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Automatic Fan Speed Control Based on Temperature
Category What it Means Fan Example
Observation Collecting data from real world Temperature sensor reads 30°C
Model Logic or rule to respond If temp > 35°C → fan = fast
Read temp → Apply rule → Adjust
Process Steps to make it work
fan speed
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Predicting Network Intrusions Using Machine Learning
Step What happens
Observe Collect network data (safe and unsafe)
Model Train ML to recognize attacks
Process Use ML to detect and stop intrusions in real time
Category Description Example
Capturing network traffic logs for
Observation Collecting empirical data
anomalies
Creating a representation to ML model to detect network
Model
explain/predict intrusions
Data cleaning → Feature
Steps to conduct research or
Process engineering → Training →
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Evaluation
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Objective Description
Solve Practical Problems Address real-world engineering issues
Improve Existing Technologies Make current systems better
Develop New Products/Processes Invent new tools and methods
Understand Engineering Phenomena Study and model how systems behave
Apply Scientific Principles Use science to improve engineering designs
Enhance Safety and Sustainability Make systems safer and more eco-friendly
Support Industry and Economy Help industries grow with better technology
Educate and Train Advance engineering knowledge and teaching methods
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Usage of Renewable Energy Sources in Engineering Colleges
Type Question Answered Example
Survey on how many colleges use
Descriptive Research What is happening?
renewable energy
Studying how solar panels affect
Analytical Research Why/How is it happening?
energy costs in colleges
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Materials behave under extreme temperatures
Type Purpose Example
Studying metal behavior at atomic
Fundamental Research To understand basic principles
level under high heat
Creating heat-resistant coating for
Applied Research To solve a practical problem
jet engines
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Aspect Quantitative Research Qualitative Research
How many / How much / What is Why / How do students feel or
Focus
the trend? experience something?
Surveys with rating scales or Interviews or open-ended
Method
multiple-choice questions questions
Data Type Numbers, percentages, averages Words, stories, experiences
•Quantitative → “Group discussion improved scores by 13%.”
•Qualitative → “Students say discussions made them more confident and clarified doubts, but
sometimes wasted time.”
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Meaning:
The commitment to uphold honesty, fairness, accuracy, and responsibility in all aspects of
research — from planning to publishing.
Key Principles:
[Link] in methods and results
1. Report data truthfully (no fabrication, falsification, or selective reporting).
2. Be transparent about procedures and limitations.
[Link] dealing with others
1. Give proper credit (no plagiarism).
2. Respect intellectual contributions of collaborators.
[Link] and verification
1. Share enough detail so others can replicate results.
2. Repeat experiments where possible to confirm findings.
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4. Protection of research subjects
1. Ensure human and animal subjects are treated ethically (informed consent, minimal
harm).
5. Laboratory safety
1. Follow safety protocols to protect yourself and others.
6. Responsible data management
1. Keep accurate, complete records.
2. Store and share data securely
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