LESSON #1: INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY NUR1101

SEMESTER 1 | BSN YEAR 1 | PROF. NEUGENE ROWAN CU

especially to produce images of internal

structures.
TOPIC OVERVIEW
○ Examples are:
● Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology ■ X-rays
● Levels of Organization, Characteristics of ■ Ultrasound
Life, and Negative and Positive Feedbacks ■ Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
● Introduction to the 11 Major Organ Systems
● Terminologies and the Body Plan
○ Anatomical Positions PHYSIOLOGY
○ Directional Terms ○ The study of the processes of ALL living
○ Body Parts and Abdomen Regions things.
○ Planes of Section of the Body
○ Body Cavities HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY
The study of the processes of the human body.
It studies the following:
INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY 1. How the body responds to external
stimuli.
ANATOMY 2. How the body maintains homeostasis.
○ Means “to dissect”
WHAT IS HOMEOSTASIS?
○ The study of the structure and function of the
human body.
It is the ability of the internal body to remain a
constant and stable condition, even amidst
TWO APPROACHES IN ANATOMY:
external stimuli.
The human body structures are DYNAMIC
SYSTEMATIC ANATOMY ○ Meaning: it is always active and
○ Studies by organ systems as a whole. adjusting to your activities. It works to
There are 11 major systems in the body. keep things balanced.
It studies how organ systems interact with each
other.
TWO LEVELS OF PHYSIOLOGY

REGIONAL ANATOMY
CELLULAR PHYSIOLOGY
○ Studies by body region/areas.
○ Studies the processes INSIDE the cells.
Focuses on specific sections or parts of the
body, like the heart, abdomen, thorax.
SYSTEMIC PHYSIOLOGY
It has a narrower scope.
○ Studies the processes by ORGAN SYSTEMS.

WAYS TO STUDY BODY STRUCTURES:

SURFACE ANATOMY
○ Studies the EXTERNAL structure of the body.
Uses the sense of SIGHT and TOUCH only.
No use of technology.

ANATOMICAL IMAGING
○ Uses technologies,

NUR1101: ANAPHY BY PRINCESS ROMEA D. ESPIGOL, BSN 136

 LESSON #1: LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION, CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE,
NUR1101
POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISMS
SEMESTER 1 | BSN YEAR 1 | PROF. NEUGENE ROWAN CU

one another.
LEVELS OF ORGANIZATIONS IN THE HUMAN BODY

2CT3O 11 MAJOR ORGAN SYSTEMS:

There are 11 major organ systems which are:

Chemical level 1. Integumentary System
Cell level 2. Skeletal System
Tissue level 3. Muscular System
Organ level 4. Cardiovascular System
Organ System level 5. Respiratory System
Organism level 6. Nervous System
7. Endocrine System
8. Lymphatic System
VOCABULARY DEFINITION
9. Digestive System
Studies how atoms 10. Urinary System
Chemical level interact and combine into 11. Male and Female Reproductive System
molecules.
SIX (6) CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE
Includes the cells and the
Cell level functions of its
organelles. 1. ORGANIZATION
○ Interrelationship of parts and how they
Organelles Formed from molecules.
interact to perform specific functions.
Tissue Formed from a group of
cells. 2. METABOLISM
There are 4 types: ○ The use of energy to perform functions, like
1. Epithelial growth, movement, reproduction.
2. Connective
3. Muscular
3. RESPONSIVENESS
4. Nervous
○ Ability to sense and adjust to internal and
Formed from 2 or more external stimuli in order to maintain
Organ tissue types that perform homeostasis.
a COMMON FUNCTION.
4. GROWTH
Group of organs that
perform a COMMON ○ Increase in the size or number of cells or
Organ system FUNCTION. extracellular materials.
There are 11 major organ
systems.
5. DEVELOPMENT
Organism Any living considered as ○ The changes that occurred through time.
a whole. From fertilization to death.

Network of organ ++ DIFFERENTIATION

Human Organism systems that depends on
○ Changes in cell structure and function.

NUR1101: ANAPHY BY PRINCESS ROMEA D. ESPIGOL, BSN 136

 LESSON #1: LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION, CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE,
NUR1101
POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISMS
SEMESTER 1 | BSN YEAR 1 | PROF. NEUGENE ROWAN CU

From generalized differentiation to specialized

and mature differentiation. PHYSIOLOGICAL VARIABLES

6. REPRODUCTION
Refers to the specific measures of body
Formation of new cells (through mitosis &
properties that change in value.
meiosis) or new organisms (fertilization).
Examples:
Allows growth and development.
■ Body temperature
Prevents extinction of species.
■ Glucose level
■ Heart rate
■ Blood pressure
NEGATIVE AND POSITIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISM
■ Blood sugar level
■ Blood cell count
NEGATIVE FEEDBACK
○ Resists or counteracts changes (the
INDEPENDENT VARIABLE: Internal and external stimuli
deviation from the setpoint) in order to
DEPENDENT VARIABLE: Body’s response
maintain homeostasis
○ If changes happen, the body works to bring
the variable back to its set point and normal SET POINT
range. (correction)
○ Faster response than positive feedback The ideal and optimal value for a physiological
variable.
THREE (3) COMPONENT OF NEGATIVE FEEDBACK:
1. RECEPTOR: monitors the value of variables,
recognizes stimuli. NORMAL RANGE
2. CONTROL CENTER: receives input from the
receptors, ensures the variables meet the set The increase and decrease of value around the
point and normal range.
set point
3. EFFECTOR: receives instruction from the
Not a single value, but a RANGE
control center, adjusts the values of variables
to maintain set point and normal range. The range of values that allows the body to
function normally.
POSITIVE FEEDBACK
○ The body responds to changes with even Examples:
stronger/greater changes. (a deviation to a Body Temperature
greater deviation) Set Point: 37°C (or 98.6°F)
○ Does not work to maintain homeostasis Normal Range: 36.5°C to 37.5°C
○ Variable moves away from the set point and
normal range Blood Pressure (for adults)
○ Examples: Set Point: 120/80 mm Hg (millimetre of mercury)
■ For healthy positive feedback: Normal Range: below 120/80 mm Hg
childbirth, breast feeding, blood
clotting.
■ For uncontrolled positive feedback: !! NOTE:
fever, severe hemorrhage However, it’s better to take note that SET POINTS and
NORMAL RANGES values might be different, especially
for infants and children, adults, and pregnant women. This
is due to the differences in their physiological needs,

NUR1101: ANAPHY BY PRINCESS ROMEA D. ESPIGOL, BSN 136

 LESSON #1: INTRODUCTION TO THE 11 MAJOR ORGAN SYSTEM NUR1101

SEMESTER 1 | BSN YEAR 1 | PROF. NEUGENE ROWAN CU

THE 11 MAJOR ORGAN SYSTEMS

ORGAN SYSTEM DIAGRAM MAIN FUNCTION ORGANS INVOLVED

Skin
Integumentary System External protection Hair
(Skin) Temperature regulation Nails
Sensation Sebaceous glands
Vitamin D synthesis Sweat glands

Structural support Bones

Skeletal System Body movements Joints
(Bones) Produce blood cells Cartilages
Minerals storage Ligaments
Levers of muscles
Adipose tissue

Body movements Skeletal muscles

Muscular System Posture Tendons
(Muscles) Heat production

Fast communication and

control through nerve Brain
Nervous System impulses (electrical signals) Spinal cord
Sensory detection and Nerves
processing Sensory receptors
Coordination of body
functions

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 LESSON #1: INTRODUCTION TO THE 11 MAJOR ORGAN SYSTEM NUR1101

SEMESTER 1 | BSN YEAR 1 | PROF. NEUGENE ROWAN CU

Hypothalamus (homeostatic
control of the brain)
Pituitary gland
Pineal gland
Slow communication and
regulation using Thyroid & parathyroid gland
Endocrine System hormones Thymus gland
Diff. hormones regulate:
(1) metabolism, (2) Adrenal glands
growth, (3) reproduction, Pancreas (insulin &
(4) sleep, and others. glucagon)

Ovary (estrogen and

progesterone) and Testis
(testosterone)

Transports nutrients, Heart

Cardiovascular System gases, hormones, and Blood vessels
wastes Arteries (away from the heart)
Regulates body Veins (back to the heart)
temperatures Blood (yes, blood is an organ.)

Reduces swelling Lymph nodes

Absorption of lipids Lymph vessels
Lymphatic System Immune response Spleen
(immune system) (Fight pathogens and combats Thymus
diseases)
Bone marrow
Balances tissue fluids

NUR1101: ANAPHY BY PRINCESS ROMEA D. ESPIGOL, BSN 136

 LESSON #1: INTRODUCTION TO THE 11 MAJOR ORGAN SYSTEM NUR1101

SEMESTER 1 | BSN YEAR 1 | PROF. NEUGENE ROWAN CU

Lungs
Gas exchange Diaphragm
Respiratory System (brings oxygen into the blood Nasal cavity
stream & sends carbon dioxide
Pharynx
outside)
Larynx
Regulate blood pH
(controls the amount of carbon Trachea
dioxide exhaled) Bronchi

Oral cavity
Digestive System Digest (breakdown) foods Esophagus
Absorbs nutrients Stomach
Elimination of waste Small & large intestine
Pancreas
Liver
Bladder

Urinary System
Removal of waste from Kidney
blood Uretra
Regulates amount of Bladder
water, electrolytes (salt Ureters
dissolved in blood), and pH
(acidity of blood)

Male Reproductive System Produce and transports Testes

gametes (sperm cells) Penis
Produce hormones Prostate
(testosterone) Vas Deferens

Produce and transport

gametes (egg cells) Ovary
Female Reproductive Site of fertilization and Uterus
System fetal development Oviduct
Produce hormones Vagina
(progesterone and
estrogen)

NUR1101: ANAPHY BY PRINCESS ROMEA D. ESPIGOL, BSN 136

 LESSON #1: TERMINOLOGIES AND THE BODY PLAN NUR1101

SEMESTER 1 | BSN YEAR 1 | PROF. NEUGENE ROWAN CU

Posterior behind of The tongue is posterior

to the lips.
TERMINOLOGY AND THE BODY PLAN
These terminologies are used to prevent Dorsal behind of The spine is dorsal to
misunderstanding exact terms used for the following: the heart.
● position
Ventral in front of The teeth is ventral
● direction
● regions Proximal closer to The arm is proximal to
● structures the point of the shoulder.
attachment

ANATOMICAL POSITIONS Distal farther from The thigh is distal to the

the point of shoulder.
ANATOMICAL POSITIONS (standing position) attachment
Subject must be: Lateral away from The ears are lateral to
- standing upright the midline the eye.
- face and eyes directed forward
- upper limbs at the sides Medial closer to or The eyes are medial to
- palms of the hands facing forward on the the mouth.
midline
- feet parallel and together
Superficial closer to or The skin is superficial
LYING POSITIONS on the to the tissue.
1. Supine surface
lying down with FACE UP
Deep deeper into The heart is deep to the
2. Prone
the surface skin.
lying down with FACE DOWN

WHAT IS THE MIDLINE?

DIRECTIONAL TERMS

These terms describe parts of the body relative to Imaginary vertical line that divides into right and left
each other. equally.

WHAT IS THE POINT OF ATTACHMENT?

Term Definition Example

Right right side Refers to the origin (or main part) of a body part.
Common Examples:
Left left side
- Shoulder
Inferior below The feet are inferior to - Hip
the head. - Leg

Superior above The head is superior to

WHERE DO WE COMMONLY USE THIS TERMS?
the chest.

Anterior in front of The eyes are anterior to Proximal & Distal: for arms and legs
the brain. Superficial and Deep: for layers of tissue

NUR1101: ANAPHY BY PRINCESS ROMEA D. ESPIGOL, BSN 136