of products throughout the
supply chain. The system will send instant alert to stakeholders if the goods are damaged.

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Challenges of IIoT

While the benefits are significant, IIoT also presents challenges:

Data Security: Industrial systems are attractive targets for hackers. Securing IIoT devices and
networks from cyber attacks is critical, as a breach could lead to production downtime or even safety
hazards.
Interoperability: Many industrial systems are old and proprietary. Integrating IIoT with existing
legacy systems can be difficult.
Scalability: As IIoT grows in size, managing these large-scale systems becomes complex. Companies
must be able to scale their IIoT solutions efficiently.
Data Privacy: Industries must ensure that sensitive data—whether it's intellectual property or
consumer data—is protected from unauthorized access.

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Assignment Questions

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