CBSE Class 10 Mathematics - Formula & Revision
Guide
This guide includes formulas, simple explanations, and repeated exam questions with short
solutions for all important chapters.
Chapter 1: Real Numbers
Formulas:
• Euclid’s Division Lemma: For any integers a and b (a > b), there exist unique q and r such that a =
bq + r, 0 ≤ r < b.
• HCF × LCM = Product of numbers.
Explanation:
We use prime factorization to find HCF and LCM. Irrational numbers cannot be expressed as a ratio
of integers.
Example:
Prove that √2 is irrational.
Repeated Exam Questions:
• Prove √3 is irrational.
• Find HCF of 252 and 198 using Euclid’s Lemma.
Chapter 2: Polynomials
Formulas:
• For quadratic ax² + bx + c: Sum of zeroes = -b/a, Product of zeroes = c/a.
• For cubic ax³ + bx² + cx + d: Sum of zeroes = -b/a, Sum of product of zeroes (two at a time) = c/a,
Product of zeroes = -d/a.
Explanation:
Zeroes are the values of x where polynomial = 0. Relationship helps in forming polynomials from
roots.
Example:
Find polynomial with zeroes 2, 3.
Repeated Exam Questions:
• Find a quadratic polynomial with given zeroes √2 and -√2.
• If zeroes of polynomial are 1 and 2, form polynomial.
Chapter 3: Pair of Linear Equations in Two
Variables
Formulas:
• General form: ax + by + c = 0.
• Condition for no solution: a1/a2 = b1/b2 ≠ c1/c2.
• Condition for infinite solutions: a1/a2 = b1/b2 = c1/c2.
• Condition for unique solution: a1/a2 ≠ b1/b2.
Explanation:
We solve equations by substitution, elimination, or cross-multiplication method.
Example:
Solve 2x + 3y = 11, 2x – 4y = –24.
Repeated Exam Questions:
• Solve equations by elimination method.
• Word problem: sum of two numbers is 27 and difference is 3. Find numbers.
Chapter 4: Quadratic Equations
Formulas:
• General form: ax² + bx + c = 0.
• Quadratic formula: x = (-b ± √(b² – 4ac)) / 2a.
• Nature of roots: D = b² – 4ac → D>0 (real, distinct), D=0 (real, equal), D<0 (imaginary).
Explanation:
Quadratic equations represent parabolas. Discriminant tells nature of solutions.
Example:
Solve x² – 5x + 6 = 0.
Repeated Exam Questions:
• Find roots of 2x² – 7x + 3 = 0.
• Check nature of roots of x² – 4x + 8 = 0.
Chapter 6: Triangles
Formulas:
• BPT: If line drawn parallel to one side of triangle, it divides other two sides in same ratio.
• Pythagoras Theorem: In right triangle, hypotenuse² = base² + height².
• Area ratio: Ratio of areas of similar triangles = (ratio of corresponding sides)².
Explanation:
Triangles are similar if they have equal angles and proportional sides.
Example:
Prove Pythagoras theorem using similarity.
Repeated Exam Questions:
• Prove that a line parallel to one side of a triangle divides other two sides proportionally.
• Areas of two similar triangles are 9:16. Find ratio of sides.
Chapter 7: Coordinate Geometry
Formulas:
• Distance: √((x2 – x1)² + (y2 – y1)²).
• Midpoint: ((x1+x2)/2, (y1+y2)/2).
• Section formula: (mx2+nx1 / m+n, my2+ny1 / m+n).
• Area of triangle: ½ [x1(y2 – y3) + x2(y3 – y1) + x3(y1 – y2)].
Explanation:
Coordinate geometry helps in finding distance, area, and dividing line segments.
Example:
Find midpoint of (2,3) and (4,7).
Repeated Exam Questions:
• Find distance between (3,4) and (7,1).
• Find coordinates of point dividing line joining (2,–2) and (3,7) in ratio 2:3.
Chapter 8: Introduction to Trigonometry
Formulas:
• sinθ = opp/hyp, cosθ = adj/hyp, tanθ = opp/adj.
• Trigonometric Identities: sin²θ + cos²θ = 1, 1+tan²θ = sec²θ, 1+cot²θ = csc²θ.
Explanation:
Trigonometry relates angles of triangles with sides. Identities simplify expressions.
Example:
Prove 1+tan²θ = sec²θ.
Repeated Exam Questions:
• Evaluate trigonometric ratios for 30°, 45°, 60°.
• Simplify using identities.
Chapter 13: Statistics
Formulas:
• Mean (direct): Σfx / Σf.
• Median: (n/2)th term from cumulative frequency table.
• Mode formula: L + ( (f1 – f0) / (2f1 – f0 – f2) ) × h.
Explanation:
Statistics is used to find representative values of data (mean, median, mode).
Example:
Find mean of marks given data using step-deviation method.
Repeated Exam Questions:
• Find median of given frequency distribution.
• Find mode of marks obtained by students.