Hydraulic Valves classification
In general There are three classification for
valves:
A. According to function: B. According to method of actuation:
o Direction control valve o Manual operated
o Pressure control valves o Pilot operated
o Flow control valve o Solenoid operated
C. According to construction:
o Poppet type
o Spool type
o Flow control
Valves Classification :
A. According to
function: P
1. Pressure control valves:
A. Direct & pilot Pressure Relief T
Valves
B. reducing valves
C. Unloading valves
Valves Classification :
A. According to
function:
1. Pressure control valves:
D. Sequence valves
E. Counterbalance valves
Valves Classification :
A. According to 2. Direction control valve:
function:
Check valve Free No flow
flow direction
direction
2/2 valve
3/2 valve
4/2 valve
4/3 valve
5/2 valve
5/3 valve
Classification for valves:
A. According to function:
3. Flow control valve:
A. Orifice as a Flow Meter or Flow Control
Device.
B. Needle Valves.
C. Non-Pressure-Compensated
Valves
D. Pressure Compensated
Valves
Valves Classification :
B. According to method of
actuation:
1. Manual operated:
A. Palm operated
B. Push button operated
C. Hand lever operated
D. Foot pedal operated
E. Cam (roller) operated
2. Pilot operated:
A. Single pilot valve
B. Double pilot valve
3. Solenoid operated:
A. Single solenoid valve
B. Double solenoid valve
Actuation Types - Schematic
Valves Classification
C. According to
construction:
o Poppet type: Ball type, conical poppet
type
o Spool type: Sliding spool type,
Rotary spool type
o Flow control: Gate valve, needle
valve , poppet valve, butterfly valve
etc.
Basic types
of valves ● Directional control valves.
● Pressure control valves.
● Flow control valves.
DIRECTIONL
CONTROL
VALVES
TYPES ● Check Valve.
● Pilot-Operated Check Valve.
OF DIRECTIONL ● Three-Way Valves.
● Four-Way Valves.
CONTROL ● Manually Actuated Valves.
● Mechanically Actuated
VALVES Valves.
● Solenoid-Actuated Valves.
● Shuttle Valves.
Directional Control Valve
Check Two Way Three Way Four Way
Valves Valves Valves Valves
2. Direction control valve:
Check valve Free No flow
flow direction
direction
2/2 valve
3/2 valve
4/2 valve
4/3 valve
5/2 valve
5/3 valve
Check Valve
The simplest type of
direction control valve
is a check valve , which
is a two-way valve
because it contains two
ports. The purpose of a
check valve is to permit
free flow in one
direction and prevent
any flow in the opposite
direction.
Pilot-Operated Check Valve
Three Way
Valves
Four-Way Valves
Manually Actuated Valves
Mechanically Actuated Valves
Solenoid-Actuated Valves
Shuttle Valves
PRESSURE
CONTROL
VALVES
PRESSURE CONTROL
VALVES
● Simple Pressure Relief Valves.
Pressure-control valves are ● Pressure-Reducing Valves.
found in virtually every ● Unloading Valves.
hydraulic system, and they ● Sequence Valves.
assist in a variety of ● Counterbalance Valves.
functions, from keeping
system pressures safely
below a desired upper limit
to maintaining a set
pressure in part of a circuit.
Simple Pressure Relief Valves
Simple Pressure Relief
Valves:
• The most widely used
type of pressure control
valve.
• Found in practically
every hydraulic system.
• It is normally closed.
• Whose function is to limit
the pressure .
Simple Pressure Relief Valves
Cracking pressure:
This permits flow
through the outlet to the
tank as along as this
high pressure level is
maintained. Note the
external adjusting
screw, which varies the
spring force and, thus,
the pressure at which
the valve begins to open
(cracking pressure).
Compound
Pressure
Relief Valves.
Compound Pressure Relief
Valves :
Pressure-Reducing Valves:
• A second type of
pressure control valve .
• Normally open.
• Is used to maintain
reduced pressures in
specified locations of
hydraulic systems.
It is actuated by downstream
pressure and tends to close
as this pressure reaches the
valve setting
Unloading Valves
Unloading valves are pressure-
control devices that are used to
dump excess fluid to the tank at
little or no pressure. A common
application is in high-low pump
circuits where two pumps move
an actuator at a high speed and
low pressure . The circuit then
shifts to a single pump providing
a high pressure to perform work.
Unloading Valves :
Is used in application in which the first portion
of cylinder stroke requires:
• High flow (speed).
• Low pressure.
And for the remainder of the cylinder stroke
which requires:
• Low flow.
• High pressure.
A practical example is the a metal stamping machine.
How unloading valve work
sequence valve
• The sequence valve is used to
supply the flow of fluid to second
consumer if requirements of first
consumer is fulfilled.
It consist pilot relief valve.
Also consist of two spools connected
to each other.
How Sequence valve work
Counterbalance Valve
The purpose of a
counterbalance valve
is to maintain control of
a vertical hydraulic
cylinder to prevent it
from descending due
to the weight of its
external load
Commonly called a brake
valve.
Counterbalance Valve
FLOW CONTROL VALVE
What is a Flow Control Valves ?
Flow control valves are used to regulate the speed of hydraulic cylinders and motors
by controlling the flow rate to these actuators. They may be as simple as a fixed
orifice or an adjustable needle valve.
Orifice as flowmeter or flow control (Fixed) .
-Sharp Orifice
-Square Oriifice
Needle Valve
Needle valves are designed to give fine control of flow in
small-diameter piping. As shown in the figure, their name is
derived from their sharp.
Non-Pressure-Compensated Valves :
➢ Used where system
pressures are relatively
constant and motoring
speeds are not too
critical.
➢ The work that the flow
through an orifice will be
constant if the pressure
drop remains constant.
Non-pressure-compensated needle-type flow-control valve.
(a) Fully closed; (b) partially opened; (c) fully opened
Pressure-Compensated Valves :
➢ The design incorporates a hydrostat that maintains a constant
pressure difference across the throttle, which is an orifice,
whose area can be adjusted by an external knob setting.
➢ The orifice area setting determines the flow rate to be
controlled. The hydrostat acts as a pressure reducing valve,
which maintains constant pressure difference across the orifice
irrespective of external line pressure variations.
➢ It starts to close as inlet pressure increases and overcomes the
light spring force.
SERVO VALVES :
➢ A servo valve is a directional control valve that has
infinitely variable positioning capability.
➢ Can control the direction of fluid flow and the
amount.
➢ They are coupled with feedback-sensing devices,
which allow for the very accurate control of position,
velocity, and acceleration of an actuator.
Mechanical-Type Servo Valves
A force amplifier used for positioning control
Such system where the output is fed back to modify the input is
called closed loop system.
Most common application of this type is the hydraulic power steering
system of automobiles.
Mechanical-Type Servo Valves :
➢ A closed-loop system is output is fed back to modify the input.
➢ The most common applications is the hydraulic power steering system of
automobiles and other transportation vehicles.
Electrohydraulic Servo Valves :
➢ Use have a four-way directional
valve with a spool displacement
proportional to the input electrical
current.
➢ The valve uses an electric torque
motor along with a sliding spool fed
from a double nozzle pilot stage to
provide this functionality.
Electrohydraulic Servo Valves
PROPORTIONAL CONTROL VALVES
▪ As seen from these figures, a
proportional directional
control valve looks very
similar to a conventional
solenoid-actuated directional
control valve. However, the
spool of a proportional valve
is designed specifically to
provide precise metering of
the oil for good speed control
of cylinders and motors.
PROPORTIONAL CONTROL VALVES:
➢ Called electrohydraulic proportional valves.
➢ Similar to electrohydraulic servo valves in that they both are
electrically controlled.
➢ Can provide both directional and flow control capability in a single
valve.
➢ Designed to control pressure, the proportional direction control valve
is the most widely used.
Differences Between The Servo & Proportional Valves
:
Servo Valve Proportional Valve
• Used in closed-loop systems. • Used in open-loop systems.
• Electrical current in a torque motor • Uses a solenoid that produces a force
coil causes either clockwise or proportional to the current in its coils.
counterclockwise torque on an Thus, by controlling the current in the
armature to control the movement of solenoid coil, the position of the
the valve spool. spring-loaded spool can also be
controlled.
PROPORTIONAL CONTROL VALVES
CARTRIDGE VALVES :
➢ Designed to be assembled into a
cavity of a ported manifold block
(alone or along with other cartridge
valves and hydraulic components).
➢ A variety of different valve functions
can be provided using cartridge
valves.
Five different solenoid-operated directional
control cartridge valves :
From left to right as follows:
• Two-way, spool-type, N.C. or N.O.
• Two-position, three-way, spool-type.
• Two position, four-way, spool-type.
• Two-way, poppet-type, N.C. or N.O.
• Three-position, four-way, spool-type.
Pressure Relief Cartridge Valve
Example
CARTRIDGE VALVES
Advantages of CARTRIDGE VALVES
● Reduced number of fittings to connect hydraulic lines between various
components in a system.
● Reduced oil leakages and contamination due to fewer fittings.
● Lower system installation time and costs.
● Reduced service time since faulty cartridge valves can be easily
changed without disconnecting fittings.
● Smaller space requirements of overall system.
HYDRAULIC FUSES:
➢ It prevents hydraulic pressure from exceeding, to protect circuit components
from damage.
➢ When the hydraulic pressure exceeds a design value, the thin metal disk
ruptures to relieve the pressure as oil is drained back to the oil tank.
➢ Hydraulic fuses are used mainly with pressure-compensated pumps.
HYDRAULIC FUSES:
➢ There are two types of Fuses:
➢ Pressure relief valve (excess pressure goes to the tank).
➢ Check Valve (Stops the fluid flow when failure occurs).
HYDRAULIC FUSES: