Basic Samskrta Guide

A simple guide on Samskrta, especially for beginners as well as experienced

learners

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 श्री नारायणाय नमः ।

Basic Samskrta Guide

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Basic Samskrta Guide
No. of Pages: 42
Publishing of First Edition: 8 December 2024
Current Edition: 17 September 2025

About
This document is a beginner’s guide for those learning basic Samskrta to learn the letters and
pronunciations, as well as remember different vibhaktis and tenses of verbs.
This guide is not intended for those who have absolutely no knowledge of Samskrta, but
mainly is an assisting tool for those who are learning Samskrta, or to help beginners learn
the Devanagari script and Samskrta pronunciations.

[Link]
[Link]
Email: info@[Link]
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 Contents
1. The Samskrta Alphabet (Devanaagari Script) ...................................................................... 5
• Pronunciation Guide .................................................................................................... 9
2. Basics of Chhandas ............................................................................................................ 11

3. सन्धयः (Sandhis) ................................................................................................................. 13

• स्वरसन्धयः (Svara Sandhis) .......................................................................................... 14

• व्यञ्जनसन्धयः (Vyanjana Sandhis) ................................................................................. 17
• विसर्गसन्धयः (Visarga Sandhi) ...................................................................................... 20
• Additional Sandhi Rules ............................................................................................. 22

4. विभक्तयः (Vibhaktis)

• पुंविङ्गः (Masculine) ..................................................................................................... 23

• स्त्रीविङ्गः (Feminine) .................................................................................................... 32
• नपुंसकविङ्गः (Neuter) ................................................................................................. 39
• विविङ्गकः (Words common to all Sexes) ..................................................................... 45

5. वियापदावन (Verbs)

• परस्मैपदी (Parasmaipadi) ............................................................................................ 46

• आत्मनेपदी (Aatmanepadi) .......................................................................................... 53
• Dhaatus and Lakaaras ................................................................................................ 56

6. प्रत्ययाः (Pratyayas) ............................................................................................................. 58

7. Additional Words .............................................................................................................. 60

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 The Samskrta Alphabet (Devanaagari Script)
स्वर ाः /Svaras (Vovels)
अ आ इ ई उ ऊ ऋ ॠ ऌ ॡ ए ऐ ओ औ
a aa i ee u oo r rr l ll e ai o au
अुं अः
am aha
व्यञ्जन नन/Vyanjanas (Consonants)
क ख र् घ ङ
(किर्गः )
ka kha ga gha na
च छ ज झ ञ
(चिर्गः )
cha chha ja jha na
ट ठ ड ढ ण
(टिर्गः )
ta tha da dha na
त थ द ध न
(तिर्गः )
ta tha da dha na
प फ ब भ म
(पिर्गः )
pa pha ba bha ma

य र ि ि श ष स ह ळ (अिर्ीय व्यञ्जनावन)
ya ra la va sha sha sa ha la
• The sign '्' (viraama/halanta), after a vyanjana indicates that it is just a consonant
without any vowel. For example, 'प' is pronounced as ‘p’ and not ‘pa’.
• The short svaras are called 'ह्रस्व' (hrasva) and the long svaras are called 'दीघग'
(deergha). The duration required to pronounce a hrasva svara is called one 'मािा'
(maatra). Deergha svaras require two maatras. A third and prolonged form of the
svaras is called 'प्लत' (pluta), which is about three maatras.
• 'अुं/्ुं ' is called an 'अनस्वार' (anusvaara) and 'अः /्ः ' is called 'विसर्ग' (visarga).
• Each svara can be pronounced in three forms: अनदात्त (low pitch),उदात्त (high pitch)
and स्वररत (svarita – moderate pitch).
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 • किर्गः , चिर्गः , टिर्गः , तिर्गः and पिर्गः aksharas are called 'िर्ीय व्यञ्जनावन' (vargeeya
vyanjanas) and are respectively pronounced using the soft palate, hard palate,
alveolar ridge, base of the teeth and lips.
• Among the vargeeya vyanjanas, the first two vyanjanas of each varga (those in the
first two columns, light blue and dark green) are called 'अघोष' (aghosha – unvoiced)
or 'ककगश' (karkasha) vyanjanas. The vyanjanas in the other three columns are called
'सघोष' (saghosha – voiced) or 'मृद' (mrdu) vyanjanas.
• All svaras are always saghosha aksharas.
• Among the avargeeya vyanjanas, 'श', 'ष' and 'स' are aghosha/karkasha, while the
others are saghosha/mrdu.
• The vyanjanas in the second (green) and third (orange) columns are called 'महाप्राण'
(mahaapraana). All others are 'अल्पप्राण' (alpapraana).
• The fifth vyanjana of each varga (last column, teal/bluish green) of the vargeeya
vyanjanas are nasal or 'अननावसक' vyanjanas, as they require the coordination of the
nose, to be pronounced correctly.

गुनित ाः (Gunitas)
These are symbols representing the respective svaras, used with vyanjanas to produce
different sounds.

्ा व् ्ी ् ् ्ृ ् ् ् ्े ्ै ्ो ् ्ुं ्ः
aa i ee u oo r rr l ll e ai o au am aha
For example,

ता – taa

स – su

दः – daha

Combined Letters
Two or more letters can be combined to produce conjunct letters. They are typically written
the way they are pronounced.

द + रर = वि
d + ri = dri

त + ि = त्व
t + va = tva
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Certain conjunct letters, however, are written as single letters. For instance,

क + ष = क्ष
k + sh = ksh

ज + ञ = ज्ञ
j + n = jn

ज + ञ = ज्ञ
j + n = jn

त + र = ि
t + r = tr

श + र = श्र
sh + r = shr

ह + ि = ह्ल
h + l = hl

त + त = त्त
t + t = tt
Words are formed by combining different letters, such as:

र + आ + म + अः = रामः
r + aa + m + aha = raamaha

क + ऋ + ष + ण + अः = कृष्णः
K + r + sh + n + aha = krshnaha

र + अ + म + ए + श + अः = रमेशः
r + a + m + e + sh + aha = rameshaha

International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration (IAST)

This is a commonly used format of writing Samskrta words in Latin/Roman script, while
preserving most of their proper pronunciation. The differing letters are given below:

्ा ्ी ् ्ृ ् ्ुं ्ः
ā ī ū ṛ ṝ ṃ ḥ
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ङ ञ च छ ट ठ ड ढ ण श ष ळ
ṅa ña ca cha ṭa ṭha ḍa ḍha ṇa śa ṣa ḷa

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 Pronunciation Guide
Svaras
अ – ‘u’ in up
आ/्ा – ‘a’ in father
इ/व् – ‘i’ in kit
ई/्ी – ‘e’ in key
उ/् – ‘u’ in full
ऊ/् – ‘oo’ in hoot
ऋ/्ृ – ‘r’ in rice (not to be confused with ‘र’)
ॠ/् – slightly prolonged pronunciation of ऋ
ऌ/् – ‘l’ in flip (not to be confused with ‘ि’)
ॡ/् – slightly prolonged pronunciation of ऌ
ए/्े – ‘e’ in hey
ऐ/्ै – ‘i’ in fighter
ओ/्ो – ‘o’ in go
औ/् – ‘ou’ in house
अुं/्ुं – ‘am’ in
अः /्ः – a final ‘h’ sound, pronounced ‘aha/ihi/uhu’

Vyanjanas
क – ‘c’ in cup
ख – ‘kh’ in khaki (extra stress is laid on the sound ‘kh’)
र् – ‘g’ in grab
घ – ‘gh’ in ghastly (extra stress is laid on the sound ‘gh’)
ङ – ‘n’ in punch
च – ‘ch’ in chilly
छ – ‘ch’ in chuck (extra stress is laid on the sound ‘ch’)
ज – ‘j’ in jam
झ – pronounced ‘jh’, with extra stress laid on the sound ‘ज’
ञ – ‘n’ in hinge
ट – ‘t’ in right
ठ – ‘tt’ in putting (extra stress is laid on the sound ‘th’)
ड – ‘d’ in duck
ढ – ‘d’ in adhesive (extra stress is laid on the sound ‘dh’)
ण – pronounced ‘n’ with special movement of the tongue

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त – ‘th’ in path
थ – ‘th’ in third (extra stress is laid on the sound ‘th’)
द – ‘th’ in that
ध – pronounced ‘dh’, with extra stress laid on the sound ‘द’
न – ‘n’ in night
प – ‘p’ in push
फ – ‘ph’ in sphere (extra stress is laid on the sound ‘ph’)
ब – ‘b’ in bat
भ – ‘bh’ in abhor (extra stress is laid on the sound ‘bh’)
म – ‘m’ in mat
य – ‘y’ in yes
र – ‘r’ in rabbit
ि – ‘l’ in lot
ि – ‘v’ in van
श/ष – ‘sh’ in slash
स – ‘s’ in send
ह – ‘h’ in hit
ळ – pronounced ‘la’ with special movement of the tongue

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 Basics of Chhandas (छन्दस् )
The field of studying Samskrta phonetics used in mantras and shlokas is called Chhandas.
This is one of the Vedaangas, or supporting texts of the Vedas, which is compulsory to learn
for those who learn the Vedas. This is also necessary for others too who wish to understand
the different types of styles of mantras and shlokas used in the Shaastras and even in
Samskrta poems. The core text of Chhandas is the Chhanda Shaastra of Shri
Pingalaachaarya, which contains numerous Sutras providing the rules for Samskrta
chhandas.

A line or sentence in Samskrta is usually called a 'पद्य' (padya). A 'छन्द' (Chhanda) is the
category of padya it belongs to, depending on the number of letters it contains in each part
of the statement (and the duration it takes to pronounce it) as well as the positions of the
laghu and guru aksharas.

अक्षर नि (Aksharas)
A Samskrta letter, such as the svaras and vyanjanas mentioned previously, is called an
'अक्षर' (akshara).

The letters अ, इ, उ, ऋ and ऌ are 'िघ' (laghu) aksharas and so are any gunita aksharas
which end with them, such as क, प, वठ, न and िृ. Laghu aksharas are represented by a

⏑
crescent sign ( ) above the akshara.

The letters आ, ई, ऊ, ॠ, ॡ, ए, ऐ, ओ and औ are 'र्रु' (guru) aksharas, as well as any

vyanjanas which end with them, such as का, नी, य and रे . Guru aksharas are represented by
a small horizontal line (−/—) above the akshara.
In the following cases, even a laghu akshara should be considered guru, when:

• When a svara is followed by an anusvaara or a visarga, such as खुं, िुं , नः , यः , etc.

• When the laghu akshara is followed by a conjunct letter, such as in 'भक्तक्त'. Here,
though भ should separately be considered laghu, in this case it is considered as one
guru akshara 'भक' and a laghu akshara 'वत'.

म त्र क लाः (Maatra-Kaala)

The duration required to pronounce a laghu akshara is known as one 'मािा' (maatra), also
called 'ह्रस्व' (hrasva). The duration of pronouncing a guru akshara is of two maatras, also
called a 'दीघग' (deergha). For example, the word 'नारायण' (Naaraayana) is composed of 6
maatras.

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 — — ⏑ ⏑ − − ⏑⏑
ना + रा + य + ण = नारायण
naa + raa + ya + na = Naaraayana
2 + 2 + 1 + 1 = 6 maatras

Certain letters can also be of the duration of three maatras. They are known as 'प्लत' (pluta).
Similarly, laghu aksharas ending with a viraama are of the duration of half a maatra and are
so, known as 'अधग' (ardha), such as प, न, र, and त.

प द (Paada)
A Samskrta padya can be usually divided into four quarters or parts, each called a 'पाद'
(paada). Sometimes, there can be more than four paadas in a sentence. A paada is usually
regulated by the number of aksharas or maatras in it.

Examples of Chhandas
There are seven major types of Chhandas commonly used in the Vedas:

• र्ायवि – 24 aksharas
• उक्तननक – 28 aksharas
• अननटप – 32 aksharas
• बृहती – 36 aksharas
• पङक्ती – 40 aksharas
• विनटप – 44 aksharas
• जर्ती – 48 aksharas
Anushtup is used the most frequently in the Itihaasas, Puraanas and other Smrtis. The
Vaalmiki Raamaayana and Mahaabhaarata also use multiple other forms of chhandas, along
with anushtup.
One must note that there are broad categories such as Daivi, Aasuri, Praajapatya, Aarshi,
etc., which have different characteristics for these seven types of Chhandas. For example,
Daivi Gaayatri Chhandas refers to a single akshara, while Aarshi Gaayatri refers to 24
aksharas. These are the 7 major categories and the number of aksharas as well as other
characteristics can vary depending on their category. Additionally, poets have used
numerous other forms of Chhandas too over the centuries, adding up to over a hundred.
One can refer to the additional resources shared on our website for learning Chhandas
more elaborately.

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 सन्धयाः (Sandhis)
A 'सक्तन्ध' (sandhi) is a type of combination of different aksharas. Sandhis regulates how
various words can combine maintaining their proper grammatical structure. There are three
broad categories of sandhis:

(१) स्वरसन्धन्ध/अच् सन्धन्ध (Svara Sandhi/Ach Sandhi) – those governing combinations of

different svaras
(२) व्यञ्जन सन्धन्ध/हल् सन्धन्ध (Vyanjana Sandhi/Hal Sandhi) – those governing
combinations of different vyanjanas
(३) निसगग सन्धन्ध (Visarga Sandhi) – those governing combinations of a visarga and other
aksharas
When two words combine, sandhis are formed by the last letter of the first word and the
first letter of the second word. For example,

राम + अवप = राम वप

अ+अ = आ

Here, the purvapada (former word) is 'राम' (र + आ + म + अ) and the uttarapada (latter
word) is 'अवप' (अ + प + इ). This is a case of sandhi and this particular rule of 'अ + अ = आ' is
known as 'savarna deergha sandhi'.

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स्वरसन्धयाः (Svara Sandhis)
The svara sandhis are of the following six types. They are rules governing the combination
of svaras, when the first word ends with and the second word begins with a svara.

सििगदीर्गसन्धन्धाः (Savarna-deergha sandhi)

In this sandhi, the alpa praana svara becomes mahaapraana upon combination of two
words, where the purvapada ends with and the uttarapada begins with the same svara.

अ/आ + अ/आ = आ

इ/ई + इ/ई = ई

उ/ऊ + उ/ऊ = ऊ
Examples:

दे ि + आिय = दे ि िय

पठवत + इवत = पठतीवत

गुिसन्धन्धाः (Guna sandhi)

अ/आ + इ/ई = ए

अ/आ + उ/ऊ = ओ

अ/आ + ऋ = अर
Examples:

परम + ईश्वर = परमेश्वर

परुष + उत्तम = परुषोत्तम

राज + ऋवष = राजनषग

महा + ऋवष = महनषग

िृन्धिसन्धन्धाः (Vrddhi sandhi)

अ/आ + ए/ऐ = ऐ

अ/आ + ओ/औ = औ
Examples:

ति + एि = तत्रैि

अष्ट + ऐश्वयग = अष्टैश्वयग

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महा + ओषवध = महौषवध

वदव्य + औषधम = वदव्यौषध

यण्सन्धन्धाः (Yan-sandhi)

इ + (Any svara except 'इ') = य

उ + (Any svara except 'उ') = ि

ऋ + (Any svara except 'ऋ') = र

ऌ + (Any svara except 'ऌ') = ि

Examples:

यवद + अवप = यद्यवप

इवत + एषः = इत्येषः

विष्ण + आराधन = विष्ण्व राधन

पक्तिते ष + एक = पक्तितेष्वेक

वपतृ + आिास = वपत्र िास

ऌ + आकृवत = ल कृवत

य न्ति न्त दे शसन्धन्धाः (Yaantavaantaadesha sandhi)

ए + (Any svara) = अय + (the svara)

ऐ + (Any svara) = आय + (the svara)

ओ + (Any svara) = अि + (the svara)

औ + (Any svara) = आि + (the svara)

Examples:

हरे + ए = हरये (ए + ए = अय + ए)

तस्मै + एतत = तस्म येतत (ऐ + ए = आय + ए)

विष्णो + ए = विष्णिे (ओ + ए = अि + ए)

स्थि + एत = स्थल िेत (औ + ए = आि + ए)

र्ृहे + आसीत = र्ृहय सीत (ए + आ = अय + आ)

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पूिगरूपसन्धन्धाः (Purvarupa sandhi)

ए/ओ + अ = ए/ओ (Deletion of 'अ')

The letter 'a' is replaced by the symbol 'ऽ', known as 'अिग्रहवचह्नम' or 'avagraha'.
Examples:

ते + अवप = तेऽवप

रामो + अवप = रामोऽवप

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व्यञ्जनसन्धयाः (Vyanjana Sandhis)
These 10 sandhis govern the combination of words ending and/or beginning with vyanjanas.

श्चुत्वसन्धन्धाः (Shchutva sandhi)

When 'स' or any तिर्ग akshara (त/थ/द/ध/न) comes before or after 'श' or any चिर्ग akshara
(च/छ/ज/झ/ञ), the former is replaced by 'श' or the respective चिर्ग akshara.
Examples:

हररस + शेते = हररश्शेते (स + श = श)

तत + ज्ञात्वा = तज्ज्ञ त्वा (त + ज + ञ = ज + ज + ञ)

शरत + चन्द्रः = शरच्चन्द्रः (त + च = च + च)

सत + जनः = सज्जनः (त + ज = ज + ज)

तत + छाया = तच्छ या (त + छ = च + छ)

ष्ण्टुत्वसन्धन्धाः (Shtutva sandhi)

When 'स' or any तिर्ग akshara (त/थ/द/ध/न) comes before or after 'ष' or any टिर्ग akshara
(ट/ठ/ड/ढ/ण), the former is replaced by 'ष' or the respective टिर्ग akshara.
Examples:

धनस + टङ्कारः = धनष्टङ्कारः (स + ट = ष + ट)

उत + डयते = उड्डयते (त + ड = ड + ड)

बृहत + टीका = बृहट्टीका (त + ट = ट + ट)

कन्यास + षोडश = कन्याष्षोडश (स + ष = ष + ष)

जश्त्वसन्धन्धाः (Jashtva sandhi)

(any vargeeya vyanjana except an anunaasika vyanjana) + (any svara or a mrdu/saghosha

vyanjana) → Replacement of the first vyanjana with the third letter of its varga
Examples:

उपवनषत + इवत = उपवनषनदवत (त → द)

तत + अवप = तदवप (त → द)

प्राक + एि = प्रागेि (क → र्)

अप + जम = अब्जम (प → ब)

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अनुस्व रसन्धन्धाः (Anusvaara sandhi)

म + (any vyanjana) = ्ुं (anusvaara) + (the vyanjana)

Examples:

परमम + पदम = परमुं पदम

परसििगसन्धन्धाः (Parasavarna sandhi)

्ुं (anusvaara) + (any vargeeya vyanjana) → Replacement of the anusvaara with the naasika
akshara of the varga of the vargeeya vyanjana
This is optional if the anusvaara is at the very end of a word.
Examples:

अुं + क = अङ्क

सुं + ज्ञ = सञ्ज्ज्ञ

आनुं + द = आनन्द

पुं + वडत = पक्तित

परोक्षुं + ते = परोक्षन्ते or परोक्षुं ते

अहम + ददावम = अहन्ददावम or अहम ददावम

(Refer to page 5 and compare these examples with the table of vyanjanas, for more clarity)
In the last two examples, the anusvaara is at the end of a word and so, the application of
parasavarna sandhi is optional.

Additionally, when a तिर्ग (tavarga) letter is followed by a lakaara, the tavarga akshara is
replaced by a suitable form of 'la'. For example,

तत + ियः = तल्लयः

विद्वान + विखवत = विद्वााँ क्तल्लखवत

चत्वग सन्धन्धाः (Chartva sandhi)

(any vargeeya vyanjana except an anunaasika vyanjana) + (any karkasha/aghosha vyanjana)

→ Replacement of the former vyanjana by the first letter of its varga
Examples:

अननटब + छन्दः = अननटप्छन्दः (ब + छ = प + छ)

एतादृर् + कीवतगः = एतादृक्कीवतगः (र् + क = क + क)

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अस्मद + पिम = अस्मत्पिम (द + प = त + प)

अनुन नसक सन्धन्धाः (Anunaasika sandhi)

(any vargeeya vyanjana) + (any anunaasika vyanjana) = (the anunaasika vyanjana of the
former vyanjana’s varga) + (the subsequent anunaasika vyanjana)
Examples:

श्रीमत + नारायण = श्रीमन्न रायण (त → न)

जर्त + नाथ = जर्न्न थ (त → न)

िाक + मयम = िाङ्मयम (क → ङ)

ङमुड गम सन्धन्धाः (Namudaagama sandhi)

(any hrasva svara) + ङ/न/ण + (any svara) → An additional ङ/न/ण

Examples:

सिगक्तस्मन + अवप = सिगक्तस्ममन्नवप (इ + न + अ = इ + न + न + अ)

रुदन + आर्तः = रुदन्न र्तः (अ + न + आ = अ + न + न + आ)

पूिगसििग सन्धन्धाः (Purvasavarna sandhi)

(the third vyanjana of a varga) + ह = (the vyanjana) + (the fourth vyanjana of the same
varga)
Examples:

िार् + हरवत = िार्रवत (र् + ह = र् + घ)

षड + हयाः = षड्ढयाः (ड + ह = ड + ढ)

छत्व सन्धन्धाः (Chhatva sandhi)

(any vargeeya vyanjana) + श + (any svara)/ह/य/ि/र → Replacement of 'श' by 'छ'

Examples:

तत + श्लोकः = तच्छ्लोकः (त + श + ि = च + छ + ि)

तत + श्रत्वा = तच्छुत्वा (त + श + र = च + छ + र)

विट + शङ्करः = विट् छङ्करः (ट + श + अ = ट + छ + अ)

One can notice that the first two examples also show the usage of shchutva sandhi as well.

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निसगगसन्धयाः (Visarga Sandhis)
This is a set of sandhi rules governing the combinations of words ending with visargas.
There are four such rules for visarga sandhi.
Rule 1

अ + ्ः (visarga) + अ/(any saghosha vyanjana) → (Replacement of the visarga by उ)

Examples:

रामः + अवप = राम + उ + अवप = रामो + अवप = रामोऽवप (अ + ्ः + अ = अ + उ + अ)

दे िः + अित = दे ि + उ + अित = दे िो अित = दे िोऽित (अ + ्ः + अ = अ + उ + अ)

One can notice that these examples also use guna sandhi and purvarupa sandhi.

Rule 2 (निसगगलोपसन्धन्धाः – Visarga Lopa Sandhi)

• अ + ्ः (visarga) + (any svara except 'अ') → Deletion of the visarga

• आ + ्ः (visarga) + (any svara)/(any saghosha vyanjana) → Deletion of the visarga
• सः /एषः + (any akshara except 'अ') → Deletion of the visarga
Examples:

र्ोविन्दः + एि = र्ोविन्द एि = र्ोविन्दै ि (अ + ्ः + ए = अ + ए)

बहिः + इच्छक्तन्त = बहि इच्छक्तन्त = बहिे च्छक्तन्त (अ + ्ः + इ = अ + इ)

बािकाः + आर्ताः = बािका आर्ताः (आ + ्ः + आ = आ + आ)

कथाः + दीघाग ः = कथा दीघाग (आ + ्ः + द = आ + द)

Rule 3

(Any svara except अ/आ) + ्ः (visarga) + (any svara/saghosha vyanjana) → Replacement of

the visarga by 'र'
Examples:

वपतः + आज्ञा = वपतराज्ञा (उ + ्ः + आ = उ + र + आ)

र्रुः + ब्रह्मा = र्रुब्रग ह्मा (उ + ्ः + ब = उ + र + ब)

सक्तन्धः + मया = सक्तन्धमगया (इ + ्ः + म = इ + र + म)

बक्तधः + एका = बक्तधरे का (इ + ्ः + ए = इ + र + ए)

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Rule 4 (निसस्य सक र दे शाः )

• ्ः (Visarga) + स/त/थ → Replacement of the visarga by 'स'

• ्ः (Visarga) + श/च/छ → Replacement of the visarga by 'श'
• ्ः (Visarga) + ष/ट/ठ → Replacement of the visarga by 'ष'
Examples:

यः + स्मरवत = यस्स्स्मरवत (अ + ्ः + स = अ + स + स)

नारायणः + त = नारायणस्तु (अ + ्ः + त = अ + स + त)

कः + वचत = कनित (अ + ्ः + च = अ + श + च)

वशिः + षण्मखम = वशिष्षण्मखम (अ + ्ः + ष = अ + ष + ष)

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 Additional Sandhi Rules
अनुन नसक सन्धन्धाः (Anunaasika sandhi)
It is optional when it involves combination of two different words. However, if the
uttarapada begins with an anunaasika varna, its usage is compulsory. For example,

िाक + मिम = िाङ् मूिम or िाग्मिम

तद + मािम = तन्म िम (the sandhi is compulsory here)

पूिगसििग सन्धन्धाः (Purvasavarna sandhi)

Purvasavarna sandhi is actually optional and not always required in combinations of words
which match its criteria.

प्रकृनतभ िाः (Prakrtibhaava)

When the svaras अ/इ/उ/ऊ/ऋ are the last letter of a purvapada and followed by 'ऋ' as the
first letter of the uttarapada, it is called 'प्रकृवतभािः ' (Prakrtibhaava). In such a case, the
sandhi rules are not applicable. However, prakrtibhaava is optional. So,

राजा + ऋवष = राजवषग or राजऋवष

(आ + ऋ)

िसन्त + ऋत = िसन्तऋत or िसन्ततग

(अ + ऋ)
In these two cases, application of guna sandhi is optional and both combinations given are
equally correct.

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 निभक्तयाः (Vibhaktis)
पुुंनलङ्गाः (Masculine)
िचन एकिचनम वद्विचनम बहुचनम
अकारान्तः (Words ending with ‘A’) – राम (Raama)
रामः राम रामाः
प्रथमा विभक्तक्तः
Raama The two Raamas The Raamas
रामम राम रामान
वद्वतीया विभक्तक्तः
Raama The two Raamas The Raamas
रामेण रामाभ्याम रामैः
तृतीया विभक्तक्तः With the two
With Raama With the Raamas
Raamas
रामाय रामाभ्याम रामेभ्यः
चतथी विभक्तक्तः To/for the two
To/for Raama To/for the Raamas
Raamas
रामात रामाभ्याम रामेभ्यः
पञ्चमी विभक्तक्तः From the two
From Raama From the Raamas
Raamas
रामस्य रामयोः रामाणाम
षष्ठी विभक्तक्तः
Raama’s The two Raamas’ The Raamas’
रामे रामयोः रामेष
सप्तमी विभक्तक्तः
In Raama In the two Raamas In the Raamas
हे राम हे राम हे रामाः
सुंबोधन
Hey, Raama Hey, Raamas Hey, Raamas
इकारान्तः (Words ending with ‘I’) – हरर (Hari)
हररः हरी हरयः
प्रथमा विभक्तक्तः
Hari The two Haris The Haris
हररम हरी हरीन
वद्वतीया विभक्तक्तः
Hari The two Haris The Haris
हररणा हररभ्याम हररवभः
तृतीया विभक्तक्तः
With Hari With the two Haris With the Haris
हरये हररभ्याम हररभ्यः
चतथी विभक्तक्तः
For Hari For the two Haris For the Haris
हरे ः हररभ्याम हररभ्यः
पञ्चमी विभक्तक्तः
From Hari From the two Haris From the Haris
हरे ः हययः हरीनाम
षष्ठी विभक्तक्तः
Hari’s The two Haris’ The Haris’
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 हर हययः हररष
सप्तमी विभक्तक्तः
In Hari In the two Haris In the Haris
हे हरे हे हरी हे हरयः
सुंबोधन
Hey Hari Hey, Haris Hey, Haris
उकारान्तः (Words ending with ‘U’) – विष्ण (Vishnu)
विष्णः विष्ण विष्णिः
प्रथमा विभक्तक्तः
Vishnu The two Vishnus The Vishnus
विष्णम विष्ण विष्णन
वद्वतीया विभक्तक्तः
Vishnu The two Vishnus The Vishnus
विष्णना विष्णभ्याम विष्णवभः
तृतीया विभक्तक्तः
With Vishnu With the two Vishnus With the Vishnus
विष्णिे विष्णभ्याम विष्णभ्यः
चतथी विभक्तक्तः
For Vishnu For the two Vishnus For the Vishnus
विष्णोः विष्णभ्याम विष्णभ्यः
पञ्चमी विभक्तक्तः From the two
From Vishnu From the Vishnus
Vishnus
विष्णोः विष्णिोः विष्णनाम
षष्ठी विभक्तक्तः
Vishnu’s The two Vishnus’ The Vishnus’
विष्ण विष्णिोः विष्णष
सप्तमी विभक्तक्तः
In Vishnu In the two Vishnus In the Vishnus
हे विष्णो हे विष्ण हे विष्णः
सुंबोधन
Hey, Vishnu Hey, Vishnus Hey, Vishnus
नकारान्तः (Words ending with ‘Na’) – आत्मन (Aatman)/र्वणन (Gunin)
आत्मा आत्मान आत्मानः
Aatman The two Aatmans The Aatmans
प्रथमा विभक्तक्तः
र्णी र्वणन र्वणनः
Gunin The two Gunis The Gunis
आत्मानम आत्मान आत्मानः
Aatman The two Aatmans The Aatmans
वद्वतीया विभक्तक्तः
र्वणनम र्वणन र्वणनः
Gunin The two Gunis The Gunis
आत्मना आत्मभ्याम आत्मवभः
With the two
With Aatman With the Aatmans
तृतीया विभक्तक्तः Aatmans
र्वणना र्वणभ्याम र्वणवभः
With Gunin With the two Gunins With the Gunins
आत्माने आत्मभ्याम आत्मभ्यः
चतथी विभक्तक्तः
For Aatman For the two Aatmans For the Aatmans
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 र्वणने र्वणभ्याम र्वणभ्यः
For Gunin For the two Gunins For the Gunins
आत्मनः आत्मभ्याम आत्मभ्यः
From the two
From Aatman From the Aatmans
पञ्चमी विभक्तक्तः Aatmans
र्वणनः र्वणभ्याम र्वणभ्यः
From Gunin From the two Gunins From the Gunins
आत्मनः आत्मनोः आत्मनाम
Aatman’s The two Aatmans’ The Aatmans’
षष्ठी विभक्तक्तः
र्वणनः र्वणनोः र्वणनाम
Gunin’s The two Gunins’ The Gunins’
आत्मवन आत्मनोः आत्मस
In Aatman In the two Aatmans In the Aatmans
सप्तमी विभक्तक्तः
र्वणवन र्वणनोः र्वणष
In Gunin In the two Gunins In the Gunins
हे आत्मन हे आत्मान हे आत्मानः
Hey, Aatman Hey, Aatmans Hey, Aatmans
सुंबोधन
हे र्वणन हे र्वणन हे र्वणनः
Hey, Gunin Hey, Gunins Hey, Gunins
ऋकारान्तः (Words ending with ‘R’) – (Pitr)
वपता वपतर वपतरः
प्रथमा विभक्तक्तः The two Pitrs
Pita/Pitr (father) The Pitrs (fathers)
(fathers)
वपतरम वपतर वपतन
वद्वतीया विभक्तक्तः The two Pitas
Pita/Pitr (father) The Pitrs (fathers)
(fathers)
वपिा वपतृभ्याम वपतृवभः
तृतीया विभक्तक्तः
With Pita With the two Pitas With the Pitrs
वपिे वपतृभ्याम वपतृभ्यः
चतथी विभक्तक्तः
For Pita For the two Pitas For the Pitrs
वपतः वपतृभ्याम वपतृभ्यः
पञ्चमी विभक्तक्तः
From Pita From the two Pitas From the Pitas
वपतः वपिोः वपतृणाम
षष्ठी विभक्तक्तः
Pita’s The two Pitas’ The Pitas’
वपतरर वपिोः वपतृष
सप्तमी विभक्तक्तः
In Pita In the two Pitrs In the Pitas
हे वपतः हे वपतर हे वपतरः
सुंबोधन
Hey, Pita Hey, Pitas Hey, Pitas

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 तकारान्तः (Words ending with ‘Ta’) – भर्ित (Bhagavat)
भर्िान भर्िान्त भर्िान्तः
प्रथमा विभक्तक्तः
Bhagavat The two Bhagavats The Bhagavats
भर्िान्तम भर्िान्त भर्ितः
वद्वतीया विभक्तक्तः
Bhagavat The two Bhagavats The Bhagavats
भर्िता भर्िद्भ्याम भर्िक्तभः
तृतीया विभक्तक्तः With the two
With Bhagavat With the Bhagavats
Bhagavats
भर्िते भर्िद्भ्याम भर्िद्भ्यः
चतथी विभक्तक्तः For the two
For Bhagavat For the Bhagavats
Bhagavats
भर्ितः भर्िद्भ्याम भर्िद्भ्यः
पञ्चमी विभक्तक्तः From the two
From Bhagavat From the Bhagavats
Bhagavats
भर्ितः भर्ितोः भर्िताम
षष्ठी विभक्तक्तः
Bhagavat’s The two Bhagavats’ The Bhagavats’
भर्िवत भर्ितोः भर्ित्स
सप्तमी विभक्तक्तः
In Bhagavat In the two Bhagavats In the Bhagavats
हे भर्िन हे भर्िान्त हे भर्िान्तः
सुंबोधन
Hey, Bhagavat Hey, Bhagavats Hey, Bhagavats
जकारान्तः (Words ending with ‘Ja’) – िवणज (Vanij)
िवणक िवणज िवणजः
प्रथमा विभक्तक्तः
The merchant The two merchants The merchants
िवणजम िवणज िवणजः
वद्वतीया विभक्तक्तः
The merchant The two merchants The merchants
िवणजा िवणग्भ्याम िवणक्तभः
तृतीया विभक्तक्तः With the two
With the merchant With the merchants
merchants
िवणजे िवणग्भ्याम िवणग्भ्यः
चतथी विभक्तक्तः For the two
For the merchant For the merchants
merchants
िवणजः िवणग्भ्याम िवणग्भ्यः
पञ्चमी विभक्तक्तः From the two
From the merchant From the merchants
merchants
िवणजः िवणजोः िवणजाम
षष्ठी विभक्तक्तः
The merchant’s The two merchants’ The merchants’
िवणवज िवणजोः िवणक्ष
सप्तमी विभक्तक्तः
In the merchant In the two merchants In the merchants

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 हे िवणक हे िवणज हे िवणजः
सुंबोधन
The merchant The two merchants The merchants
शकारान्तः (Words ending with ‘Sha’) – तादृश (Taadrsh)
तादृक तादृश तादृशः
प्रथमा विभक्तक्तः
Similar The two similar ones The similar ones
तादृशम तादृश तादृशः
वद्वतीया विभक्तक्तः
The similar one The two similar ones The similar ones
तदृशा तदृग्भ्याम तादृक्तभः
तृतीया विभक्तक्तः With the two similar
With the similar one With the similar ones
ones
तादृशे तदृग्भ्याम तादृग्भ्यः
चतथी विभक्तक्तः For the two similar
For the similar one For the similar ones
ones
तादृशः तदृग्भ्याम तादृग्भ्यः
पञ्चमी विभक्तक्तः From the two similar From the similar
From the similar one
ones ones
तादृशः तादृशोः तादृशाम
षष्ठी विभक्तक्तः Of the two similar
Of the similar Of the similar ones
ones
तादृवश तादृशोः तादृक्ष
सप्तमी विभक्तक्तः In the two similar
In the similar one In the similar ones
ones
हे तादृक हे तादृश हे तादृशः
सुंबोधन
Similar The two similar ones The similar ones
ओकारान्तः (Words ending with ‘O’) – र्ो (Go)
र् ः र्ाि र्ािः
प्रथमा विभक्तक्तः
Bull/Cow The two cattle The cattle
र्ाम र्ाि र्ाः
वद्वतीया विभक्तक्तः
The bull/cow The two cattle The cattle
र्िा र्ोभ्याम र्ोवभः
तृतीया विभक्तक्तः
With the bull/cow With the two cattle With the cattle
र्िे र्ोभ्याम र्ोभ्यः
चतथी विभक्तक्तः
For the bull/cow For the two cattle For the cattle
र्ोः र्ोभ्याम र्ोभ्यः
पञ्चमी विभक्तक्तः
From the bull/cow From the two cattle From the cattle
र्ोः र्िोः र्िाम
षष्ठी विभक्तक्तः
Of the bull/cow Of the two cattle Of the cattle
सप्तमी विभक्तक्तः र्वि र्िोः र्ोष

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 In the bull/cow In the two cattle In the cattle
हे र् ः हे र्ाि हे र्ािः
सुंबोधन
Hey, bull/cow Hey, cattle Hey, cattle
सकारान्तः (Words ending with ‘Sa’) – विद्वस (Vidvas)/िेधस (Vedhas)/अदस (Adas)
विद्वान विद्वाुं स विद्वाुं सः
Vidvat The two Vidvats The Vidvats
िेधाः िेधस िेधसः
प्रथमा विभक्तक्तः
Vedhas The two Vedhases The Vedhases
अस अम अमी
He Both of them They
विद्वाुं सम विद्वाुं स विदषः
Vidvat The two Vidvats The Vidvats
िेधसम िेधस िेधसः
वद्वतीया विभक्तक्तः
Vedhas The two Vedhases The Vedhases
अमम अम अमन
Him Both of them Them
विदषा विद्वद्भ्याम विद्वक्तभः
With the Vidvat With the two Vidvats With the Vidvats
िेधसा िेधोभ्याम िेधोवभः
तृतीया विभक्तक्तः With the two
With the Vedhas With the Vedhases
Vedhases
अमना अमभ्याम अमीवभः
With him With both of them With them
विदषे विद्वद्भ्याम विद्वद्भ्यः
For the Vidvat For the two Vidvats For the Vidvats
िेधसे िेधोभ्याम िेधोभ्यः
चतथी विभक्तक्तः For the two
For Vedhas For the Vedhases
Vedhases
अमष्मै अमभ्याम अमीभ्यः
For him For both of them For them
विदषः विद्वद्भ्याम विद्वद्भ्यः
From the two
From Vidvaan From the Vidvaans
Vidvaans
पञ्चमी विभक्तक्तः िेधसः िेधोभ्याम िेधोभ्यः
From the two
From Vedhas From the Vedhases
Vedhases
अमष्मात अमभ्याम अमीभ्यः

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 From him From both of them From them
विदषः विदषोः विदषाम
Vidvat’s The two Vidvats’ The Vidvats’
िेधसः िेधसोः िेधसाम
षष्ठी विभक्तक्तः
Vedhas’ The two Vedhases’ The Vedhases’
अमष्य अमयोः अमीषाम
His Both of theirs Theirs
विदवष विदषोः विद्वत्स
In Vidvat In the two Vidvats In the Vidvats
िेधवस िेधसोः िेधस्स
सप्तमी विभक्तक्तः
In Vedhas In the two Vedhases In the Vedhases
अमक्तष्मन अमयोः अमीष
In him In both of them In them
हे विद्वन हे विद्वाुं स हे विद्वाुं सः
Hey, Vidvat Hey, Vidvats Hey, Vidvats
सुंबोधन
हे िेधः हे िेधस हे िेधसः
Vedhas The two Vedhases The Vedhases
मकारान्तः (Words ending with ‘Ma’) – वकम (Kim)/‘इदम’ (Idam)
कः क के
Who? Who? Who all?
प्रथमा विभक्तक्तः
अयम इम इमे
He Both of them They
कम क कान
Whom? Whom two? Whom all?
वद्वतीया विभक्तक्तः
इमम/एनम इम /एन इमान/एनान
Him Both of them Them
केन काभ्याम कैः
With who? With who? With who all?
तृतीया विभक्तक्तः
अनेन/एनेन आभ्याम एवभः
With him With both of them With them
कस्मै काभ्याम केभ्यः
For whom? For who? For who all?
चतथी विभक्तक्तः
अस्मै आभ्याम एभ्यः
For him For the two of them For them
कस्मात काभ्याम केभ्यः
पञ्चमी विभक्तक्तः From whom? From whom? From who all?
अस्मात आभ्याम एभ्यः
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 From the two of
From him From them
them
कस्य कयोः केषाम
Whose? Both of whose? Whose?
षष्ठी विभक्तक्तः
अस्य अनयोः /एनयोः एषाम
His Their Their
कक्तस्मन कयोः केष
In whom? In whom? In whom?
सप्तमी विभक्तक्तः
अक्तस्मन अनयोः /एनयोः एष
In him In both of them In them
दकारान्तः (Words ending with ‘da’) – तद/यद (Tad/Yad)
सः त ते
He Both of them They
यः य ये
प्रथमा विभक्तक्तः
He who Both of them who They who
एषः एत एते
He Both of them They
तम त तान
Him Both of them Them
यम य यान
वद्वतीया विभक्तक्तः
Him who Both of them who All of them who
एतम एत एतान
Him Both of them Them
तेन ताभ्याम तैः
With him With both of them With them
येन याभ्याम यैः
तृतीया विभक्तक्तः With both of them
With him who With them who
who
एतेन एताभ्याम एतैः
With him With both of them With them
तस्मै ताभ्याम तेभ्यः
For him For both of them For them
यस्मै याभ्याम येभ्यः
चतथी विभक्तक्तः For both of them
For him who For them who
who
एतस्मै एताभ्याम एतेभ्यः
For him For both of them For them
पञ्चमी विभक्तक्तः तस्मात ताभ्याम तेभ्यः

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 From him From both of them From them
यस्मात याभ्याम येभ्यः
From both of them
From him who From them who
who
एतस्मात एताभ्याम एतेभ्यः
From him From both of them From them
तस्य तयोः तेषाम
His Both of theirs Theirs
यस्य ययोः येषाम
षष्ठी विभक्तक्तः
His who Both of theirs who Theirs who
एतस्य एतयोः एतेषाम
His Both of theirs Theirs
तक्तस्मन तयोः तेष
In him In both of them In them
यक्तस्मन ययोः येष
सप्तमी विभक्तक्तः
In him who In both of them who In them who
एतक्तस्मन एतयोः एतेष
In him In both of them In them

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स्त्रीनलङ्गाः (Feminine)
िचन एकिचनम वद्विचनम बहुचनम
अकारान्तः (Words ending with ‘Aa’) – सीता (Seetaa)
सीता सीते सीताः
प्रथमा विभक्तक्तः
Seeta The two Seetas The Seetas
सीताम सीते सीताः
वद्वतीया विभक्तक्तः
Seeta The two Seetas The Seetas
सीतया सीताभ्याम सीतावभः
तृतीया विभक्तक्तः
With Seeta With the two Seetas With the Seetas
सीतायै सीताभ्याम सीताभ्यः
चतथी विभक्तक्तः
For Seeta For the two Seetas For the Seetas
सीतायाः सीताभ्याम सीताभ्यः
पञ्चमी विभक्तक्तः
From Seeta From the two Seetas From the Seetas
सीतायाः सीतायोः सीतानाम
षष्ठी विभक्तक्तः
Seeta’s The two Seetas’ The Seetas’
सीतायाम सीतायोः सीतास
सप्तमी विभक्तक्तः
In Seeta In the two Seetas In the Seetas
हे सीते हे सीते हे सीताः
सुंबोधन
Hey, Seeta Hey, Seetas Hey, Seetas
इकारान्तः (Words ending with ‘I’) – मवत (Mati)
मवतः मती मतयः
प्रथमा विभक्तक्तः
Mati The two Matis The Matis
मवतम मती मतीः
वद्वतीया विभक्तक्तः
Mati The two Matis The Matis
मत्या मवतभ्याम मवतवभः
तृतीया विभक्तक्तः
With Mati With the two Matis With the Matis
मतये मवतभ्याम मवतभ्यः
चतथी विभक्तक्तः
For Mati For the two Matis For the Matis
मत्याः /मतेः मवतभ्याम मवतभ्यः
पञ्चमी विभक्तक्तः
From Mati From the two Matis From the Matis
मत्याः /मतेः मत्योः मतीनाम
षष्ठी विभक्तक्तः
Mati’s The two Matis’ The Matis’
मत्याम/मत मत्योः मवतष
सप्तमी विभक्तक्तः
In Mati In the two Matis In the Matis
हे मते हे मती हे मतयः
सुंबोधन
Hey, Mati Hey, Matis Hey, Matis

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 उकारान्तः (Words ending with ‘Ee’) – िक्ष्मी (Lakshmee)
िक्ष्मी िक्ष्म्य िक्ष्म्यः
प्रथमा विभक्तक्तः
Lakshmi The two Lakshmis The Lakshmis
िक्ष्मीम िक्ष्म्य िक्ष्मीः
वद्वतीया विभक्तक्तः
Lakshmi The two Lakshmis The Lakshmis
िक्ष्म्या िक्ष्मीभ्याम िक्ष्मीवभः
तृतीया विभक्तक्तः With the two
With Lakshmi With the Lakshmis
Lakshmis
िक्ष्म्यै िक्ष्मीभ्याम िक्ष्मीभ्यः
चतथी विभक्तक्तः
For Lakshmi For the two Lakshmis For the Lakshmis
िक्ष्म्याः िक्ष्मीभ्याम िक्ष्मीभ्यः
पञ्चमी विभक्तक्तः From the two
From Lakshmi From the Lakshmis
Lakshmis
िक्ष्म्याः िक्ष्म्योः िक्ष्मीनाम
षष्ठी विभक्तक्तः
Lakshmi’s The two Lakshmis’ The Lakshmis’
िक्ष्म्याम िक्ष्म्योः िक्ष्मीष
सप्तमी विभक्तक्तः
In Lakshmi In the two Lakshmis In the Lakshmis
हे िक्तक्ष्म हे िक्ष्म्य हे िक्ष्म्यः
सुंबोधन
Hey, Lakshmi Hey, Lakshmis Hey, Lakshmis
उकारान्तः (Words ending with ‘U’) – धेन (Dhenu)
धेन धेन धेनिः
प्रथमा विभक्तक्तः
Dhenu The two Dhenus The Dhenus
धेनम धेन धेनः
वद्वतीया विभक्तक्तः
Dhenu The two Dhenus The Dhenus
धेन्वा धेनभ्याम धेनवभः
तृतीया विभक्तक्तः
With Dhenu With the two Dhenus With the Dhenus
धेन्वै/धेनिे धेनभ्याम धेनभ्यः
चतथी विभक्तक्तः
For Dhenu For the two Dhenus For the Dhenus
धेन्वाः /धेनोः धेनभ्याम धेनभ्यः
पञ्चमी विभक्तक्तः From the two
From Dhenu From the Dhenus
Dhenus
धेन्वाः /धेनोः धेन्वोः धेननाम
षष्ठी विभक्तक्तः
Dhenu’s The two Dhenus’ The Dhenus’
धेन्वाम/धेन धेन्वोः धेनष
सप्तमी विभक्तक्तः
In Dhenu In the two Dhenus In the Dhenus
हे धेनो हे धेन हे धेनिः
सुंबोधन
Hey, Dhenu Hey, Dhenus Hey, Dhenus
धकारान्तः (Words ending with ‘Dha’) – िध (Vadhoo)
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 िधः िध्व िध्वः
प्रथमा विभक्तक्तः
Vadhoo The two Vadhoos The Vadhoos
िधम िध्व िधः
वद्वतीया विभक्तक्तः
Vadhoo The two Vadhoos The Vadhoos
िध्वा िधभ्याम िधवभः
तृतीया विभक्तक्तः With the two
With Vadhoo With the Vadhoos
Vadhoos
िध्वै िधभ्याम िधभ्यः
चतथी विभक्तक्तः
For Vadhoo For the two Vadhoos For the Vadhoos
िध्वाः िधभ्याम िधभ्यः
पञ्चमी विभक्तक्तः From the two
From Vadhoo From the Vadhoos
Vadhoos
िध्वाः िध्वोः िधनाम
षष्ठी विभक्तक्तः
Vadhoo’s The two Vadhoos’ The Vadhoos’
िध्वाम िध्वोः िधष
सप्तमी विभक्तक्तः
In Vadhoo In the two Vadhoos In the Vadhoos
हे िध हे िध्व हे िध्वः
सुंबोधन
Hey, Vadhoo Hey, Vadhoos Hey, Vadhoos
ऋकारान्तः (Words ending with ‘R’) – मातृ (Maatr)
माता मातर मातरः
प्रथमा विभक्तक्तः The two Maatas The Maatas
Maata (Mother)
(mothers) (mothers)
मातरम मातर मातृः
वद्वतीया विभक्तक्तः
Maata The two Maatas The Maatas
मािा मातृभ्याम मातृवभः
तृतीया विभक्तक्तः
With Maata With the two Maatas With the Maatas
मािे मातृभ्याम मातृभ्यः
चतथी विभक्तक्तः
For Maata For the two Maatas For the Maatas
मातः मातृभ्याम मातृभ्यः
पञ्चमी विभक्तक्तः From the two
From Maata From the Maatas
Maatas
मातः मािोः मातृणाम
षष्ठी विभक्तक्तः
Maata’s The two Maatas’ The Maatas’
मातरर मािोः मातृष
सप्तमी विभक्तक्तः
In Maata In the two Maatas In the Maatas
हे मातः हे मातर हे मातरः
सुंबोधन
Hey, Maata Hey, Maatas Hey, Maatas
शकारान्तः (Words ending with ‘Sha’) – वदश (Dish)
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 वदक वदश वदशः
प्रथमा विभक्तक्तः
The direction The two directions The directions
वदशम वदश वदशः
वद्वतीया विभक्तक्तः
The direction The two directions The directions
वदशा वदग्भ्याम वदक्तभः
तृतीया विभक्तक्तः With the two
With the direction With the directions
directions
वदशे वदग्भ्याम वदग्भ्यः
चतथी विभक्तक्तः For the two
For the direction For the directions
directions
वदशः वदग्भ्याम वदग्भ्यः
पञ्चमी विभक्तक्तः From the two
From the direction From the directions
directions
वदशः वदशोः वदशाम
षष्ठी विभक्तक्तः
Of the direction Of the two directions Of the directions
वदवश वदशोः वदक्ष
सप्तमी विभक्तक्तः
In the direction In the two directions In the directions
हे वदक हे वदश हे वदशः
सुंबोधन
Hey, direction Hey, directions Hey, directions
तकारान्तः (Words ending with ‘Ta’) – सररत (Sarit)
सररत सररत सररतः
प्रथमा विभक्तक्तः
River/stream - -
सररतम सररत सररतः
वद्वतीया विभक्तक्तः
- - -
सररता सररद्भ्याम सररक्त्भः
तृतीया विभक्तक्तः
- - -
सररते सररद्भ्याम सरर्भ्यः
चतथी विभक्तक्तः
- - -
सररतः सररद्भ्याम सरर्भ्यः
पञ्चमी विभक्तक्तः
- - -
सररतः सररतोः सररताम
षष्ठी विभक्तक्तः
- - -
सररवत सररतोः सररत्स
सप्तमी विभक्तक्तः
- - -
हे सररत हे सररत हे सररतः
सुंबोधन
- - -
धकारान्तः (Words ending with ‘Dha’) – क्षध (Kshudh)
प्रथमा विभक्तक्तः क्षध क्षध क्षधः
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 Hunger - -
क्षधम क्षध क्षधः
वद्वतीया विभक्तक्तः
- - -
क्षधा क्षद्भ्याम क्षक्तभः
तृतीया विभक्तक्तः
- - -
क्षधे क्षद्भ्याम क्षद्भ्यः
चतथी विभक्तक्तः
- - -
क्षधः क्षद्भ्याम क्षद्भ्यः
पञ्चमी विभक्तक्तः
- - -
क्षधः क्षधोः क्षधाम
षष्ठी विभक्तक्तः
- - -
क्षवध क्षधोः क्षत्स
सप्तमी विभक्तक्तः
- - -
हे क्षत हे क्षध हे क्षधः
सुंबोधन
- - -
सकारान्तः (Words ending with ‘Sa’) – अदस (Adas)
अस अम अमः
प्रथमा विभक्तक्तः
She Both of them They
अमम अम अमः
वद्वतीया विभक्तक्तः
Her Both of them Them
अमया अमभ्याम अमवभः
तृतीया विभक्तक्तः
With her With both of them With them
अमष्यै अमभ्याम अमभ्यः
चतथी विभक्तक्तः
For her For both of them For them
अमष्याः अमभ्याम अमभ्यः
पञ्चमी विभक्तक्तः
From her From both of them From them
अमष्याः अमयोः अमषाम
षष्ठी विभक्तक्तः
Hers Both of theirs Theirs
अमष्याम अमयोः अमष
सप्तमी विभक्तक्तः
In her In both of them In them
मकारान्तः (Words ending with ‘Ma’) – वकम (Kim)/‘इदम’ (Idam)
का के काः
Who? Who? Who all?
प्रथमा विभक्तक्तः
इयम इमे इमाः
She Both of them They
का के काः
वद्वतीया विभक्तक्तः
Whom? Whom two? Whom all?
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 इमाम/एनाम इमे/एने इमाः /एनाः
Her Both of them Them
कया काभ्याम कावभः
With who? With who? With who all?
तृतीया विभक्तक्तः
अनया/एनया आभ्याम आवभः
With her With both of them With them
कस्यै काभ्याम काभ्यः
For whom? For who? For who all?
चतथी विभक्तक्तः
अस्यै आभ्याम आभ्यः
For her For both of them For them
कस्याः काभ्याम काभ्यः
From whom? From whom? From who all?
पञ्चमी विभक्तक्तः
अस्याः आभ्याम आभ्यः
From her From both of them From them
कस्याः कयोः कासाम
Whose? Both of whose? Whose?
षष्ठी विभक्तक्तः
अस्याः अनयोः /एनयोः आसाम
Hers Both of theirs Theirs
कस्याम कयोः कास
In whom? In whom? In whom?
सप्तमी विभक्तक्तः
अस्याम अनयोः /एनयोः आस
In her In both of them In them
दकारान्तः (Words ending with ‘da’) – तद/यद (Tad/Yad)
सा ते ताः
She Both of them They
या य याः
प्रथमा विभक्तक्तः
She who Both of them who They who
एषा एते एताः
She Both of them They
ताम ते ताः
Her Both of them Them
याम ये याः
वद्वतीया विभक्तक्तः
Her who Both of them who All of them who
एताम एते एताः
Her Both of them Them
तया ताभ्याम तावभः
तृतीया विभक्तक्तः With her With both of them With them
यया याभ्याम यावभः

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 With both of them
With her who With them who
who
एतया एताभ्याम एतावभः
With her With both of them With them
तस्यै ताभ्याम ताभ्यः
For her For both of them For them
यस्यै याभ्याम याभ्यः
चतथी विभक्तक्तः For both of them
For her who For them who
who
एतस्यै एताभ्याम एताभ्यः
For her For both of them For them
तस्याः ताभ्याम ताभ्यः
From her From both of them From them
यस्याः याभ्याम याभ्यः
पञ्चमी विभक्तक्तः From both of them
From her who From them who
who
एतस्याः एताभ्याम एताभ्यः
From her From both of them From them
तस्याः तयोः तासाम
Hers Both of theirs Theirs
यस्याः ययोः यासाम
षष्ठी विभक्तक्तः
Hers who Both of theirs who Theirs who
एतस्याः एतयोः एतासाम
Hers Both of theirs Theirs
तस्याम तयोः तास
In her In both of them In them
यस्याम ययोः यास
सप्तमी विभक्तक्तः
In her who In both of them who In them who
एतस्याम एतयोः एतास
In her In both of them In them

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नपुुंसकनलङ्गाः (Neuter)
िचन एकिचनम वद्विचनम बहुचनम
अकारान्तः (Words ending with ‘A’) – राम (Phala)
फिम फिे फिावन
प्रथमा विभक्तक्तः
Fruit The two fruits The fruits
फिम फिे फिावन
वद्वतीया विभक्तक्तः
Fruit The two fruits The fruits
फिेन फिाभ्याम फिैः
तृतीया विभक्तक्तः
With the fruit With the two fruits With the fruits
फिाय फिाभ्याम फिेभ्यः
चतथी विभक्तक्तः
For the fruit For the two fruits For the fruits
फिात फिाभ्याम फिेभ्यः
पञ्चमी विभक्तक्तः
From the fruit From the two fruits From the fruits
फिस्य फियोः फिानाम
षष्ठी विभक्तक्तः
The fruit’s The two fruits’ The fruits’
फिे फियोः फिेष
सप्तमी विभक्तक्तः
In the fruit In the two fruits In the fruits
हे फि हे फिे हे फिावन
सुंबोधन
Hey, fruit Hey, fruits Hey, fruits
इकारान्तः (Words ending with ‘I’) – दवध (Dadhi)
दवध दवधनी दधीवन
प्रथमा विभक्तक्तः
Curd - -
दवध दवधनी दधीवन
वद्वतीया विभक्तक्तः
- - -
दवधना दवधभ्याम दवधवभः
तृतीया विभक्तक्तः
- - -
दध्ने दवधभ्याम दवधभ्यः
चतथी विभक्तक्तः
- - -
दध्नः दवधभ्याम दवधभ्यः
पञ्चमी विभक्तक्तः
- - -
दध्नः दध्नोः दध्नाम
षष्ठी विभक्तक्तः
- - -
दवध्न दध्नोः दवधष
सप्तमी विभक्तक्तः
- - -
हे दवध हे दवधनी हे दधीवन
सुंबोधन
- - -

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 उकारान्तः (Words ending with ‘U’) – िस्त (Vastu)
िस्त िस्तनी िस्तवन
प्रथमा विभक्तक्तः
Item The two items The items
िस्त िस्तनी िस्तवन
वद्वतीया विभक्तक्तः
Item The two items The items
िस्तना िस्तभ्याम िस्तवभः
तृतीया विभक्तक्तः
With the item With the two items With the items
िस्तने िस्तभ्याम िस्तभ्यः
चतथी विभक्तक्तः
For the item For the two items For the items
िस्तनः िस्तभ्याम िस्तभ्यः
पञ्चमी विभक्तक्तः
From the item From the two items From the items
िस्तनः िस्तनोः िस्तनाम
षष्ठी विभक्तक्तः
The item’s The two items’ The items’
िस्तवन िस्तनोः िस्तष
सप्तमी विभक्तक्तः
In the item In the two items In the items
हे िस्त/िस्तो हे िस्तनी हे िस्तवन
सुंबोधन
The item The two items The items
नकारान्तः (Words ending with ‘Na’) – ब्रह्मन (Brahman)
ब्रह्म ब्रह्मणी ब्रह्मावण
प्रथमा विभक्तक्तः
Brahma(n) The two Brahmans The Brahmans
ब्रह्म ब्रह्मणी ब्रह्मावण
वद्वतीया विभक्तक्तः
Brahma(n) The two Brahmans The Brahmans
ब्रह्मणा ब्रह्मभ्याम ब्रह्मावभः
तृतीया विभक्तक्तः With the two
With Brahman With the Brahmans
Brahmans
ब्रह्मणे ब्रह्मभ्याम ब्रह्मभ्यः
चतथी विभक्तक्तः For the two
For Brahman For the Brahmans
Brahmans
ब्रह्मणः ब्रह्मभ्याम ब्रह्मभ्यः
पञ्चमी विभक्तक्तः From the two
From Brahman From the Brahmans
Brahmans
ब्रह्मणः ब्रह्मणोः ब्रह्मणाम
षष्ठी विभक्तक्तः
Brahman’s The two Brahmans’ The Brahmans’
ब्रह्मवण ब्रह्मणोः ब्रह्मस
सप्तमी विभक्तक्तः
In Brahman In the two Brahmans In the Brahmans
हे ब्रह्मन हे ब्रह्मणी हे ब्रह्मावण
सुंबोधन
Hey, Brahman Hey, Brahmans Hey, Brahmans
तकारान्तः (Words ending with ‘Ta’) – जर्त (Jagat)
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 जर्त जर्ती जर्क्तन्त
प्रथमा विभक्तक्तः
The world The two worlds The worlds
जर्त जर्ती जर्क्तन्त
वद्वतीया विभक्तक्तः
The world The two worlds The worlds
जर्ता जर्द्भ्याम जर्क्तभः
तृतीया विभक्तक्तः
With the world With the two worlds With the worlds
जर्ते जर्द्भ्याम जर्द्भ्यः
चतथी विभक्तक्तः
For the world For the two worlds For the worlds
जर्तः जर्द्भ्याम जर्द्भ्यः
पञ्चमी विभक्तक्तः
From the world From the two worlds From the worlds
जर्तः जर्तोः जर्ताम
षष्ठी विभक्तक्तः
The world’s The two worlds’ The worlds’
जर्वत जर्तोः जर्त्स
सप्तमी विभक्तक्तः
In the world In the two worlds In the worlds
हे जर्त हे जर्ती हे जर्क्तन्त
सुंबोधन
Hey, world Hey worlds Hey, worlds
ऋकारान्तः (Words ending with ‘R’) – कतृग (Kartr)
कतृग कतृगणी कतृगवण
प्रथमा विभक्तक्तः
The doer The two doers The doers
कतृग कतृगणी कतृगवण
वद्वतीया विभक्तक्तः
The doer The two doers The doers
कतृगणा/किाग कतृगभ्याम कतृगवभः
तृतीया विभक्तक्तः
With the doer With the two doers With the doers
कतृगणे/किे कतृगभ्याम कतृगभ्यः
चतथी विभक्तक्तः
For the doer For the two doers For the doers
कतृगणः /कतगः कतृगभ्याम कतृगभ्यः
पञ्चमी विभक्तक्तः
From the doer From the two doers From the doers
कतृगणः /कतगः कतृगणोः /कियः कतृगणाम
षष्ठी विभक्तक्तः
The doer’s The two doers’ The doers’
कतृगवण/कतगरर कतृगणोः /कियः कतृग ष
सप्तमी विभक्तक्तः
In the doer In the two doers In the doers
हे कतृग हे कतृगणी हे कतृगवण
सुंबोधन
Hey, doer Hey, doers Hey, doers
सकारान्तः (Words ending with ‘Sa’) – िचस (Vachas)/अदस (Adas)
िचः िचसी िचाुं वस
प्रथमा विभक्तक्तः Speech/Talking The two speeches The speeches
अदः अम अमवन

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 It Those two They
िचः िचसी िचाुं वस
The speech The two speeches The speeches
वद्वतीया विभक्तक्तः
अदः अम अमवन
It Both of them Them
िचसा िचोभ्याम िचोवभः
With the two
With the speech With the speeches
तृतीया विभक्तक्तः speeches
अमना अमभ्याम अमीवभः
With it With both of them With them
िचसे िचोभ्याम िचोभ्यः
For the speech For the two speeches For the speeches
चतथी विभक्तक्तः
अमष्मै अमभ्याम अमीभ्यः
For it For both of them For them
िचसः िचोभ्याम िचोभ्यः
From the two
From the speech From the speeches
speeches
पञ्चमी विभक्तक्तः
अमष्मात अमभ्याम अमीभ्यः
From the two of
From it From them
them
िचसः िचसोः िचसाम
Of the speech Of the two speeches Of the speeches
षष्ठी विभक्तक्तः
अमष्य अमयोः अमीषाम
Its Both of their Their
िचवस िचसोः िचस्स
In the speech In the two speeches In the speeches
सप्तमी विभक्तक्तः
अमक्तष्मन अमयोः अमीष
In it In both of them In them
हे िचः हे िचसी हे िचाुं वस
सुंबोधन
Hey, speech Hey, speeches Hey, speeches
मकारान्तः (Words ending with ‘Ma’) – वकम (Kim)/‘इदम’ (Idam)
वकम के कावन
What? Which two? What all?
प्रथमा विभक्तक्तः
इदम इमे इमावन
It Those two Them
वकम के कावन
वद्वतीया विभक्तक्तः
What? Which two? What all?

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 इदम/एनत इमे/एने इमावन/एनावन
It Those two Them
केन काभ्याम कैः
With what? With which two? With what all?
तृतीया विभक्तक्तः
अनेन/एनेन आभ्याम एवभः
With it With both of them With them
कस्मै काभ्याम केभ्यः
For what? For which two? For what all?
चतथी विभक्तक्तः
अस्मै आभ्याम एभ्यः
For it For both of them For them
कस्मात काभ्याम केभ्यः
From what? From which two? From what all?
पञ्चमी विभक्तक्तः अस्मात आभ्याम एभ्यः
From the two of
From it From them
them
कस्य कयोः केषाम
Of what? Of which two? Of which all?
षष्ठी विभक्तक्तः
अस्य अनयोः /एनयोः एषाम
Its Both of their Their
कक्तस्मन कयोः केष
In what? In which two? In what all?
सप्तमी विभक्तक्तः
अक्तस्मन अनयोः /एनयोः एष
In it In both of them In them
दकारान्तः (Words ending with ‘da’) – तद/यद (Tad/Yad)
तत ते तावन
That Both of those Those
यत ये यावन
प्रथमा विभक्तक्तः
That which Both of those which Those which
एतत एते एतावन
This Both of these These
तत ते तावन
That Both of those Those
यम य यान
वद्वतीया विभक्तक्तः
That which Both of those which Those which
एतम एत एतान
This Both of these These
तेन ताभ्याम तैः
तृतीया विभक्तक्तः
With it With both of them With those
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 येन याभ्याम यैः
With both of them
With that which With those which
which
एतेन एताभ्याम एतैः
With him With both of them With them
तस्मै ताभ्याम तेभ्यः
For it For both of them For those
यस्मै याभ्याम येभ्यः
चतथी विभक्तक्तः For both of those
For that which For those which
which
एतस्मै एताभ्याम एतेभ्यः
For this For both of these For these
तस्मात ताभ्याम तेभ्यः
From him From both of them From those
यस्मात याभ्याम येभ्यः
पञ्चमी विभक्तक्तः From both of those
From that which From those which
which
एतस्मात एताभ्याम एतेभ्यः
From him From both of them From them
तस्य तयोः तेषाम
Its Both of theirs Theirs
यस्य ययोः येषाम
षष्ठी विभक्तक्तः
His who Both of theirs who Theirs which
एतस्य एतयोः एतेषाम
Of this Both of theirs Theirs
तक्तस्मन तयोः तेष
In it In both of them In them
यक्तस्मन ययोः येष
सप्तमी विभक्तक्तः In both of them
In it which In them which
which
एतक्तस्मन एतयोः एतेष
In this In both of them In them

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नत्रनलङ्गकाः (Words common to all Sexes)
िचन एकिचनम वद्विचनम बहुचनम
दकारान्तः (Words ending with ‘da’) – अस्मद (Asmad)
आहम आिाम ियम
प्रथमा विभक्तक्तः
I We two We
माम/मा आिाम/न अस्मान/नः
वद्वतीया विभक्तक्तः
Me Both of us Us
मया अिाभ्याम अस्मावभः
तृतीया विभक्तक्तः
With me With both of us With us
मह्यम/मे अिाभ्याम/न अस्मभ्यम/नः
चतथी विभक्तक्तः
For me For both of us For us
मत अिाभ्याम अस्मत
पञ्चमी विभक्तक्तः
From me From both of us From us
मम/मे आियोः /न अस्माकम/नः
षष्ठी विभक्तक्तः
My Both of ours Ours
मवय आियोः अस्मास
सप्तमी विभक्तक्तः
In me In both of us In us
दकारान्तः (Words ending with ‘da’) – यष्मद (Yushmad)
त्वम यिाम ययम
प्रथमा विभक्तक्तः
You Both of you You all
त्वाम/त्वा यिाम/िाम यष्मान/िः
वद्वतीया विभक्तक्तः
You Both of you You all
त्वया यिाभ्याम यष्मावभः
तृतीया विभक्तक्तः
By you By both of you By you all
तभ्यम/ते यिाभ्याम/िाम यष्मभ्यम/िः
चतथी विभक्तक्तः
For you For both of you For you all
त्वत यिाभ्याम यष्मत
पञ्चमी विभक्तक्तः
From you From both of you From you all
ति/ते यियोः /िाम यष्माकम/िः
षष्ठी विभक्तक्तः
Your Both of your All of your
त्ववय यियोः यष्मास
सप्तमी विभक्तक्तः
In you In both of you In you all

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 निय पद नन (Verbs)
परस्मैपदी (Parasmaipadi)
ध तु (Dhaatu): पठ (Read)
लट् लक र (Lat Lakaara)/ितगम नक लाः (Present Tense)

परुषः एकिचनम वद्विचनम बहुचनम

प्रथमपरुषः पठवत पठतः पठक्तन्त
(Third Person) (He/She/It) reads (Both of them) read (They) read
मध्यमपरुषः (Second पठवस पठथः पठथ
Person) (You) read (Both of you) read (You all) read
उत्तमपरुषः (First पठावम पठािः पठामः
Person) (I) read (Both of us) read (We) read
लङ् लक र (Lan Lakaara)/भूतक लाः (Past Tense)

परुषः एकिचनम वद्विचनम बहुचनम

प्रथमपरुषः अपठत अपठताम अपठन
(Third Person) (He/She/It) read (Both of them) read (They) read
मध्यमपरुषः (Second अपठः अपठतम अपठत
Person) (You) read (Both of you) read (You all) read
उत्तमपरुषः (First अपठम अपठाि अपठाम
Person) (I) read (Both of us) read (We) read
लृट् लक र (Lrt Lakaara)/भनिष्यत्क लाः (Future Tense)

पठ (Read) एकिचनम वद्विचनम बहुचनम

पवठष्यवत पवठष्यतः पवठष्यक्तन्त
प्रथमपरुषः
(Both of them) will
(Third Person) (He/She/It) will read (They) will read
read
पवठष्यवस पवठष्यथः पवठष्यथ
मध्यमपरुषः (Second
(Both of you) will
Person) (You) will read (You all) will read
read
उत्तमपरुषः (First पवठष्यावम पवठष्यािः पवठष्यामः
Person) (I) will read (Both of us) will read (We) will read
लोट् लक र (Lot Lakaara)

पठ (Read) एकिचनम वद्विचनम बहुचनम

प्रथमपरुषः पठत/पठतात पठताम पठन्त

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 (Third Person) Let (both of them)
Let (him/her/it) read Let (them) read
read
मध्यमपरुषः (Second पठ/पठतात पठतम पठत
Person) Read (Both of you), read (You all), read
उत्तमपरुषः (First पठावन पठाि पठाम
Person) Let (me) read Let (both of us) read Let (us) read
निनधनलङ् लक र (Vidhi-Lin Lakaara)

पठ (Read) एकिचनम वद्विचनम बहुचनम

पठे त पठे ताम पठे यः
प्रथमपरुषः
(He/She/It) should (Both of them)
(Third Person) (They) should read
read should read
पठे ः पठे तम पठे त
मध्यमपरुषः (Second
(Both of you) should
Person) (You) should read (You all) should read
read
पठे यम पठे ि पठे म
उत्तमपरुषः (First
(Both of us) should
Person) (I) should read (We) should read
read
आशीनलगङ् लक र (Aasheer-Lin Lakaara)

पठ (Read) एकिचनम वद्विचनम बहुचनम

पठ्यात पठ्यास्ताम पठ्यासः
प्रथमपरुषः
Let both of (them)
(Third Person) Let (him/her/it) read Let (them) read
read
पठ्याः पठ्यास्तम पठ्यास्त
मध्यमपरुषः (Second
May (both of you)
Person) May (you) read May (you all) read
read
उत्तमपरुषः (First पठ्यासम पठ्यास्व पठ्यास्म
Person) Let (me) read Let (both of us) read Let (us) read
लुङ् लक र (Lun Lakaara)/भूतक लाः (Past Tense)

पठ (Read) एकिचनम वद्विचनम बहुचनम

प्रथमपरुषः अपाठीत अपावठनताम अपावठषः
(Third Person) (He/She/It) read (Both of them) read (They) read
मध्यमपरुषः (Second अपाठीः अपावठष्टम अपावठष्ट
Person) (You) read (Both of you) read (You all) read
उत्तमपरुषः (First अपावठषम अपावठष्व अपावठष्म
Person) (I) read (Both of us) read (We) read

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नलट् लक र (Lit Lakaara)/भूतक लाः (Past Tense)

पठ (Read) एकिचनम वद्विचनम बहुचनम

प्रथमपरुषः पपाठ पेठतः पेठः
(Third Person) (He/She/It) read (Both of them) read (They) read
मध्यमपरुषः (Second पेटीथ पेठथः पेठ
Person) (You) read (Both of you) read (You all) read
उत्तमपरुषः (First पपाठ पेवठि पेवठम
Person) (I) read (Both of us) read (We) read
लुट् लक र (Lut Lakaara)/भनिष्यत्क लाः (Future Tense)

पठ (Read) एकिचनम वद्विचनम बहुचनम

पवठता पवठतार पवठतारः
प्रथमपरुषः
(Both of them) will
(Third Person) (He/She/It) will read (They) will read
read
पवठतावस पवठतास्थः पवठतास्थ
मध्यमपरुषः (Second
(Both of you) will
Person) (You) will read (You all) will read
read
उत्तमपरुषः (First पवठताक्तस्म पवठतास्वः पवठतास्मः
Person) (I) will read (Both of us) will read (We) will read
लृङ् लक र (Lrn Lakaara)

पठ (Read) एकिचनम वद्विचनम बहुचनम

अपवठष्यत अपवठष्यताम अपवठष्यन
प्रथमपरुषः
Had (both of them)
(Third Person) Had (he/she/it) read Had (they) read
read
अपवठष्यः अपवठष्यतम अपवठष्यत
मध्यमपरुषः (Second
Had (both of you)
Person) Had (you) read Had (you all) read
read
उत्तमपरुषः (First अपवठष्यम अपवठष्याि अपवठष्याम
Person) Had (I) read Had (both of us) read Had (we) read

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ध तु (Dhaatu): अस (Exist)
लट् लक र (Lat Lakaara)/ितगम नक लाः (Present Tense)

परुषः एकिचनम वद्विचनम बहुचनम

प्रथमपरुषः अक्तस्त स्तः सक्तन्त
(Third Person) (He/She/It) exists (Both of them) exist (They) exist
मध्यमपरुषः (Second अवस स्थः स्थ
Person) (You) exist (Both of you) exist (You all) exist
उत्तमपरुषः (First अक्तस्म स्वः स्मः
Person) (I) exist (Both of us) exist (We) exist
लङ् लक र (Lan Lakaara)/भूतक लाः (Past Tense)

परुषः एकिचनम वद्विचनम बहुचनम

आसीत आस्ताम आसन
प्रथमपरुषः
(Both of them)
(Third Person) (He/She/It) existed (They) existed
existed
मध्यमपरुषः (Second आसीः आस्तम आस्त
Person) (You) existed (Both of you) existed (You all) existed
उत्तमपरुषः (First आसम आस्व आस्म
Person) (I) existed (Both of us) existed (We) existed
लृट् लक र (Lrt Lakaara)/भनिष्यत्क लाः (Future Tense)

पठ (Read) एकिचनम वद्विचनम बहुचनम

भविष्यवत भविष्यतः भविष्यक्तन्त
प्रथमपरुषः
(Both of them) will
(Third Person) (He/She/It) will exist (They) will exist
exist
मध्यमपरुषः (Second भविष्यवस भविष्यथः भविष्यथ
Person) (You) will be (Both of you) will be (You all) will be
उत्तमपरुषः (First भविष्यावम भविष्यािः भविष्यामः
Person) (I) will be (Both of us) will be (We) will be
लोट् लक र (Lot Lakaara)

पठ (Read) एकिचनम वद्विचनम बहुचनम

अस्त स्ताम सन्त
प्रथमपरुषः
Let (both of them)
(Third Person) Let (him/her/it) exist Let (them) exist
exist
एवध स्तम स्त
मध्यमपरुषः (Second
(Both of you) will
Person) (You) exist (You all) will exist
exist
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 उत्तमपरुषः (First असावन असाि असाम
Person) Let (me) be Let (both of us) be Let (us) be
निनधनलङ् लक र (Vidhi-Lin Lakaara)

पठ (Read) एकिचनम वद्विचनम बहुचनम

स्यात स्याताम स्यः
प्रथमपरुषः
(He/She/It) should (Both of them)
(Third Person) (They) should be
be should be
स्याः स्यातम स्यात
मध्यमपरुषः (Second
(Both of you) should
Person) (You) should be (You all) should be
be
स्याम स्याि स्याम
उत्तमपरुषः (First
(Both of us) should
Person) (I) should be (We) should be
be

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ध तु (Dhaatu): कृ (Do)
लट् लक र (Lat Lakaara)/ितगम नक लाः (Present Tense)

परुषः एकिचनम वद्विचनम बहुचनम

प्रथमपरुषः करोवत करुतः किगक्तन्त
(Third Person) (He/She/It) does (Both of them) do (They) do
मध्यमपरुषः (Second करोवष करुथः करुथ
Person) (You) do (Both of you) do (You all) do
उत्तमपरुषः (First करोवम किगः कमगः
Person) (I) do (Both of us) do (We) do
लङ् लक र (Lan Lakaara)/भूतक लाः (Past Tense)

परुषः एकिचनम वद्विचनम बहुचनम

प्रथमपरुषः अकरोत अकरुताम अकिगन
(Third Person) (He/She/It) did (Both of them) did (They) did
मध्यमपरुषः (Second अकरोः अकरुतम अकरुत
Person) (You) did (Both of you) did (You all) did
उत्तमपरुषः (First अकरिम अकिग अकमग
Person) (I) did (Both of us) did (We) did
लृट् लक र (Lrt Lakaara)/भनिष्यत्क लाः (Future Tense)

पठ (Read) एकिचनम वद्विचनम बहुचनम

कररष्यवत कररष्यतः कररष्यक्तन्त
प्रथमपरुषः
(Both of them) will
(Third Person) (He/She/It) will do (They) will do
do
मध्यमपरुषः (Second कररष्यवस कररष्यथः कररष्यथ
Person) (You) will do (Both of you) will do (You all) will do
उत्तमपरुषः (First कररष्यावम कररष्यािः कररष्यामः
Person) (I) will do (Both of us) will do (We) will do
लोट् लक र (Lot Lakaara)

पठ (Read) एकिचनम वद्विचनम बहुचनम

प्रथमपरुषः करोत करुताम किगन्त
(Third Person) Let (him/her/it) do Let (both of them) do Let (them) do
मध्यमपरुषः (Second करु करुतम करुत
Person) (You) do (Both of you) will do (You all) will do
उत्तमपरुषः (First करिावण करिाि करिाम
Person) Let (me) do Let (both of us) do Let (us) do

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निनधनलङ् लक र (Vidhi-Lin Lakaara)

पठ (Read) एकिचनम वद्विचनम बहुचनम

कयाग त कयाग ताम कयग:
प्रथमपरुषः
(He/She/It) should (Both of them)
(Third Person) (They) should do
do should do
कयाग ः कयाग तम कयाग त
मध्यमपरुषः (Second
(Both of you) should
Person) (You) should do (You all) should do
do
कयाग म कयाग ि कयाग म
उत्तमपरुषः (First
(Both of us) should
Person) (I) should do (We) should do
do

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आत्मनेपदी (Aatmanepadi)
ध तु (Dhaatu): िन्द (Offer salutations/obeisances)
लट् लक र (Lat Lakaara)/ितगम नक लाः (Present Tense)

परुषः एकिचनम वद्विचनम बहुचनम

प्रथमपरुषः िन्दते िन्दे ते िन्दन्ते
(Third Person) (He/She/It) salutes (Both of them) salute (They) salute
मध्यमपरुषः (Second िन्दसे िन्दे थे िन्दध्वे
Person) (You) salute (Both of you) serve (You all) salute
उत्तमपरुषः (First िन्दे िन्दािहे िन्दामहे
Person) (I) salute (Both of us) salute (We) salute
लङ् लक र (Lan Lakaara)/भूतक लाः (Past Tense)

परुषः एकिचनम वद्विचनम बहुचनम

अिन्दत अिन्दे ताम अिन्दन्त
प्रथमपरुषः
(Both of them)
(Third Person) (He/She/It) saluted (They) saluted
saluted
मध्यमपरुषः (Second अिन्दथाः अिन्दे थाम अिन्दध्वम
Person) (You) saluted (Both of you) served (You all) saluted
उत्तमपरुषः (First अिन्दे अिन्दािवह अिन्दामवह
Person) (I) saluted (Both of us) saluted (We) saluted
लृट् लक र (Lrt Lakaara)/भनिष्यत्क लाः (Future Tense)

पठ (Read) एकिचनम वद्विचनम बहुचनम

िक्तन्दष्यते िक्तन्दष्येते िक्तन्दष्यन्ते
प्रथमपरुषः
(He/She/It) will (Both of them) will
(Third Person) (They) will salute
salute salute
िक्तन्दष्यसे िक्तन्दष्येथे िक्तन्दष्यध्वे
मध्यमपरुषः (Second
(Both of you) will
Person) (You) will salute (You all) will salute
salute
िक्तन्दष्ये िक्तन्दष्यािहे िक्तन्दष्यामहे
उत्तमपरुषः (First
(Both of us) will
Person) (I) will salute (We) will salute
salute
लोट् लक र (Lot Lakaara)

पठ (Read) एकिचनम वद्विचनम बहुचनम

प्रथमपरुषः िन्दताम िन्दे ताम िन्दन्ताम

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 (Third Person) Let (him/her/it) Let (both of them)
Let (them) salute
salute salute
मध्यमपरुषः (Second िन्दस्व िन्दे थाम िन्दध्वम
Person) (You) salute (Both of you), salute (You all), salute
िन्दै िन्दािहै िन्दामहै
उत्तमपरुषः (First
Let (both of us)
Person) Let (me) salute Let (us) salute
salute
निनधनलङ् लक र (Vidhi-Lin Lakaara)

पठ (Read) एकिचनम वद्विचनम बहुचनम

िन्दे त िन्दे याताम िन्दे रम
प्रथमपरुषः
(He/She/It) should (Both of them)
(Third Person) (They) should salute
salute should salute
िन्दे थाः िन्दे याथाम िन्दे ध्वम
मध्यमपरुषः (Second
(Both of you) should (You all) should
Person) (You) should be
salute salute
िन्दे य िन्दे िवह िन्दे मवह
उत्तमपरुषः (First
(Both of us) should
Person) (I) should salute (We) should salute
salute
आशीनलगङ् लक र (Aasheer-Lin Lakaara)

पठ (Read) एकिचनम वद्विचनम बहुचनम

िक्तन्दषीष्ट िक्तन्दषीयास्ताम िक्तन्दषीरन
प्रथमपरुषः
Let (him/her/it) Let both of (them)
(Third Person) Let (them) salute
salute salute
िक्तन्दषीष्ठाः िक्तन्दषीयास्थाम िक्तन्दषीध्वम
मध्यमपरुषः (Second
May (both of you)
Person) May (you) salute May (you all) salute
salute
िक्तन्दषीय िक्तन्दषीिवह िक्तन्दषीमवह
उत्तमपरुषः (First
Let (both of us)
Person) Let (me) salute Let (us) salute
salute
लुङ् लक र (Lun Lakaara)/भूतक लाः (Past Tense)

पठ (Read) एकिचनम वद्विचनम बहुचनम

अिक्तन्दष्ट अिक्तन्दषाताम अिक्तन्दषत
प्रथमपरुषः
(Both of them)
(Third Person) (He/She/It) saluted (They) saluted
saluted
मध्यमपरुषः (Second अिक्तन्दष्ठाः अिक्तन्दषाथाम अिक्तन्दध्वम
Person) (You) saluted (Both of you) saluted (You all) saluted
अिक्तन्दवष अिक्तन्दष्ववह अिक्तन्दष्मवह
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 उत्तमपरुषः (First
(I) saluted (Both of us) saluted (We) saluted
Person)
नलट् लक र (Lit Lakaara)/भूतक लाः (Past Tense)

पठ (Read) एकिचनम वद्विचनम बहुचनम

ििन्दे ििन्दाते ििक्तन्दरे
प्रथमपरुषः
(Both of them)
(Third Person) (He/She/It) saluted (They) saluted
saluted
मध्यमपरुषः (Second ििक्तन्दषे ििन्दाथे ििक्तन्दध्वे
Person) (You) saluted (Both of you) saluted (You all) saluted
उत्तमपरुषः (First ििन्दे ििक्तन्दिहे ििक्तन्दमहे
Person) (I) saluted (Both of us) saluted (We) saluted
लुट् लक र (Lut Lakaara)/भनिष्यत्क लाः (Future Tense)

पठ (Read) एकिचनम वद्विचनम बहुचनम

िक्तन्दता िक्तन्दतार िक्तन्दतारः
प्रथमपरुषः
(He/She/It) will (Both of them) will
(Third Person) (They) will salute
salute salute
िक्तन्दतासे िक्तन्दतासाथे िक्तन्दताध्वे
मध्यमपरुषः (Second
(Both of you) will
Person) (You) will salute (You all) will salute
salute
िक्तन्दताहे िक्तन्दतास्वहे िक्तन्दतास्महे
उत्तमपरुषः (First
(Both of us) will
Person) (I) will salute (We) will salute
salute
लृङ् लक र (Lrn Lakaara)

पठ (Read) एकिचनम वद्विचनम बहुचनम

अिक्तन्दष्यत अिक्तन्दष्ये ताम अिक्तन्दष्यन्त
प्रथमपरुषः
Had (he/she/it) Had (both of them)
(Third Person) Had (they) saluted
saluted saluted
अिक्तन्दष्यथाः अिक्तन्दष्येथाम अिक्तन्दष्यध्वम
मध्यमपरुषः (Second
Had (both of you)
Person) Had (you) saluted Had (you all) saluted
saluted
अिक्तन्दष्ये अिक्तन्दष्यािवह अिक्तन्दष्यामवह
उत्तमपरुषः (First
Had (both of us)
Person) Had (I) saluted Had (we) saluted
saluted

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 Dhaatus and Lakaaras
ध तिाः (Dhaatus)
A 'धात' (dhaatu) is the root form of a verb, from which various forms of a verb are derived.
For example:

• पठ (Read)
• िन्द (Offer salutations/obeisances)
• यज (Unite)
The various tenses of a verb are known as the 'lakaaras', which are as follows.

लक र ाः (Lakaaras)
लट् लक र (Lat Lakaara):
It indicates simple/continuous present tense.

रमेशः शास्त्रावण पठवत ।

“Ramesha reads/is reading the Shaastras.”

अहुं नर्रुं र्च्छावम ।

“I am going to the town.”

लङ् लक र (Lan Lakaara):

It indicates simple past tense.

आचायगः पाठुं अिदत ।

“The Aachaarya spoke the lesson.”

(For continuous past tense, simply write 'स्म' at the end of the verb in lat lakaara)

लृट् लक र (Lrt Lakaara):

It indicates simple/continuous future tense.

त्वुं िवदष्यवस ।
“You will speak.”

लोट् लक र (Lot Lakaara):

It is used as a command/order.

सुंस्कृत भाषा िद ।
“(You), speak in the Samskrta language.”

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सः पस्तकुं पठत ।
“Let him read the book.”

निनधनलङ् लक र (Vidhi-Lin Lakaara):

It is similar to Lot lakaara and also signifies an order.

स पठे त ।
“He should read.”

त्वम उत्तमुं स्याः ।

“You should become excellent.”

आशीनलगङ् लक र (Aasheer-Lin Lakaara):

It is used to convey a benediction or blessing.

लुङ् लक र (Lun Lakaara):

It indicates perfect tense, or actions already completed.

नलट् लक र (Lit Lakaara):

It indicates past perfect tense.

लुट् लक र (Lut Lakaara):

It indicates future tense.

लृङ् लक र (Lrn Lakaara):

It indicates conditional past or future.

यवद सः अपवठष्यत सः अवधकाररनम अभविष्यत ।

“If he had studied, he would have become eligible.”

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 प्रत्यय ाः (Pratyayas)
They are verb suffixes used for specific situations. They are added to a dhaatu to form a
verb used for particular cases. A few of the prominent and commonly used ones are listed
below.

क्तितु (Ktavatu)
It is a form of simple past tense. The verbs shown on the previous pages are in the form of
'आख्यातप्रत्यय' or 'वतङप्रत्यय'. The main difference between ktavatu pratyaya and tin
pratyaya, is that words remain the same regardless of the sex of the kartr (doer/subject) in
the latter case, while they differ depending on the sex of the kartr in case of the former. For
example,

र्म + क्तित = र्तिान/र्तिती/र्तित (He/She/It went)

The ktavatu pratyaya form of a verb has the same linga and vachana as the subject.

रमेशः र्तिान ।
“Ramesha went.”

सीता र्तिती ।
“Seeta went.”

बािकाः र्तिन्तः ।
“The boys went.”

क्तस्त्रयः र्तित्यः ।
“The women went.”
One must be careful not to confuse the stri-linga form of ktavatu pratyaya with the
prathama-purusha form of a verb, as they usually end in 'ती' and 'वत' respectively. The
ktavatu pratyaya is usually used when an action took place.

क्त्व (Ktvaa)
When there are two actions in a sentence, mentioned in an order, it is used for the first
verb. For example,

त्यज + क्त्वा = त्यक्त्वा (having given up)

पठ + क्त्वा = पवठत्वा (having read)

सरे शः ग्रन्थुं पवठत्वा र्च्छवत ।

“Suresha goes after reading the text.”

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सः चोरुं दृनवा धावितिान ।
“He ran away, having seen the thief.”

ल्यप् (Lyap)
This pratyaya serves the same purpose as ktvaa, but is used when the verb has an upasarga
(prefix). For example,

हरवत → हृत्वा (क्त्वा प्रत्यय)

अपहरवत → अपहृत्य (ल्यप प्रत्यय)
The verb 'harati' (carry/take) becomes 'hrtvaa' with ktvaa pratyaya, but 'apaharati'
(seize/steal) becomes 'apahrtya' with lyap pratyaya.

चोरः धनम अपहृत्य धावितिान ।

“The thief ran, having stolen the money.”

तुमुन् (Tumun)
It is used with a verb to indicate the purpose of something, while answering as to why an
action is done. For example,

र्म + तमन = र्न्तम (to go)

पठ + तमन = पवठतम (to read)

सः पवठतम विद्याियुं र्च्छवत ।

“He goes to the university to study.”

सः िनटम अर्च्छत ।
“He went to see.”

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 Additional Words
अतः (Ataha) – Therefore
यतः (Yataha) – Because/Since
इवत (Iti) – Thus/In this way
चेत (Chet) – If
यवद (Yadi) – If
तवहग (Tarhi) – Then
यदा (Yadaa) – When
तदा (Tadaa) – Then
यथा (Yathaa) – How
तथा (Tathaa) – So

एि (Eva) – Only/solely/certainly (not to be confused with ‘एिम’)

This is to be used just after the word which is to be stressed upon, such as 'रामः नर्रम एि
र्च्छवत' – "Raama goes to the city itself" and 'रामः एि नर्रुं र्च्छवत' – Raama Himself goes to
the city)

एिम (Evam) – So/In this way

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श्री हरये नमः ।

श्रीकृष्णापगणमस्त ॥

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