Diploma Basic Surveying — Handwritten Style
Notes
1. Introduction to Surveying
- Definition: Surveying is the art of determining relative position of points on earth surface.
- Objectives: To prepare maps & plans, measure distances, angles, areas, alignment of structures.
- Principles: Working from whole to part, consistency, error distribution.
- Classification: Geodetic vs Plane Surveying; Linear (chain/tape), Angular (theodolite);
Topographic, Engineering, Hydrographic.
2. Linear Measurements
- Instruments: Chains, tapes, ranging rods, arrows, plumb bob.
- Methods: Direct & indirect measurement, offsets.
- Corrections: Slope, temperature, sag, tension.
3. Compass Surveying
- Instruments: Prismatic compass, surveyor compass.
- Bearings: Whole circle bearing (WCB), Quadrantal bearing (QB), Reduced bearing (RB).
- Local attraction & traverse adjustment.
4. Chain Survey
- Principles: Simple & suitable for small areas.
- Stationing, offsets, obstacle handling.
- Errors & remedies.
5. Plane Table Surveying
- Instruments: Plane table, alidade, spirit level.
- Methods: Radiation, intersection, traversing, resection.
- Errors & precautions.
6. Levelling
- Terms: Level surface, datum, RL (Reduced Level), backsight, foresight, intermediate sight.
- Methods: Rise & fall method, Height of Instrument method.
- Contours: Contour interval, methods of contouring.
7. Theodolite Surveying
- Uses: Measuring horizontal & vertical angles.
- Methods: Repetition, reiteration.
- Traverse adjustment, error balancing.
8. Tacheometry
- Stadia method, tangential method.
- Horizontal & vertical distance calculation.
9. Curves
- Types: Simple, compound, transition curves.
- Elements: Radius, tangent, offset, length.
10. Areas & Volumes
- Area: Trapezoidal rule, Simpson’s rule, planimeter.
- Volume: Average end area, prismoidal formula.
11. Errors & Accuracy
- Errors: Systematic, random, gross.
- Minimization & adjustment principles.