University of Engineering & Technology

Peshawar, Pakistan

CE215: Structure Analysis I

Module : 09
Analysis of Indeterminate Beams using Method of
Slope Deflection

By:
Prof. Dr. Bashir Alam
Civil Engineering Department
UET , Peshawar
 Topics to be Covered

• Introduction to Slop deflection method

• General procedure of analysis with Slop deflection method
• Step wise procedure for slope deflection method
• Examples
• Appendix
• References
 Analysis of Indeterminate Structures

 Introduction:
• Previously we have discussed Force/Flexibility methods of analysis of statically
indeterminate structures.
• In force method, the unknown redundant forces are determined first by solving the
structure’s compatibility equations; then other response characteristics of the structure are
evaluated by equilibrium equations or superposition.
• An alternative approach can be used for analyzing is termed the displacement or stiffness
method.
 Analysis of Indeterminate Structures
 Introduction:

• In displacement method, the unknown displacements are determined first by solving the
structure’s equilibrium equations; then the other response characteristics are evaluated
through compatibility considerations and member force-deformation relationships.

• The displacement methods includes Slope-Deflection Method and Moment-Distribution

Method.

• The slope-deflection method was introduced by George A. Maney in 1915.

 Analysis of Indeterminate Structures
 Slope-Deflection Method
• Introduction:
• The slope-deflection method was introduced by George A. Maney in 1915.

• This method takes into account only the bending deformations.

• This method gives an understanding of the Matrix-Stiffness Method, which forms the basis
of most computer software currently used for structural analysis.
 Analysis of Indeterminate Structures
 Slope-Deflection Method
• Introduction:
• When a continuous beam or a frame is subjected to external loads, internal moments
generally develop at the ends of its individual members.

“The slope-deflection equations relate the moments at the ends of the member to the
rotations and displacements of its end and the external loads applied to the member.”
• Let us consider an arbitrary member AB of the continuous beam.

A L B
 Analysis of Indeterminate Structures
 Slope-Deflection Method
• Introduction:
• When the beam is subjected to external loads and support settlements, the member AB
deforms as shown (exaggerated), and internal moments are induced at its ends.

Un-deformed position
P
w

B Deformed position
A L (elastic curve)

P
w MBA
MAB
A B
L
EI= constant
 Analysis of Indeterminate Structures
 Slope-Deflection Method
• Introduction:
P
w MBA
MAB
A B
L
EI= constant

Double-subscript notation is used for member end moments, with the first subscript identifying
the member end at which the moment acts and the second subscript indicating the other end of
the member.

• MAB denotes the moment at end A of the member AB.

• MBA denotes the moment at end B of the member AB.

 Analysis of Indeterminate Structures
 Slope-Deflection Method
• Introduction: w
P
MAB MBA

A B
L

 𝜃𝐴 & 𝜃𝐵 denote, respectively, the Un-deformed position

Tangent at A
rotations of end A and B with respect to
the un-deformed (horizontal) position
of the member. A B
Elastic curve
B’
θB
θA
A’

Tangent at B
 Analysis of Indeterminate Structures
 Slope-Deflection Method
P
• Introduction: w
MAB MBA

A B
L

Tangent at A
 Δ denotes the relative translation Un-deformed position
between the two ends of the member
in the direction perpendicular to the B
A
un-deformed axis of the member.
Elastic curve
B’
θB
Δ
θA
A’

Tangent at B
 Analysis of Indeterminate Structures
 Slope-Deflection Method
P
• Introduction: w
MAB MBA

A B
L
 Ψ denotes the rotation of the member’s
chord (straight line connecting the
deformed positions of the member ends) Un-deformed position
Tangent at A

due to the relative translation Δ.

A B
Elastic curve
 Since the deformations are assumed to B’
be small, the chord rotation can be θA Ψ
expressed as θB Δ
Ψ
A’
Cord

  (1) Tangent at B
L
 Analysis of Indeterminate Structures
 Slope-Deflection Method
• Introduction:
The sign convention used in this chapter is as follows:

“The member end moments, end rotations, and chord rotation are positive when
counterclockwise.”

• Note that all the moments and rotations are shown in positive sense in figure on previous
slides.

• The slope deflection equations can be derived by relating the member end moments to the
end rotations and chord rotation by applying the second moment-area theorem.
 Analysis of Indeterminate Structures
 Slope-Deflection Method
P
• Introduction: w
MAB MBA

A B
L

 ΔBA is tangential deviation of end B

Tangent at A
from the tangent to the elastic curve at Un-deformed position
end A and ΔAB is the tangential
deviation of end A from the tangent to A B ΔBA
the elastic curve at end B.
Elastic curve
B’
θA Ψ
A’ θB Δ
Ψ
Cord

ΔAB Tangent at B
 Analysis of Indeterminate Structures
 Slope-Deflection Method
• Introduction:
From figure in above slide we can see that
 BA    AB  
A  B  (2)
L L
By substituting into the preceding equation we have,
 BA  AB
 A    B   (3)
L L
According to the second-moment area theorem, the expressions for the tangential deviations ΔAB and ΔBA can be
obtained by summing the moments about the ends A and B, respectively, of the area under M/EI diagram between
the two ends.
 Analysis of Indeterminate Structures
 Slope-Deflection Method
• Introduction:
The bending moment diagrams for the member is constructed in parts by applying MAB, MBA,
and the external loading separately on the member with simply supported ends.

The three simple-beam bending moment diagrams thus obtained are shown in Figure.

ML diagram (simple beam

bending moment diagram
due to external loads)

MBA
3
2
A 1 B
MAB
Bending Moment Diagram
 Analysis of Indeterminate Structures
 Slope-Deflection Method
• Introduction:
Assuming that the member is prismatic (EI is constant along the length of the member) we sum the moments of the
area under the M/EI diagram about the ends B and A, respectively, to determine the tangential deviations.

1  M AB L  2 L   M BA L  L  
 BA          g B
EI  2  3   2  3  

M AB L2 M BA L2 g B
 BA    (4a)
3EI 6 EI EI

1  M AB L  L   M BA L  2 L  
 AB           g A
EI  2  3   2  3  
M AB L2 M BA L2 g A
 AB    (4b)
6 EI 3EI EI
 Analysis of Indeterminate Structures
 Slope-Deflection Method
• Introduction:
• In which gB and gA are the moments about the ends B and A, respectively, of the area under the simple-beam
bending moment diagram due to external loading (ML diagram).

• The three terms in equations (4.a & 4.b) represent the tangential deviations due to MAB, MBA, and the external
loading, acting separately on the member. with a negative term indicating that the corresponding tangential
deviation is in the direction opposite to that shown on the elastic curve of the member.

2 M ABL2
M AB L
6 EI 3EI

MAB

A Tangential deviation due to MAB

 Analysis of Indeterminate Structures
 Slope-Deflection Method
• Introduction:
A B
MBA

𝑀𝐵𝐴𝐿2 𝑀𝐵𝐴𝐿2
3𝐸𝐼 6𝐸𝐼
Tangential deviation due to MBA

A w P B

𝑔𝐵
𝑔𝐴 𝐸𝐼
𝐸𝐼
Tangential deviation due to External Loading
 Analysis of Indeterminate Structures
 Slope-Deflection Method
• Introduction:
By substituting the expressions for ΔBA and ΔAB into Eq. 3, we have

M AB L M BA L g B
 A   - - 5a 
3EI 6 EI EIL
M L M L g
 B    AB  BA  A (5b)
6 EI 3EI EIL

To express the member end moments in terms of the end rotations, the chord rotation, and the
external loading, we solve Eq. 5 simultaneously for MAB and MBA. Rewriting Eq. 5a as

M BA L 2 M AB L 2 g B
   2 A  
3EI 3EI EIL
 Analysis of Indeterminate Structures
 Slope-Deflection Method
• Introduction:
By substituting this equation into Eq. 5b and solving the resulting equation for MAB, we have
2 EI
M AB  2 A   B  3   22 2 g B  g A  6a 
L L
and by substituting Eq. 6a into either Eq. 5a or 5b, we have

2 EI
M BA   A  2 B  3   22 g B  2 g A  6b
L L

It indicates that the moments develop at the ends of a member depend on the rotations and
translations of member’s ends as well as on the external loading applied between the ends.
 Analysis of Indeterminate Structures
 Slope-Deflection Method
• Introduction:
Now, suppose that the member under consideration, instead being a part of a larger structure, was an isolated beam
with both ends completely fixed against rotations and translations, as shown.

A w P B

FEMAB θA = θB = Ψ = 0 FEMBA
Fixed-End Moments
The moments that would develop at the ends of such a fixed beam are referred to as fixed-end moments and their
expression can be obtained by setting θA = θB = Ψ = 0; that is,

2
FEM AB  2 g B  g A  7a 
L2
2
FEM BA  2 g B  2 g A  7b 
L
 Analysis of Indeterminate Structures
 Slope-Deflection Method
• Introduction:
By comparing Eqs. 6 & 7, we find that the second terms on the right sides of Eqs. 6 are equal to
the fixed-end moments.
2 EI
M AB  2 A   B  3   FEM AB 8a 
L
2 EI
M BA   A  2 B  3   FEM BA 8b
L

Equations (8a & 8b), which express the moments at the ends of a member in terms of its end
rotations and translations for a specified external loading, are called slope-deflections
equations.

These equations are valid for prismatic members, composed of linearly elastic material and subjected to
small deformations. The deformations due to axial and shear forces are neglected.
 Analysis of Indeterminate Structures
 Slope-Deflection Method
• Introduction:
The two slope-deflection equations have the same form and either end of equations can be
obtained from the other simply by switching the subscript A and B.

M nf 
2 EI
2 n   f  3   FEM nf 9
L

in which the subscript n refers to the near end of the member where moment 𝑛𝑓 acts and the
subscript f identifies the far (other) end of the member.
 Analysis of Indeterminate Structures
 Slope-Deflection Method
• Members with One End Hinged:
• The slope deflection equations derived previously are based on the condition that the member
is rigidly connected to joints at both ends, so that the member end rotations θA and θB are
equal to the rotations of the adjacent joints.

• When one of the member’s ends is connected to the adjacent joint by a hinged connection,
the moment at the hinged end must be zero.

• The slope-deflections equations can be easily modified to reflect this condition.

 Analysis of Indeterminate Structures
 Slope-Deflection Method
• Members with One End Hinged:
With reference to the previous Figure of member AB, if the end B of the member AB is hinged,
then the moment at B must be zero. By substituting MBA = 0 into Equation (8), we write

2 EI
M AB  2 A   B  3   FEM AB 10a 
L

2 EI
M BA  0   A  2 B  3   FEM BA 10b
L

Solving Eq. (10) for θB, we obtain

A3 L
θB     FEM BA  11
2 2 4 EI
 Analysis of Indeterminate Structures
 Slope-Deflection Method
• Members with One End Hinged:
To determine θB from the slope deflection equations, we substitute Eq. (11) into Eq. (10a), thus
obtaining the modified slope-deflection equations for member AB with a hinge at end B.

M AB 
3EI
 A     FEM AB  FEM BA  12a 
L  2 

M BA  0 12b 

Similarly, it can be shown that for a member AB with a hinge at end A, the rotation of the
hinged end is given by
B3 L
θA     FEM AB  13
2 2 4 EI
 Analysis of Indeterminate Structures
 Slope-Deflection Method
• Members with One End Hinged:
And the modified slope-deflection equations can be expressed as

M BA 
3EI
 B     FEM BA  FEM AB  14a 
L  2 
M AB  0 14b 

Because the modified slope-deflection equations given by Eqs. (12) and (14) are similar in form,
they can be conveniently summarized as

M rh 
3EI
 r     FEM rh  FEM hr  15a 
L  2 

M hr  0 15b 
 Analysis of Indeterminate Structures
 Slope-Deflection Method
• Members with One End Hinged:

M rh 
3EI
 r     FEM rh  FEM hr  15a 
L  2 
M hr  0 15b 
In which the subscript r refers to the rigidly connected end of the member where the moment
Mrh acts and the subscript h identifies the hinged end of the member.

The rotation of the hinged end can now be written as

r3 L
θh     FEM hr  16
2 2 4 EI
 Analysis of Indeterminate Structures
 Slope-Deflection Method
• Procedure For Analysis:
1. Degree of Freedom:
Identify the unknown independent displacements (translations and rotations) of the joints of the structure.

These unknown joint displacements are referred to as the degrees of freedom of the structure.

From the qualitative deflected shape of the continuous beam shown in Figure below, we can see that none of its
joints can translate.

30 k
1.5 k/ft
θB θC
A D
θB B θC C
20 ft 10 ft 10 ft 15 ft

The fixed joints A and D cannot rotate, whereas joints B and C are free to rotate.
 Analysis of Indeterminate Structures
 Slope-Deflection Method
• Procedure For Analysis:
1. Degree of Freedom:

30 k
1.5 k/ft
θB θC
A D
θB B θC C
20 ft 10 ft 10 ft 15 ft

This beam has two degrees of freedom, θB and θC, which represent the unknown rotations of joints B and C,
respectively.
The number of degrees of freedom is sometimes called the degree of kinematic indeterminacy of the structure.
This beam is kinematically indeterminate to the second degree.
A structure without any degrees of freedom is termed kinematically determinate.
 Analysis of Indeterminate Structures
 Slope-Deflection Method
• Procedure For Analysis:
1. Degree of Freedom:
• Here any load P applied to the beam will cause node A only to rotate (neglecting axial deformation), while node
B is completely restricted from moving.
• Hence the beam has only one unknown degree of freedom, 𝜃 , and is therefore kinematically indeterminate to
the first degree.
• The beam in Fig. 11–1b has nodes at A, B, and C, and so has four degrees of freedom, designated by the
rotational displacements 𝜃 , 𝜃 , and 𝜃 and the vertical displacement ΔC.
• It is kinematically indeterminate to the fourth degree.
 Analysis of Indeterminate Structures
 Slope-Deflection Method
• Procedure For Analysis:
1. Degree of Freedom:
• If we neglect axial deformation of the members, an arbitrary loading P applied to the frame can cause nodes B
and C to rotate, and these nodes can be displaced horizontally by an equal amount.
• The frame therefore has three degrees of freedom, θB, θC, ΔB, and thus it is kinematically indeterminate to the
third degree.
 Analysis of Indeterminate Structures
 Slope-Deflection Method
• Procedure For Analysis:
2. Slope Deflection equations:
The equilibrium equations Eqs. (17) can be expressed in terms of the unknown joint rotations, θB and θC, by using
slope-deflection equations that relate member end moments to the unknown joint rotations.

Before we can write the slope-deflection equations, we need to compute the fixed end moments due to the external
loads acting on the members of the continuous beam.
To calculate the fixed-end moments, we apply imaginary clamps at joints B and C to prevent them from rotating.

30 k
1.5 k/ft
A D

FEMAB FEMBA B FEMBC FEMCB C

 Analysis of Indeterminate Structures
 Slope-Deflection Method
• Procedure For Analysis:
2. Slope Deflection equations:

30 k
1.5 k/ft

A B B C C D
FEMAB FEMBA FEMBC FEMCB FEMCD FEMDC

The fixed-end moments that develop at the ends of the members of this fully restrained or kinematically
determinate structure can easily be evaluated by using the fixed-end moment expressions given inside the back
cover of book and from appendix of this module.
 Analysis of Indeterminate Structures
 Slope-Deflection Method
• Procedure For Analysis:
2. Slope Deflection equations:
After the finding fixed end moments if a node has a linear displacement, Δ, compute Ψ for the
adjacent spans. Apply Eq. 9 to each end of the span, thereby generating two slope deflection
equations for each span. However, if a span at the end of a continuous beam or frame is pin
supported, apply Eq. 15-a only to the restrained end, thereby generating one slope-deflection
equation for the span.
 Analysis of Indeterminate Structures
 Slope-Deflection Method
• Procedure For Analysis:
3. Equilibrium equations:
Write an equilibrium equation for each unknown degree of freedom
for the structure. Each of these equations should be expressed in terms of unknown internal
moments as specified by the slope-deflection equations. For beams and frames write the
moment equation of equilibrium at each support, and for frames also write joint moment
equations of equilibrium. If the frame side sways or deflects horizontally, column shears should
be related to the moments at the ends of the column.
 Analysis of Indeterminate Structures
 Slope-Deflection Method
• Procedure For Analysis:
3. Equilibrium equations:
For example 30 k
1.5 k/ft
θB θC
A D
θB B θC C
20 ft 10 ft 10 ft 15 ft

30 k
1.5 k/ft MCD
MBA MCB MDC

A B B C C D
MAB MBC
B C
 Analysis of Indeterminate Structures
 Slope-Deflection Method
• Procedure For Analysis:
3. Equilibrium equations:
30 k
1.5 k/ft MCD
MBA MCB MDC

A B B C C D
MAB MBC
B C

Because the entire structure is in equilibrium, each of its members and joints must also be in equilibrium. By
applying the moment equilibrium equations ∑MB = 0 and ∑MC = 0, respectively, to the free bodies of joints B and
C, we obtain the equilibrium equations
 Analysis of Indeterminate Structures
 Slope-Deflection Method
• Procedure For Analysis:
3. Equilibrium equations:
Substitute the slope-deflection equations into the equilibrium
equations and solve for the unknown joint displacements. These
results are then substituted into the slope-deflection equations to
determine the internal moments at the ends of each member.
 Analysis of Indeterminate Structures
 Slope-Deflection Method
• Step by step Procedure For Analysis:
For the convenience of students the above discussion can summarized as
1. Identify the degrees of freedom of structure.
2. Compute fixed-end moments.
3. In case of support settlements, determine the chord rotations Ψ.
4. Write slope deflection equations.
5. Write equilibrium equations for each joint.
6. Determine the unknown joint rotations.
7. Calculate member end moments by substituting the numerical values of joint rotations determined in step 6 into the slope
deflection equations.
8. Satisfy the equilibrium equations for joints in step 5.
9. Compute member end shears.
10. Determine the support reactions by considering the equilibrium of joints.
11. Satisfy the equilibrium equations for end shears and support reactions.
12. Draw shear and bending moment diagrams using the beam sign convention.
 Analysis of Indeterminate Structures
 Slope-Deflection Method
Example:01
Determine the reactions and draw the shear and bending moment diagrams for the two-span
continuous beam shown in Figure.

18 k
2 k/ft
A B C

10 ft 15 ft 30 ft

EI = constant
 Analysis of Indeterminate Structures
 Slope-Deflection Method
Example:01, Solution:
1. Degree of Freedom
We can see that only joint B of the beam is free to rotate. Thus, the structure has only one degree of freedom,
which is the unknown joint rotation, θB.

18 k
2 k/ft
A B C

θB
10 ft 15 ft 30 ft

EI = constant
 Analysis of Indeterminate Structures
 Slope-Deflection Method
Example:01, Solution:
2. Fixed End Moments
By using the fixed-end moment expressions given inside the back cover of the book, and from appendix of this
module we evaluate the fixed-end moments due to the external loads for each member.

Pab 2 181015
2
FEM AB  2   64.8 k  ft or  64.8 k-ft
L 252
Pa 2b 1810  15
2
FEM BA  2   43.2 k  ft or  64.8 k-ft
L 252
wL2 230 
2
FEM BC    150 k  ft or  150 k-ft
12 12
FEM CB  150 k  ft or  150 k-ft

Counterclockwise FEM are positive, whereas clockwise FEM are negative.

 Analysis of Indeterminate Structures
 Slope-Deflection Method
Example:01, Solution:
3. Chord Rotations
Since no support settlements occur, the chord rotations of both members are zero; that is, ΨAB = ΨBC = 0.

4. Slope-Deflection Equations
To relate the member end moments to the unknown joint rotation, θB, we write the slope deflection equation for the
two members of the structure by applying Eq. (9).

M nf 
2 EI
2 n   f  3   FEM nf 9
L

since the supports A and C are fixed, the rotations θA = θC =0.

 Analysis of Indeterminate Structures
 Slope-Deflection Method
Example:01, Solution:
4. Slope-Deflection Equations
Slope-Deflection Equation for Member AB

2 EI
M AB   B   64.8  0.08EI B  64.8 1
25
2 EI
M BA  2 B   43.2  0.16 EI B  43.2 2
25

Slope-Deflection Equation for Member BC

2 EI
M BC  2 B   150  0.133EI B  150 3
30
2 EI
M CB   B   150  0.0667 EI B  150 4
30
 Analysis of Indeterminate Structures
 Slope-Deflection Method
Example:01, Solution:
5. Equilibrium Equations
The free body diagram of joint B is shown in Figure.

18 k 2 k/ft
A B C

18 k MBA 2 k/ft
MBA MCB
B
A B MBC B C
MAB MBC

Member end moments, which are assumed to be in counterclockwise direction on the

ends of members, must be applied in (opposite) clockwise direction on the free body of
the joint in accordance with Newton’s Third Law.
 Analysis of Indeterminate Structures
 Slope-Deflection Method
Example:01, Solution:
5. Equilibrium Equations
The free body diagram of joint B is shown in Figure.

18 k MBA 2 k/ft
MBA MCB
B
A B MBC B C
MAB MBC

By applying the moment equilibrium equation ∑MB = 0 to the free body of the joint B, we obtain

M BA  M BC  0 (5)
 Analysis of Indeterminate Structures
 Slope-Deflection Method
Example:01, Solution:
6. Joint rotations
To determine the unknown joint rotations, θB, substitute the slope deflection
equations (Eqs. 2 & 3) into the equilibrium equation (Eq. 5).

0.16 EI B  43.2  0.133EI B  150  0

or
0.293EI B  106.8
from which
EI B  364.5 k  ft 2
 Analysis of Indeterminate Structures
 Slope-Deflection Method
Example:01, Solution:
7. Member End Moments
The member end moments can now be computed by substituting the numerical
value of EIθB back into the slope-deflection equation (Eqs. 1 to 4).

M AB  0.08 364 .5   64 .8  35 .6 k  ft
M BA  0.16  364 .5   43 .2  101 .5 k  ft or 101.5 k-ft
M BC  0.133 364 .5  150  101 .5 k  ft
M CB  0.0667  364 .5   150  174 .3 k  ft or 174 .3 k-ft

Positive answer for an end moment indicates that its sense is counterclockwise, whereas a negative answer implies
a clockwise sense. As MBA and MBC are equal in magnitude but opposite in sense, the equilibrium equation MBA +
MBC = 0 is satisfied.
 Analysis of Indeterminate Structures
 Slope-Deflection Method
Example:01, Solution:
7. Member End Moments
18 k 101.5 2 k/ft
101.5
B
35.6
A B 101.5 101.5 B C
174.3

8. Member End Shears

The member end shears, obtained by considering the equilibrium of each member, are shown in figure below

18 k 101.5 2 k/ft
101.5
B
35.6
A B 101.5 101.5 B C
174.3
8.16 9.84 27.57 32.43
 Analysis of Indeterminate Structures
 Slope-Deflection Method
Example:01, Solution:
9. Support Reactions
The reactions at the fixed support A and C are equal to the forces and moments at the
ends of the members connected to these joints. To determine the reaction at roller
support B, consider the equilibrium of the free body of joint B in the vertical direction.

B y  S BA  S BC  9.84  27.57  37.41 k  ANS

9.84 27.57
18 k 101.5 2 k/ft
101.5
B
35.6
A B 101.5 101.5 B C
174.3
8.16 9.84 27.57 32.43
37.41
 Analysis of Indeterminate Structures
 Slope-Deflection Method
Example:01, Solution:
9. Support Reactions
The support reactions are shown in figure below.

18 k 2 k/ft
A B C
35.6 k-ft 174.3 k-ft

37.41 k
8.16 k 32.43 k
 Analysis of Indeterminate Structures
 Slope-Deflection Method
Example:01, Solution:
10. Equilibrium Check
To check our calculations of member end shears and support reactions, we apply the
equations of equilibrium to the free body of the entire structure.

18 k 2 k/ft
A B C
35.6 k-ft 174.3 k-ft

37.41 k
8.16 k 32.43 k

   Fy  0
8.16  18  37.41  230   32.43  0 Checks
 Analysis of Indeterminate Structures
 Slope-Deflection Method
Example:01, Solution:
10. Equilibrium Check
To check our calculations of member end shears and support reactions, we apply the
equations of equilibrium to the free body of the entire structure.

18 k 2 k/ft
A B C
35.6 k-ft 174.3 k-ft

37.41 k
8.16 k 32.43 k
10 ft 15 ft 30 ft

  MC  0
35.6  8.1655  1845  37.4130  23015  174.3  0.2  0 Checks
 Analysis of Indeterminate Structures
 Slope-Deflection Method
Example:01, Solution:
11. Shear Force Diagram
18 k 2 k/ft
A B C
35.6 k-ft 174.3 k-ft

37.41 k
8.16 k 32.43 k
10 ft 15 ft 30 ft

27.57

8.16
16.2 ft
V kips A D B C
E
-9.84

-32.43
 Analysis of Indeterminate Structures
 Slope-Deflection Method
Example:01, Solution:
12. Bending Moment Diagram
18 k 2 k/ft
A B C
35.6 k-ft 174.3 k-ft

37.41 k
8.16 k 32.43 k
10 ft 15 ft 30 ft

88.7
46
M k-ft A B C
D E
-35.6

-101.5 -174.3
 Analysis of Indeterminate Structures
 Slope-Deflection Method
Example:02
Determine the reactions and draw the shear and bending moment diagrams for the two-span
continuous beam shown in Figure.

60 kN
15 kN/m
A D
B C

10 m 5m 5m
I 2I 2I
E = 200 Gpa , I = 700 (106) mm4
 Analysis of Indeterminate Structures
 Slope-Deflection Method
Example:02, Solution:
• From figure we can see that all three joints of the beam are free to rotate. Thus the beam have 3 degrees of
freedom, θA, θB, θD.

• The end supports A and D of the beam are simple supports at which no external moment is applied, the
moments at the end A of the member AB and at the end D of the member BD must be zero.

15 kN/m 60 kN

A D
B C

MBA B MDB = 0
A MBD D
MAB = 0
 Analysis of Indeterminate Structures
 Slope-Deflection Method
Example:02, Solution:
• The ends A and D can be considered as hinged ends and the modified slope-deflection equations can be used.

M rh 
3EI
 r     FEM rh  FEM hr  15a 
L  2 
M hr  0 15b 
• The modified SDE do not contain the rotations of the hinged ends, by using these equations the rotations θA, and
θD of the simple supports can be eliminated, which will then involve only one unknown joint rotation, θB.

15 kN/m 60 kN

A D
B C
 Analysis of Indeterminate Structures
 Slope-Deflection Method
Example:02, Solution:
1. Degree of Freedom
As explained on the previous slide the modified SDE will involve only one unknown joint rotation, θB.

15 kN/m 60 kN

A D
B C
 Analysis of Indeterminate Structures
 Slope-Deflection Method
Example:02, Solution:
2. Fixed End Moments
By using the fixed-end moment expressions we evaluate the fixed-end moments due to the external loads for each
member.

1510 
2
FEM AB   125 kN  m or  125 kN-m
12
FEM BA  125 kN  m or  125 kN-m
60 10  1510 
2
FEM BD    200 kN  m or  200 kN-m
8 12
FEM DB  200 kN  m or  200 kN-m

15 kN/m 60 kN

A D
B C
10 m 5m 5m
 Analysis of Indeterminate Structures
 Slope-Deflection Method
Example:02, Solution:
3. Slope-Deflection Equations
Since both members of the beam have one end hinged, we use Eqs. 15 to obtain the
slope-deflection equations for both members.

15 kN/m 60 kN

A D
B C

M rh 
3EI
 r     FEM rh  FEM hr  15a 
L  2 
M hr  0 15b 
 Analysis of Indeterminate Structures
 Slope-Deflection Method
Example:02, Solution:
3. Slope-Deflection Equations

M rh 
3EI
r     FEMrh  FEMhr  15a
L  2 
M hr  0 15b
M AB  0 ANS

M BA 
3EI
 B     125  125   0.3EI B  187.5 1
10  2 
3E 2 I 
M BD   B    200  200   0.6 EI B  300 2
10  2 
M DB  0 ANS
 Analysis of Indeterminate Structures
 Slope-Deflection Method
Example:02, Solution:
4. Equilibrium Equations
By considering the moment equilibrium of the free body of joint B, we obtain the
equilibrium equation

MBA
B

MBD

M BA  M BD  0 (3)
 Analysis of Indeterminate Structures
 Slope-Deflection Method
Example:02, Solution:
5. Joint rotations
To determine the unknown joint rotation θB we substitute the SDE (Eqs. 1 &2) into the
equilibrium equations Eq. 3 to obtain

0.3EI B  187.5  0.6 EI B  300  0

or
0.9 EI B  112.5
from which
EI B  125 kN  m 2
 Analysis of Indeterminate Structures
 Slope-Deflection Method
Example:02, Solution:
6. Member End Moments
The member end moments can now be computed by substituting the numerical

value of EIθB back into the slope-deflection equation (Eqs. 1 & 2).

M BA  0.3 125  187.5  225 kN  m or 225 kN-m ANS

M BD  0.6 125  300  225 kN  m ANS

60 kN
15 kN/m 15 kN/m
B
A B 225 225 B C
225 225

Positive answer for an end moment indicates that its sense is counterclockwise,
 Analysis of Indeterminate Structures
 Slope-Deflection Method
Example:02, Solution:
7. Member End Shears and support reactions
The member actions & support reactions are shown below
60 kN
15 kN/m 97.5 127.5 15 kN/m
B
A B 225 225 B C
225 225
52.5 97.5 127.5 82.5
By = 225

15 kN/m 60 kN

A D
B C

52.5 kN 225 kN 82.5 kN

 Analysis of Indeterminate Structures
 Slope-Deflection Method
Example:02, Solution:
8. Equilibrium Check
To check our calculations of member end shears and support reactions, we apply the
equations of equilibrium to the free body of the entire structure.
15 kN/m 60 kN

A D
B C

52.5 kN 225 kN 82.5 kN

   Fy  0
52.5  1520   225  60  82.5  0 Checks
  MC  0
 52.520  1520 10  22510   605  0 Checks
 Analysis of Indeterminate Structures
 Slope-Deflection Method
Example:02, Solution:
9. Shear Force Diagram
15 kN/m 60 kN

A D
B C
52.5 kN 225 kN 82.5 kN

10 m 5m 5m
127.5
52.5
52.5

V kN A E B D
C
3.5 m -7.5

-97.5 -82.5
 Analysis of Indeterminate Structures
 Slope-Deflection Method
Example:02, Solution:
10. Bending Moment Diagram 60 kN
15 kN/m
B
A D
C
225 kN-m 225 kN-m
52.5 kN 82.5 kN
225 kN
10 m 5m 5m
225

91.88

E B
M kN-m A D
C

225
 Analysis of Indeterminate Structures
 Slope-Deflection Method
Example:03
Determine the member end moments and reactions for the three-span continuous beam shown,
due to the uniformly distributed load and due to the support settlements of 5/8 in. at B, and 1.5
in. at C, and ¾ in. at D.

2 k/ft
A D
B C

20 ft 20 ft 20 ft

E = 29,000 ksi
I = 7,800 in.4
 Analysis of Indeterminate Structures
 Slope-Deflection Method
Example:03, Solution:
1. Degree of Freedom
Four joints of the beam are free to rotate, we will eliminate the rotations of simple

supports at ends A and D and use the modified SDE for member AB and CD

respectively.
The analysis will involve only two unknown joint rotations, θB and θC.

2 k/ft
A D
B C
 Analysis of Indeterminate Structures
 Slope-Deflection Method
Example:03, Solution:
2. Fixed End Moments
By using the fixed-end moment expressions we evaluate the fixed-end moments due to the external loads for each
member.

2 k/ft
A D
B C

220
2
FEM AB  FEM BC  FEM CD   66.7 k  ft or  66.7 k-ft
12
FEM BA  FEM CB  FEM DC  66.7 k  ft or  66.7 k-ft
 Analysis of Indeterminate Structures
 Slope-Deflection Method
Example:03, Solution:
3. Chord Rotations
The specified support settlements are shown on a exaggerated scale.
2 k/ft
A D
B C
20 ft 20 ft 20 ft

A B C D
5 3
ΨAB 𝑖𝑛
1 4
𝑖𝑛
8
ΨBC 1 𝑖𝑛
2 D’
B’ ΨCD
C’

0.0521 0.0729 1.5  0.75

 AB    0.0026  BC    0.00365  CD   0.00313
20 20 1220
 Analysis of Indeterminate Structures
 Slope-Deflection Method
Example:03, Solution:
4. Slope-Deflection Equations
For members AB and CD use modified SDE and for member BC use normal SDE, we
have 2 k/ft
A D
B C
20 ft 20 ft 20 ft

M rh 
3 EI
 r      FEM rh  FEM hr  15 a 
L  2 
M hr 0 15b 

M nf 
2 EI
2 n   f  3   FEM nf 9
L
 Analysis of Indeterminate Structures
 Slope-Deflection Method
Example:03, Solution:
4. Slope-Deflection Equations
M AB  0 ANS
3 EI
M BA   B  0.0026   100  0.15 EI  B  0.00039 EI  100 1
10
2 EI
M BC  2 B   C  3 0.00365   66 .7
20
 0.2 EI  B  0.1EI  C  0 .0011 EI  66 .7 2 
2 EI
M CB  2 C   B  3 0.00365   66 .7
20
 0.1EI  B  0 .2 EI  C  0 .0011 EI  66 .7 3
3 EI
M CD   C  0.00313   100  0.15 EI  C  0.00047 EI  100 4 
20
M DC  0 ANS
 Analysis of Indeterminate Structures
 Slope-Deflection Method
Example:03, Solution:
5. Equilibrium Equations
By considering the moment equilibrium of the free body of joint B and C, we obtain
the equilibrium equation

MBA MCB
B C

MBC MCD

M BA  M BC  0 (5)
M CB  M CD  0 (6)
 Analysis of Indeterminate Structures
 Slope-Deflection Method
Example:03, Solution:
6. Joint rotations
By substituting the slope-deflection equations (Eqs. 1 – 4) into the equilibrium
equations (Eqs. 5 & 6), we obtain
0.35EI B  0.1EI C  0.00149 EI  33.3
0.1EI B  0.35EI C  0.00063EI  33.3
substituting 𝐸𝐼 = (29,000)(7,800)/(12)2 k-ft2 into the right sides of the above equations yields

0.35EI B  0.1EI C  2,307.24 (7)

0.1EI B  0.35 EI C  1,022.93 (8)

By solving Eqs. (7) and (8) simultaneously, we determine the values of EIθB and EIθC to be
EI  B   6 , 268 . 81 k  ft 2
EI  C   1,131 . 57 . 81 k  ft 2
 Analysis of Indeterminate Structures
 Slope-Deflection Method
Example:03, Solution:
7. Member End Moments
To compute the member end moments, substitute the numerical values of EIθB and
EIθC back into the slope-deflection equations (Eqs. 1 – 4) to obtain

M BA = 427.7 k - ft or 427.7 k-ft ANS

M BC = 427.7 k - ft ANS
M CB = 808 k - ft ANS
M CD = 808 k - ft or - 808 k-ft ANS

2 k/ft 2 k/ft 808 808 2 k/ft

B C

A B 427.7 B C C D
427.7
 Analysis of Indeterminate Structures
 Slope-Deflection Method
Example:03, Solution:
8. Member End Shears and support reactions
The member actions & support reactions are shown below

41.38 81.79 41.79 20.4

2 k/ft 2 k/ft 808 808 2 k/ft
B C

A B 427.7 B C C D
427.7
1.38 41.38 81.79 41.79 20.4 60.4
By = 123.17 Cy = 62.19

2 k/ft
A D
B C

1.38 k 123.17 k 62.19 k 60.4 k

 Analysis of Indeterminate Structures
 Slope-Deflection Method
Example:03, Solution:
9. Shear Force Diagram
2 k/ft
A D
20 ft 20 ft 20 ft
B C

1.38 k 123.17 k 62.19 k 60.4 k

81.79
41.79

V kips A D
B C
-1.38
-20.4

-41.38

-60.4
 Analysis of Indeterminate Structures
 Slope-Deflection Method
Example:03, Solution:
10. Bending Moment Diagram
2 k/ft
A D
20 ft 20 ft 20 ft
B C

1.38 k 123.17 k 62.19 k 60.4 k

808.2

M k-ft A D
B C

-427.6
 Appendix
 Fixed End Actions
 Appendix
 Fixed End Actions
 Appendix
 Fixed End Actions
 Appendix
 Fixed End Actions
 Appendix
 Fixed End Actions
 Appendix
 Fixed End Actions
 References

• Structural Analysis by R. C. Hibbeler

• Structure Analysis by Alexander chajes

• Online Civil Engineering blogs

University of Engineering & Technology
Peshawar, Pakistan

CE215: Structure Analysis I

Module : 10
Analysis of Indeterminate Frames using Method of
Slope Deflection

By:
Prof. Dr. Bashir Alam
Civil Engineering Department
UET , Peshawar
 Topics to be Covered
• Introduction Sway and Non Sway Frames
• Analysis of Non Sway Frames using slope deflection
method
• Examples
• General procedure of analysis for Sway Frames using
slope deflection method
• Example
• Appendix
• References
 Analysis of Indeterminate Structures

 Types of Frames :
On the basis of lateral displacement frames are classified in to
following two types
• Frames with Sway
• Frames without Sway
 Analysis of Indeterminate Structures
 Sway:
In statically indeterminate structures the structures the frames
deflect laterally due the presence of lateral load or unsymmetrical
vertical loads or where the frames themselves are unsymmetrical.
• Causes of side sway:
 Unsymmetrical loading (eccentric loading)
 Different end conditions of the columns of the frame
 Non uniform sections of the members
 Horizontal loading on column of the frame
 Settlement of the supports of the frame
 Analysis of Indeterminate Structures
• Frames without side sway:
 Analysis of Indeterminate Structures
• Frames with side sway:
Analysis of Indeterminate Structures

Part I
Analysis of Frames without side sway
 Analysis of Indeterminate Structures
 Slope-Deflection Method
• Introduction:
• The slope-deflection method can also be used for the analysis of
frames.

• Axial deformations are neglected as they are very small.

• Consider the frame shown.

P
C D E

A B
 Analysis of Indeterminate Structures
 Slope-Deflection Method
• Introduction:
• Fixed joint A and B can neither rotate nor translate.
• Joint C can rotate but cannot translate.
• Joint D is free to rotate but its translation in any direction is
prevented by member AD and CD (inextensible member).
• Joint E is free to rotate but its translation is prevented by member
DE and BE.
θD P
C D E
θD θE

θD θE

A B
 Analysis of Indeterminate Structures
 Slope-Deflection Method
• Step by step Procedure For Analysis:
Following steps will be followed to analyze a frame with SDM.
1. Identify the degrees of freedom of structure.
2. Compute fixed-end moments.
3. In case of support settlements, determine the chord rotations Ψ.
4. Write slope deflection equations.
5. Write equilibrium equations for each joint.
6. Determine the unknown joint rotations.
7. Calculate member end moments by substituting the numerical values of joint rotations
determined in step 6 into the slope deflection equations.
8. Satisfy the equilibrium equations for joints in step 5.
9. Compute member end shears.
10. Determine the support reactions by considering the equilibrium of joints.
11. Satisfy the equilibrium equations for end shears and support reactions.
12. Draw Axial, shear force and bending moment diagrams using the beam sign convention.
 Analysis of Indeterminate Structures
 Slope-Deflection Method
Example:01
Determine the member end moments and reactions for the frame shown
by the slope-deflection method. Take E = 29,000 ksi
2 k/ft

C E
I = 1,600 in4 D I = 1,600 in4

10 ft

I = 800 in4
I = 800 in4

40 k

10 ft
A B

30 ft 30 ft
 Analysis of Indeterminate Structures
 Slope-Deflection Method
Example:01, Solution:
1. Degree of Freedom
• Joints C, D and E are free to rotate.
• We will eliminate the rotation of the simple support at end E by using the modified
slope-deflection equations for member DE.
• The analysis now involves two unknown joint rotations, θC and θD.

2 k/ft

C E
I = 1,600 in4 D I = 1,600 in4

I = 800 in4
I = 800 in4

40 k

A B
 Analysis of Indeterminate Structures
 Slope-Deflection Method
Example:01, Solution:
2. Fixed End Moments
By using the fixed-end moment expressions given inside the back cover of the book,
and from appendix of this module we evaluate the fixed-end moments due to the
external loads for each member.
4020
FEM AC   100 k  ft or  100 k-ft
8
FEM CA  100 k  ft or  100 k-ft
FEM BD  FEM DB  0
230 
2
FEM CD  FEM DE   150 k  ft or  150 k-ft
12
FEM DC  FEM ED  150 k  ft or  150 k-ft

Counterclockwise FEM are positive, whereas clockwise FEM are negative.

 Analysis of Indeterminate Structures
 Slope-Deflection Method
Example:01, Solution:
3. Chord Rotations
Since no support settlements occur, the chord rotations of both members are zero; that
is, Ψ = 0.

4. Slope-Deflection Equations
We write slope-deflection equations by applying Eq. 9 to members AC, BD, and CD
and Eq. 15 to member DE there is hinge at E so use modified SDE.
I girder  1,600  2800  2 I

M nf 
2 EI
2 n   f  3   FEM nf 9
L

M rh 
3EI
r     FEMrh  FEMhr  15a
L  2 
M hr  0 15b
 Analysis of Indeterminate Structures
 Slope-Deflection Method
Example:01, Solution:
4. Slope-Deflection Equations
2 EI
M AC   C   100  0 .1EI  C  100 1
20
2 EI
M CA  2 C   100  0 .2 EI  C  100 2 
20
2 EI
M BD   D   0 .1EI  D 3 
20
2 EI
M DB  2 D   0 .2 EI  D 4 
20
2 E 2 I 
M CD  2 C   D   150  0 .267 EI  C  0 .133 EI  D  150 5 
30
2 E 2 I 
M DC  2 D   C   150  0 .133 EI  C  0 .267 EI  D  150 6 
30
3 E 2 I 
M DE   D    150  150   0 .2 EI  D  225 7 
30  2 
M ED 0 ANS
 Analysis of Indeterminate Structures
 Slope-Deflection Method
Example:01, Solution:
5. Equilibrium Equations
Apply the moment equilibrium equation, ∑M = 0, to the free bodies of the joints C
and D.
2 k/ft

C E
I = 1,600 in4 D I = 1,600 in4

I = 800 in4
I = 800 in4

40 k

A B
 Analysis of Indeterminate Structures
 Slope-Deflection Method
Example:01, Solution:
5. Equilibrium Equations
Apply the moment equilibrium equation, ∑M = 0, to the free bodies of the joints C
and D.
C D
MCD MDC MDE

MCA
MDB

M CA  M CD  0 (8)
M DB  M DC  M DE  0 (9)
 Analysis of Indeterminate Structures
 Slope-Deflection Method
Example:01, Solution:
6. Joint rotations
Substitution of the SDE into the equilibrium equations yields

0.467 EI C  0.133EI D  50 (10)

0.133EI C  0.667 EI D  75 (11)

Solve simultaneously,

EI C  79.545 k - ft 2
EI D  96.591 k - ft 2
 Analysis of Indeterminate Structures
 Slope-Deflection Method
Example:01, Solution:
7. Member End Moments
The member end moments can now be computed by substituting the values of EIθC
and EIθD into the SDE (1 – 7)

M AC  92 k  ft ANS
M CA  115.9 k  ft or 115.9 k - ft ANS
M BD  9.7 k  ft or 9.7 k - ft ANS
M DB  19.3 k  ft or 19.3 k - ft ANS
M CD  115.9 k  ft ANS
M DC  186.4 k  ft or 186.4 k - ft ANS
M DE  205.7 k  ft ANS
 Analysis of Indeterminate Structures
 Slope-Deflection Method
Example:01, Solution:
8. Member End Shears and Axial Force
The member end shears, obtained by considering the equilibrium of each member, are
shown in figure below
32.35 36.86
27.65 2 k/ft 2 k/ft
C 21.2 21.2 D 22.65 22.65
C D D E
21.2 186.4 205.7
115.9
1.45
115.9 27.65 32.35 19.3 36.86 23.14

27.65 69.21

115.9 19.3
21.2 1.45
C D

Note:
40 k Units are
1. k-ft for moments
2. kip for forces
A 18.8 1.45 B

92 9.7
27.65 69.21
 Analysis of Indeterminate Structures
 Slope-Deflection Method
Example:01, Solution:
9. Support Reactions

2 k/ft
22.65 k
C E
I = 1,600 in4 D I = 1,600 in4

I = 800 in4
I = 800 in4

40 k 23.14 k

A B
18.8 k 1.45 k
92 k-ft 9.7 k-ft

27.65 k 69.21 k
 Analysis of Indeterminate Structures
 Slope-Deflection Method
Example:01, Solution:
10. Equilibrium Check
To check our calculations we apply the equations of equilibrium to the free body of
the entire structure.

M CA  M CD  115.9  115.9  0 Checks

M DB  M DC  M DE  19.3  186.4  205.7  0 Checks
 Analysis of Indeterminate Structures
 Slope-Deflection Method
Example:01, Solution:
11. Axial Force Diagram

22.65k
21.2k

27.65k 69.21k
 Analysis of Indeterminate Structures
 Slope-Deflection Method
Example:01, Solution:
12. Shear Force Diagram
36.86
27.65

-32.35 -23.14

-21.2

Note:
Units are
18.8 -1.45 1. k-ft for moments
2. kip for forces
 Analysis of Indeterminate Structures
 Slope-Deflection Method
Example:01, Solution:
13. Bending Moment Diagram

133.96
75.23
-19.3

-115.9
-186.4 -205.7

96

9.7 Note:
-92 Units are
1. k-ft for moments
2. kip for forces
 Analysis of Indeterminate Structures
 Slope-Deflection Method
Example:02
Determine the member end moments and reactions for the frame due to
settlement of ¾ in. at support B, shown, by the slope-deflection method.
Take E = 29,000 ksi

C E
I = 1,600 in4 D I = 1,600 in4

I = 800 in4
I = 800 in4

20 ft

A B

30 ft 30 ft
 Analysis of Indeterminate Structures
 Slope-Deflection Method
Example:02, Solution:
1. Degree of Freedom
The analysis involves two unknown joint rotations, θC and θD.

C E
I = 1,600 in4 D I = 1,600 in4

I = 800 in4
I = 800 in4

20 ft

A B

30 ft 30 ft
 Analysis of Indeterminate Structures
 Slope-Deflection Method
Example:02, Solution:
2. Chord Rotations
Since the axial deformation of the member BD is neglected, the ¾ in. settlement of
support B causes the joint D to displace downward by the same amount. The inclined
dashed lines in this figure represents the chords (not the elastic curve) of members CD
and DE in the deformed position.
D
C E
¾ in ΨDE
ΨCD
Dʹ
20 ft

A B
¾ in
Bʹ
30 ft 30 ft
 Analysis of Indeterminate Structures
 Slope-Deflection Method
Example:02, Solution:
2. Chord Rotations
3
ψCD   4  0.00208
1230
3
 DE  4  0.00208
1230
C E
¾ in D ΨDE
ΨCD
Dʹ
20 ft

A B
¾ in
Bʹ
30 ft 30 ft
 Analysis of Indeterminate Structures
 Slope-Deflection Method
Example:02, Solution:
3. Fixed End Moments
As there is no external load applied on the structure as shown in the figure below so
F.E.M will be zero.

C E
I = 1,600 in4 D I = 1,600 in4

I = 800 in4
I = 800 in4

20 ft

A B

30 ft 30 ft
 Analysis of Indeterminate Structures
 Slope-Deflection Method
Example:02, Solution:
4. Slope-Deflection Equations
We write slope-deflection equations by applying Eq. 9 to members AC, BD, and CD
and Eq. 15 to member DE there is hinge at E so use modified SDE.

M nf 
2 EI
2 n   f  3   FEM nf 9
L

M rh 
3EI
r     FEMrh  FEMhr  15a
L  2 
M hr  0 15b
 Analysis of Indeterminate Structures
 Slope-Deflection Method
Example:02, Solution:
4. Slope-Deflection Equations
We write slope-deflection equations by applying Eq. 9 to members AC, BD, and CD
and Eq. 15 to member DE there is hinge at E so use modified SDE.

M AC  0.1EI C 1
M CA  0.2 EI C 2
M BD  0.1EI D 3
M DB  0.2 EI D 4
2 E 2 I 
M CD  2C   D  3 0.00208
30
 0.267 EI C  0.133EI D  0.000832EI 5
 Analysis of Indeterminate Structures
 Slope-Deflection Method
Example:02, Solution:
4. Slope-Deflection Equations
We write slope-deflection equations by applying Eq. 9 to members AC, BD, and CD
and Eq. 15 to member DE there is hinge at E so use modified SDE.

2 E 2 I 
M DC  2 D  C  3 0.00208
30
 0.133EI C  0.267 EI D  0.000832 EI 6
3E 2 I 
M DE   D  0.00208  0.2 EI D  0.000416EI 7 
30
M ED  0 ANS
 Analysis of Indeterminate Structures
 Slope-Deflection Method
Example:02, Solution:
5. Equilibrium Equations
Apply the moment equilibrium equation, ∑M = 0, to the free bodies of the joints C
and D.
C D
MCD MDC MDE

MCA
MDB

M CA  M CD  0 (8)
M DB  M DC  M DE  0 (9)
 Analysis of Indeterminate Structures
 Slope-Deflection Method
Example:02, Solution:
6. Joint rotations
Substitution of the SDE into the equilibrium equations yields

0.467 EI C  0.133EI D  0.000832 EI

0.133EI C  0.667 EI D  0.000416 EI
0.467 EI C  0.133EI D  134 10
0.133EI C  0.667 EI D  67 11
Solve simultaneously,
EI C  273.883 k - ft 2
EI D  45.838 k - ft 2
 Analysis of Indeterminate Structures
 Slope-Deflection Method
Example:02, Solution:
7. Member End Moments
The member end moments can now be computed by substituting the values of EIθC
and EIθD into the SDE.

M AC  27.4 k  ft or 27.4 k - ft ANS

M CA  54.8 k  ft or 54.8 k - ft ANS
M BD  4.6 k  ft or 4.6 k - ft ANS
M DB  9.2 k  ft or 9.2 k - ft ANS
M CD  54.8 k  ft ANS
M DC  85.4 k  ft ANS
M DE  76.2 k  ft or 76.2 k - ft ANS
 Analysis of Indeterminate Structures
 Slope-Deflection Method
Example:02, Solution:
8. Member End Shears and Axial Force
The member end shears, obtained by considering the equilibrium of each member, are
shown in figure below
4.67 2.54
4.67
C 4.11 4.11 D 4.8 4.8
C D D E
4.11 54.8 85.4 76.2
0.69
4.67 4.67 2.54 2.54
54.8 9.2
4.67 7.21

54.8 9.2
4.11 0.69
C D

Note:
Units are
1. k-ft for moments
A B 2. kip for forces
4.11 0.69
27.4 4.6
4.67 7.21
 Analysis of Indeterminate Structures
 Slope-Deflection Method
Example:02, Solution:
9. Support Reactions

E 4.8
C
I = 1,600 in4 D I = 1,600 in4

I = 800 in4
I = 800 in4

2.54
20 ft

4.11 A B
0.69
27.4 4.6
4.67 7.21

30 ft 30 ft
 Analysis of Indeterminate Structures
 Slope-Deflection Method
Example:02, Solution:
10. Equilibrium Check
To check our calculations we apply the equations of equilibrium to the free body of
the entire structure.

M CA  M CD  54.8  54.8  0 Checks

M DB  M DC  M DE  9.2  85.4  76.2  0 Checks
 Analysis of Indeterminate Structures
 Slope-Deflection Method
Example:02, Solution:
11. Axial Force Diagram

4.8k
4.14k

4.61k 7.21k
 Analysis of Indeterminate Structures
 Slope-Deflection Method
Example:02, Solution:
12. Shear Force & Bending Moment Diagrams

Class activity: Draw SF and BMD from member end actions shown on slide 37.
Analysis of Indeterminate Structures

Part II
Analysis of Frames with side sway
 Analysis of Indeterminate Structures
 Slope-Deflection Method
• Introduction:
• The lateral displacements of building frames are known as frames with Side
sway.
• Consider the frame shown in fig below if we remove the member CD the
structure then the joints D & E can translate in horizontal direction by an amount
Δ.

θD P
Δ P Δ
C D E
θD θE D E
θD
θE
θD θE

A B A B
 Analysis of Indeterminate Structures
 Slope-Deflection Method
• Introduction:
• For applying SDE, distinguish should be made between two types.
• The DOF in case of side sway will be increased by an amount given by the
formula below

ss  2 j  2 f  h   r  m

where
ss = side sway degree of freedom
j = number of joints
f = number of fixed supports
h = number of hinged supports
r = number of roller supports
m = number of inextensible members
 Analysis of Indeterminate Structures
 Slope-Deflection Method
• Introduction:
• Consider the frame shown

θD P
C D E

ss  2 j  2 f  h   r  m
θD θE

θD θE
j = 5, f = 2, h = 1, r = 0, m = 4

A B ss  25  22  1  4  0
 Analysis of Indeterminate Structures
 Slope-Deflection Method
• Introduction:
• Consider the frame shown

Δ P Δ
D E
θD
θE
ss  2 j  2 f  h   r  m

j = 4, f = 2, h = 0 , r = 0, m = 3

ss  24  22  3  1
A B
 Analysis of Indeterminate Structures
 Slope-Deflection Method
• Introduction:
• To develop the analysis concept of frames with sidesway, consider the
rectangular frame shown.

w
C D

0.5h
P

0.5h
A EI = constant B
 Analysis of Indeterminate Structures
 Slope-Deflection Method
• Introduction:
• A qualitative deflected shape of the frame for an arbitrary loading is shown
below.
• Fixed joints A and B are completely restrained against rotation and translation.
• The joints C and D are free to rotate and translate.
• Joints C and D can translate only in the horizontal direction as the columns AC
and BD are assumed to be inextensible.
Δ Δ
w
C D
D’
C’
0.5h
P

0.5h
A EI = constant B
 Analysis of Indeterminate Structures
 Slope-Deflection Method
• Introduction:
• The girder CD is also assumed to be inextensible, the horizontal displacement of
joints C and D must be the same.
• Thus, the frame has three unknown joint displacements or degrees of freedom,
the rotation θC and θD of joints C and D, respectively, and horizontal
displacement Δ of both joints C and D.

Δ Δ
w
C D
D’
θC θD
C’
0.5h
P

0.5h
A EI = constant B
 Analysis of Indeterminate Structures
 Slope-Deflection Method
• Introduction:
• The displacement Δ of joints C and D causes the chords of the columns AC and
BD to rotate, and these chord rotations can be expressed in terms of the unknown
displacements Δ as


 AC   BD  
h
(21) ψ CD  0
Δ Δ
w
C D
D’
θC θD
C’
0.5h
P ΨAC ΨBD

0.5h
A EI = constant B
 Analysis of Indeterminate Structures
 Slope-Deflection Method
• Introduction:
• To relate the member end moments to the unknown joint displacements, θC, θD
and Δ we write the slope-deflection equations for the three members of the frame.
Applying Eq. 9

M nf 
2 EI
2 n   f  3   FEM nf 9
L
2 EI  
M AC   C  3   FEM AC (22a)
h  h
2 EI  
M CA   2 C  3   FEM CA (22b)
h  h
2 EI  
M BD   D  3  (22c)
h  h
2 EI  
M DB   2 D  3  (22d)
h  h
Note: In Eq 22(c&d) the FEM term is zero because there is no erxtenally applied load on member BD
 Analysis of Indeterminate Structures
 Slope-Deflection Method
• Introduction:
• To relate the member end moments to the unknown joint displacements, θC, θD
and Δ we write the slope-deflection equations for the three members of the frame.
Applying Eq. 9

M nf 
2 EI
2 n   f  3   FEM nf 9
L
2 EI
M CD  2θC  θ D   FEM CD (22e)
L
2 EI
M DC  2θD  θC   FEM DC (22f)
L
 Analysis of Indeterminate Structures
 Slope-Deflection Method
• Introduction:
• The three unknowns, θC, θD and Δ, which must be determined by solving three
independent equations of equilibrium before the values of the member end
moments can be computed.
• Two of the three equilibrium equations are obtained by considering the moment
equilibrium of joints C and D
M CA  M CD  0 (23a)
M DB  M DC  0 (23b)
Δ w Δ
MDC D
C C D
MCD D’
θC θD
C’
MCA MDB
P ΨAC ΨBD

A EI = constant B
 Analysis of Indeterminate Structures
 Slope-Deflection Method
• Introduction:
• The third equilibrium equation, commonly termed the SHEAR EQUATION is
based on the condition that the sum of all the horizontal forces acting on the free
body of the entire frame must be zero.
• The free body diagram of the frame, obtained by passing an imaginary section
just above the support level is shown in figure below.
w
C D

A B
SAC SBD
MAC MBD
 Analysis of Indeterminate Structures
 Slope-Deflection Method
• Introduction:
• By applying the equilibrium equation ∑𝐹𝑥 = 0, we write

P  S AC  S BD  0 (23c)

• in which SAC and SBD are the shears at lower ends of the columns AC and BD,
respectively. w
C D

A B
SAC SBD
MAC MBD
 Analysis of Indeterminate Structures
 Slope-Deflection Method
• Introduction:
• To express the third equilibrium equation in terms of column end moments, we
consider the equilibrium of the free bodies of the columns AC and BD as shown.
• By summing moments about the top
of each column, we obtain the following MCA MDB
SCA D SDB
C
 M AC
C 0
0.5h
h
M AC  S AC h   P   M CA  0 P
2
M AC  M CA P
S AC   (24a) 0.5h
h 2
A SAC B SBD
 M BD
D 0
MAC MBD
M BD  M DB  S BD h   0
M BD  M DB
S BD  (24b)
h
 Analysis of Indeterminate Structures
 Slope-Deflection Method
• Introduction:
• By substituting Eqs. 24a and 24b into Eq. 23c, we obtain the third equilibrium
equation in terms of member end moments

P  S AC  S BD  0 (23c)

 M  M CA P   M BD  M DB 
P   AC   0
 h 2  h 
• which reduces to
Ph
M AC  M CA  M BD  M DB  0 (25)
2

• With the three equilibrium equations (Eqs. 23a & 23b and 25) now established,
we can proceed with the rest of analysis in the usual manner.
 Analysis of Indeterminate Structures
 Slope-Deflection Method
• Introduction:
• By substituting the slope-deflection equations (Eqs. 22) into the
equilibrium equations, we obtain the systems of equations that can
be solved for the unknown joint displacements θC, θD and Δ.

• The joint displacements thus obtained then can be back submitted

into the slope-deflection equations to determine the member end
moments, from which end shears and axial forces of members and
the supports reactions can be computed, as discuss previously.
 Analysis of Indeterminate Structures
 Slope-Deflection Method
Example:03
Determine the member end moments and reactions for the frame shown
by the slope-deflection method. Take EI = Constant
40 kN
C D

5m
7m

B
A

3m 4m
 Analysis of Indeterminate Structures
 Slope-Deflection Method
Example:03, Solution:
1. Degree of Freedom
• The degrees of freedom are θC, θD. and Δ.

Δ Δ
40 kN
C C’ D D’
θC θD

5m
7m

B
A

3m 4m
 Analysis of Indeterminate Structures
 Slope-Deflection Method
Example:03, Solution:
2. Chord Rotations
• From the fig shown below

Δ Δ
40 kN
C C’ D D’ 
θC θD  AC  
7
5m 
7m ΨAC
ΨBD  BD  
5
B  CD  0
A

3m 4m
 Analysis of Indeterminate Structures
 Slope-Deflection Method
Example:03, Solution:
3. Fixed End Moments
• By using the fixed end moments expressions given inside the back cover of the
book or from appendix of this module, we obtain

40(3)(4)
2

FEM CD = = 39.2 kN.m or + 39.2 kN.m

(7)2
40(3)2 (4)
FEM DC = = 29.4 kN.m or 29.4 kN.m
(7)2
FEM AC = FEM CA = FEM BD = FEM DB = 0
 Analysis of Indeterminate Structures
 Slope-Deflection Method
Example:03, Solution:
4. Slope-Deflection Equations
We write slope-deflection equations by applying Eq. 22

2 EI    
M AC    C  3     0 .286 EI  C  0 .122 EI  1
7   7 
2 EI    
M CA   2 C  3     0 . 571 EI  C  0 .122 EI  2 
7   7 
2 EI    
M BD    D  3     0 .4 EI  D  0 . 24 EI  3 
5   5 
2 EI    
M DB   2 D  3     0 . 8 EI  D  0 .24 EI  4 
5   5 
2 EI
M CD  2 C   D   39 .2  0 .571 EI  C  0 .286 EI  D  39 .2 5 
7
2 EI
M DC   C  2 D   29 .4  0 .286 EI  C  0 .571 EI  D  29 .4 6 
7
 Analysis of Indeterminate Structures
 Slope-Deflection Method
Example:03, Solution:
5. Equilibrium Equations
Apply the moment equilibrium equation, ∑M = 0, to the free bodies of the joints C
and D.
C D
MCD MDC

MCA
MDB

M CA  M CD  0 (7)
M DB  M DC  0 (8)
 Analysis of Indeterminate Structures
 Slope-Deflection Method
Example:03, Solution:
5. Equilibrium Equations
• To establish the third equilibrium equation, we apply the force equilibrium
equation ∑Fx = 0 to the free body of the entire frame, to obtain

40 kN
C D
S AC  S BD  0

Y
B
SBD
A
X SAC MBD
MAC
 Analysis of Indeterminate Structures
 Slope-Deflection Method
Example:03, Solution:
5. Equilibrium Equations
• To express the column end shears in terms of column end moments, we draw the
free body diagram of the two columns and sum the moments about the top of each
column:
MCA MDB
S AC  S BD  0 SCA D SDB
C
M AC  M CA
S AC 
7 5m
M  M DB 7m
S BD  BD
5 B SBD

M AC  M CA M BD  M DB A SAC MBD
 0
7 5 MAC

5M AC  M CA   7M BD  M DB   0 9

 Analysis of Indeterminate Structures
 Slope-Deflection Method
Example:03, Solution:
6. Joint rotations
To determine the unknown joint displacements θC, θD and Δ, we substitute the SDE (1
to 6) into the equilibrium equations (7 to 9) to obtain

1.142 EI C  0.286 EI D  0.122 EI  39.2 10

0.286 EI C  1.371EI D  0.24 EI  29.4 11
4.285EI C  8.4 EI D  4.58 EI  0 12
Solving Eqs. 10 to 12 simultaneously yields

EI C  40.211 kN.m 2

EI D  34.24 kN.m 2
EI  25.177 kN.m 3
 Analysis of Indeterminate Structures
 Slope-Deflection Method
Example:03, Solution:
7. Member End Moments
• By substituting the numerical values of EIθC, EIθD, and EIΔ into the slope-
deflection equations (Eqs. 1 through 6), we obtain

M AC  14.6 kN.m or 14.6 kN.m ANS

M CA  26 kN.m or 26 kN.m ANS
M BD  7.7 kN.m ANS
M DB  21.3 kN.m ANS
M CD  26 kN.m ANS
M DC  21.3 kN.m or 21.3 kN.m ANS
 Analysis of Indeterminate Structures
 Slope-Deflection Method
Example:03, Solution:
8. Member End Shears and Axial Force
The member end shears, obtained by considering the equilibrium of each member, are
shown in figure below
23.53 40 kN 16.47

C 5.8 5.8 D
26 C D
5.8 21.3
5.8
26 23.53 16.47 21.3
23.53 16.47
26 21.3
5.8 5.8 D
C
Note:
Units are
1. k-ft for moments
5.8 B 2. kip for forces
A 5.8 7.7
14.6 16.47
23.53
 Analysis of Indeterminate Structures
 Slope-Deflection Method
Example:03, Solution:
9. Support Reactions

40 kN
C D

B
5.8
A
5.8 7.7
14.6 16.47

23.53
 Analysis of Indeterminate Structures
 Slope-Deflection Method
Example:03, Solution:
10. Equilibrium Check
To check our calculations we apply the equations of equilibrium to the free body of
the entire structure.

M CA  M CD  26  26  0 Checks
M DB  M DC  21.3  21.3  0 Checks

5M AC  M CA   7M BD  M DB   5 14.6  26  77.7  21.3  0 Checks

 Appendix
 Fixed End Actions
 Appendix
 Fixed End Actions
 Appendix
 Fixed End Actions
 Appendix
 Fixed End Actions
 Appendix
 Fixed End Actions
 Appendix
 Fixed End Actions
 References

• Structural Analysis by R. C. Hibbeler

• Structure Analysis by Alexander chajes

• Online Civil Engineering blogs