Industrial Electronics Formulas

Buck Converter 𝛥𝑉𝑜 1−𝐷

=
𝑉𝑜 8𝐿𝐶𝑓 2
Switch Closed
𝑹𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒅 𝑪𝒂𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆𝒅 𝒐𝒏 𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝑹𝒊𝒑𝒑𝒍𝒆:
𝑑𝑖𝐿
𝑰𝒏𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆: 𝑉𝐿 = 𝑉𝑠 − 𝑉𝑜 = 𝐿
𝑑𝑡 1−𝐷
𝐶=
𝛥𝑉
Switch Open 8𝐿 ( 𝑉 𝑜 ) 𝑓 2
𝑜
𝑑𝑖𝐿
𝑰𝒏𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆: 𝑉𝐿 = −𝑉𝑜 = 𝐿 𝑪𝑪𝑴/𝑫𝑪𝑴 𝑩𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒅𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒆𝒔
𝑑𝑡
𝐾𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡 = (1 − 𝐷)
Steady State
𝐾𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 1
𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝑶𝒖𝒕𝒑𝒖𝒕: 𝑉𝑜 = 𝑉𝑠 𝐷
2𝐿
𝑨𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡: 𝑅𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡 =
(1 − 𝐷)𝑇𝑠
𝑉𝑜
𝐼𝐿 = 𝐼𝑅 = 2𝐿
𝑅 𝑅𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡,𝑚𝑖𝑛 =
𝑇𝑠
𝑴𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒎𝒖𝒎 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡:
𝛥𝐼𝐿 𝑉𝑜 1 𝑉𝑜
𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐼𝐿 + = + [ (1 − 𝐷)𝑇]
2 𝑅 2 𝐿
1 (1 − 𝐷) Boost Converter
𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑉𝑜 [ + ]
𝑅 2𝐿𝑓 Switch Closed
𝑴𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒎𝒖𝒎 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡: 𝑑𝑖𝐿
𝑰𝒏𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆: 𝑉𝐿 = 𝑉𝑠 = 𝐿
𝛥𝐼𝐿 𝑉𝑜 1 𝑉𝑜 𝑑𝑡
𝐼𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝐼𝐿 − = − [ (1 − 𝐷)𝑇]
2 𝑅 2 𝐿 Switch Open
1 (1 − 𝐷) 𝑑𝑖𝐿
𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑉𝑜 [ − ] 𝑰𝒏𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆: 𝑉𝐿 = 𝑉𝑠 − 𝑉𝑜 = 𝐿
𝑅 2𝐿𝑓 𝑑𝑡
1 Steady State
𝑓=
𝑇 𝑉𝑠
𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝑶𝒖𝒕𝒑𝒖𝒕: 𝑉𝑜 =
𝑭𝒐𝒓 𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒖𝒐𝒖𝒔 𝑪𝒖𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕: 1−𝐷
(1 − 𝐷)𝑅 𝑨𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡:
𝐿𝑚𝑖𝑛 =
2𝑓
𝑉𝑠 𝑉𝑜2 𝑉𝑜 𝐼𝑜
𝐼𝐿 = 2
= =
(𝑉𝑠 − 𝑉𝑜 ) 𝑉𝑜 (1 − 𝐷) (1 − 𝐷) 𝑅 𝑉𝑠 𝑅 𝑉𝑠
𝐿=[ ]𝐷 = [ ]
𝛥𝐼𝐿 𝑓 𝛥𝐼𝐿 𝑓
𝑴𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒎𝒖𝒎 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡:
𝑷𝒆𝒂𝒌 − 𝒕𝒐 − 𝒑𝒆𝒂𝒌 𝑹𝒊𝒑𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆: 𝛥𝐼𝐿 𝑉𝑠 𝑉𝑠 𝐷𝑇
𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐼𝐿 + = 2
+
2 (1 − 𝐷) 𝑅 2𝐿
𝑴𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒎𝒖𝒎 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡: 𝑑𝑖𝐿
𝑰𝒏𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆: 𝑉𝐿 = 𝑉𝑠 = 𝐿
𝑑𝑡
𝛥𝐼𝐿 𝑉𝑠 𝑉𝑠 𝐷𝑇
𝐼𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝐼𝐿 − = 2
− Switch Open
2 (1 − 𝐷) 𝑅 2𝐿
𝑭𝒐𝒓 𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒖𝒐𝒖𝒔 𝑪𝒖𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕: 𝑑𝑖𝐿
𝑰𝒏𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆: 𝑉𝐿 = 𝑉𝑜 = 𝐿
𝑑𝑡
𝐷(1 − 𝐷)2 𝑅
(𝐿𝑓)𝑚𝑖𝑛 = Steady State
2
𝐷(1 − 𝐷)2 𝑅 𝐷
𝐿𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝑶𝒖𝒕𝒑𝒖𝒕: 𝑉𝑜 = −𝑉𝑠 ( )
2𝑓 1−𝐷
𝑨𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡:
𝑉𝑠 𝐷𝑇 𝑉𝑠 𝐷
𝐿= =
𝛥𝐼𝐿 𝛥𝐼𝐿 𝑓 𝑉𝑜2 𝑃𝑜 𝑉𝑠 𝐷
𝐼𝐿 = = =
𝛥𝑉𝑜 𝐷 𝑉𝑠 𝑅𝐷 𝑉𝑠 𝐷 𝑅(1 − 𝐷)2
𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝑹𝒊𝒑𝒑𝒍𝒆: = 𝑅𝐶𝑓
𝑉𝑜
𝑴𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒎𝒖𝒎 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡:
𝑹𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒅 𝑪𝒂𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆𝒅 𝒐𝒏
𝛥𝐼𝐿 𝑉𝑠 𝐷 𝑉𝑠 𝐷𝑇
𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐼𝐿 + = +
𝑶𝒖𝒕𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝑹𝒊𝒑𝒑𝒍𝒆: 2 𝑅(1 − 𝐷) 2 2𝐿
𝐷 𝑴𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒎𝒖𝒎 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡:
𝐶=
𝛥𝑉
𝑅 ( 𝑉 𝑜) 𝑓 𝛥𝐼𝐿 𝑉𝑠 𝐷 𝑉𝑠 𝐷𝑇
𝑜 𝐼𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝐼𝐿 − = −
2 𝑅(1 − 𝐷) 2 2𝐿
𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝑹𝒊𝒑𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝑫𝒖𝒆 𝒕𝒐 𝑬𝑺𝑹:
𝑭𝒐𝒓 𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒖𝒐𝒖𝒔 𝑪𝒖𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕:
𝑉𝑜,𝐸𝑆𝑅 = 𝛥𝐼𝑐 𝑟𝑐 = 𝐼𝐿,𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑟𝑐
(1 − 𝐷)2 𝑅
𝑪𝑪𝑴/𝑫𝑪𝑴 𝑩𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒅𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒆𝒔 (𝐿𝑓)𝑚𝑖𝑛 =
2
𝐾𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡 = 𝐷(1 − 𝐷)2 (1 − 𝐷)2 𝑅
𝐿𝑚𝑖𝑛 =
4 2𝑓
𝐾𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡,𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
27 𝛥𝑉𝑜 𝐷
𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝑹𝒊𝒑𝒑𝒍𝒆: = 𝑅𝐶𝑓
𝑉𝑜
2𝐿
𝑅𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡 =
𝐷(1 − 𝐷)2 𝑇𝑠 𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝑹𝒊𝒑𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝑫𝒖𝒆 𝒕𝒐 𝑬𝑺𝑹:
27𝐿 𝑉𝑜,𝐸𝑆𝑅 = 𝛥𝐼𝑐 𝑟𝑐 = 𝐼𝐿,𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑟𝑐
𝑅𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡,𝑚𝑖𝑛 =
2𝑇𝑠
𝑪𝑪𝑴/𝑫𝑪𝑴 𝑩𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒅𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒆𝒔

𝐾𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡 = (1 − 𝐷)2

𝐾𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 1
Buck-Boost Converter
2𝐿
Switch Closed 𝑅𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡 =
(1 − 𝐷)2 𝑇𝑠
 2𝐿
𝑅𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡,𝑚𝑖𝑛 =
2𝑇𝑠
SEPIC Converter

Average Voltage Across 𝐶1 :

𝑉𝐶1 = 𝑉𝑠
Cuk Converter
Switch Closed
Switch Closed
𝑰𝒏𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆: 𝑉𝐿1 = 𝑉𝑠
𝑪𝒂𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝑪𝒖𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕: (𝑖𝐶1 )𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑 = −𝐼𝐿2
Switch Open
Switch Open
𝑰𝒏𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆: 𝑉𝐿1 = −𝑉𝑜
𝑪𝒂𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝑪𝒖𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕: (𝑖𝐶1 )𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑛 = 𝐼𝐿1
Steady State
𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝑹𝒆𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒉𝒊𝒑: 𝐷
𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝑶𝒖𝒕𝒑𝒖𝒕: 𝑉𝑜 = 𝑉𝑠 ( )
−𝑉𝑜 𝐼𝐿2 = 𝑉𝑠 𝐼𝐿1 1−𝐷

Steady State 𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝑺𝒖𝒑𝒑𝒍𝒊𝒆𝒅 𝒃𝒚 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑺𝒐𝒖𝒓𝒄𝒆:

𝐼𝐿1 𝐷 𝑃𝑠 = 𝑉𝑠 𝐼𝑠 = 𝑉𝑠 𝐼𝐿1
=
𝐼𝐿2 1 − 𝐷 𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝑶𝒖𝒕𝒑𝒖𝒕: 𝑃𝑜 = 𝑉𝑜 𝐼𝑜
𝐷 𝑨𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝑰𝒏𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝑪𝒖𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕:
𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝑶𝒖𝒕𝒑𝒖𝒕: 𝑉𝑜 = −𝑉𝑠 ( )
1−𝐷
𝑑𝑖𝐿1 𝛥𝑖𝐿1
𝑹𝒊𝒑𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝑪𝒂𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝟏: 𝑉𝐿1 = 𝑉𝑠 = 𝐿1 ( ) = 𝐿1 ( )
𝑑𝑡 𝛥𝑡
𝑉𝑜 𝐷 𝛥𝑖𝐿1
𝛥𝑣𝐶1 ≈ = 𝐿1 ( )
𝑅𝐶1 𝑓 𝐷𝑇
𝑶𝒖𝒕𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝑹𝒊𝒑𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆:
𝑪𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝑰𝒏𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓
𝑉𝑜 𝐷
𝑉𝑠 𝐷𝑇 𝑉𝑠 𝐷 𝛥𝑉𝑜 = 𝛥𝑉𝐶2 =
𝛥𝐼𝐿1 = = 𝑅𝐶2 𝑓
𝐿1 𝐿1 𝑓
𝑉𝑜 𝐷
𝑉𝑠 𝐷𝑇 𝑉𝑠 𝐷 𝛥𝑉𝐶1 =
𝛥𝐼𝐿2 = = 𝑅𝐶1 𝑓
𝐿2 𝐿2 𝑓
𝐷
𝑭𝒐𝒓 𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒖𝒐𝒖𝒔 𝑪𝒖𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕: 𝐶1 =
𝛥𝑉
𝑅 ( 𝑉𝐶1 ) 𝑓
(1 − 𝐷)2 𝑅 𝑜
𝐿1 𝑚𝑖𝑛 =
2𝐷𝑓
(1 − 𝐷)𝑅
𝐿2 𝑚𝑖𝑛 =
2𝑓