Name: ___________________________________________ Quiz: ______________ Test: ______________

2.1 Conditional Statement Notes

Term Definition/Example

Conditional Statement A logical statement that has two parts: ______________________ (p) and ______________________ (q).

Symbol: Ex:

Negation The _________________________ of the original statement.

Symbol: Ex:

Example 1: Rewriting a Statement in If-Then Form & Writing a Negation

Underline the hypothesis and circle the conclusion. Then rewrite the conditional statement in if-then form.
a. All birds have feathers. b. You are in Texas if you are in Houston

Now write the negation of each statement below.

a. The ball is red. b. The cat is not black.

Term Definition/Example

Converse Exchange (swap) the ______________________ and __________________________.

If ____________, then ______________.

Inverse Negate both the ______________________ and __________________________.

If ____________, then ______________.

Contrapositive Negate the _______________________. If ____________, then ______________.

Equivalent Statements Two related conditional statements that are both ______________ or both ______________.

Example 2: Writing Related Conditional Statements

Let p be “you are a guitar player” and let q be “you are a musician.” Write each statement in terms of p & q. Then
decide whether it is true or false.

a. The conditional statement - _______________________________________________________________ T or F

b. The converse - ______________________________________________________________________________ T or F
c. The inverse - ____________________________________________________________________________ T or F
d. The contrapositive - ____________________________________________________________________ T or F

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Example 3: Using Definitions
Use the diagram. Decide whether the statement is true. Explain your answer using the definitions you have learned.

a. ∠JMF and ∠FMG are supplementary.

b. Point M is the midpoint of

c. ∠JMF and ∠HMG are vertical angles.

d. ⊥

Biconditional Statement is an “if and only if” statement that is written when both the conditional statement and its
converse are _______________.

Example 4: Writing Biconditional Statements

a. Rewrite the definition of perpendicular lines as a single biconditional statement.
Definition - If two lines intersect to form a right angle, then they are perpendicular lines.

b. Rewrite the definition of right angles as a single biconditional statement.

Definition - If an angle is a right angle, then its measure is 90°

Truth table is used to determine the conditions under which a conditional statement is true.

Example 5: Making Truth Tables

Conditional Truth Table:
p q p→q

T T

T F

F T

F F

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Inverse Truth Table:
p q ~p ~q ~p→~q

T T

T F

F T

F F

**Logically equivalent is when the truth tables have the same outcome.

Which truth tables above are logically equivalent? _________________________________________________________

Class Practice
1. Underline the hypothesis and circle the conclusion. If a polygon is a pentagon, then it has five sides.

2. Rewrite the conditional statement in if-then form.

a. Two right angles are supplementary angles b. The measures of complementary angles sum to 90°.

3. Match the following statements with their name. Then decide whether each statement is true or false.
Let p be “you are in math class” and let q be “you are in Geometry.”
________ If you are not in Geometry, then you are not in math class. T or F
________ If you are not in math class, then you are not in Geometry. T or F
________ If you are in Geometry, then you are in math class. T or F
________ If you are in math class, then you are in Geometry. T or F

4. Rewrite the following as a biconditional statement.

The midpoint of a segment is the point that divides the segment into two congruent segments

5. Write a truth table for the following & then compare the 2 tables.
a. ~p→ q b. ~q→ p

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 2.2 Inductive and Deductive Reasoning Notes
Term Definition/Example

Conjecture Unproven statement based on _______________________________.

Inductive Reasoning Process that includes looking for _______________________ and making conjectures.

Deductive Reasoning Using _______________, __________________, ___________________, & ______________________ to

form a logical arguments.

Counterexample Specific case for which the conjecture is _____________________.

Law of Detachment: Only if the ___________________ of a true conditional statement is _____________ , then the
___________________ is also _____________.

a. If two segments have the same length, then they are congruent. You know BC=XY. Using the Law of
Detachment, what statement can you make?

b. If a figure is a square, then it is a rectangle. You know that quadrilateral ABCD is a square. Using the Law of
Detachment, what statement can you make?

Law of Syllogism: If the _____________________ of one statement matches the _____________________ of another statement,
then you can rewrite the other 2 statements as a conditional if/then statement.

a. If soccer practice is canceled, then you can go to the mall after school. If it is raining today, then soccer
practice is canceled.

b. If a figure is a rectangle, then all interior angles are right angles. If a figure is a square, then all interior
angles are right angles.

Example 1: Finding a counterexample

Find a counterexample to show that the conjecture is false.
2
The value of 𝑥 is always greater than the value of x.

4
Example 2: Using the Law of Detachment
Use the Law of Detachment to determine what you can conclude from the given information, if possible.
a. If you pass the final, then you pass the class. You passed the final.

b. If a quadrilateral is a square, then it has four right angles. Quadrilateral QRST has four right angles.

Example 3: Using the Law of Syllogism

If possible, use the Law of Syllogism to write a new conditional statement that follows from the pair of true
statements.
2 2
a. If 𝑥 > 25, then 𝑥 > 20.
2
If x > 5, then 𝑥 > 25.

b. If a polygon is regular, then all angles in the interior of the polygon are congruent.
If a polygon is regular, then all its sides are congruent.

Example 4: Comparing Inductive & Deductive Reasoning

Decide whether inductive reasoning or deductive reasoning is used to reach the conclusion. Explain your reasoning.
a. Each time Monica kicks a ball up in the air, it returns to the ground. So, the next time Monica kicks a ball up
in the air, it will return to the ground.

b. All reptiles are cold-blooded. Parrots are not cold-blooded. Sue’s pet parrot is not a reptile.

Class Practice
1. Make and test a conjecture about the given quantity.
The product of any two even integers

2. Find a counterexample to show that the conjecture is false.

The product of two positive numbers is always greater than either number.

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3. Use the Law of Detachment to determine what you can conclude from the given information, if possible.
a. If your parents let you borrow the car, then you will go to the movies with your friend. You will go to the
movies with your friend.

b. If a point divides a line segment into two congruent line segments, then the point is a midpoint. Point P
divides into two congruent line segments.

4. Use the Law of Syllogism to write a new conditional statement that follows from the pair of true statements, if
possible.
1 1
a. If a = 3, then 5a = 15. If 2
𝑎 = 1 2 , then a = 3

b. If a figure is a square, then the figure has four congruent sides. If a figure is a square, then the figure has four
right angles.

5. Decide whether inductive reasoning or deductive reasoning is used to reach the conclusion. Explain your
reasoning.

a. Each time your mom goes to the store, she buys milk. So, the next time your mom goes to the store, she will
buy milk.

b. All men are mortal. Mozart is a man, so Mozart is mortal.

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 2.3 Postulates and Diagrams Notes

Postulate Picture:

__________________________________________
through any two points, there exists exactly one line.

__________________________________________
If two lines intersect, then their intersection is exactly
one point.

__________________________________________
Through any three noncollinear points, there exists
exactly one plane.

__________________________________________
If two points lie in a plane, then the line containing
them lies in the plane.

__________________________________________
If two planes intersect, then their intersection is a line.

Example 1: Identifying Postulates from a Diagram

Using the diagram, identify which postulate matches each statement.
a. Plane P contains points A, B, and C.

b. Point A and B lie on Plane P, line n contains both A and B

And also lies on Plane P.

Example 2: Sketching a Diagram

Sketch a diagram showing intersecting at point W, so that .

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Example 3: Interpreting a Diagram
Using the diagram, can you assume that the following statements are True or False?

a. Points A, B, and F are collinear. d. plane S

b. Points E, B, and D are collinear. e. Plane T

c. intersects at point B.

Class Practice
Write the postulate illustrated by the diagram below. (Two-Point Postulate, Three-Point Postulate, Line Intersection
Postulate, Plane Intersection Postulate, Plane-line Postulate).

1. 2.

_______________________________________________ _______________________________________________

3. 4.

_______________________________________________ _______________________________________________

5. Using the diagram, identify which postulate matches each statement.

a. Points J and K are on line q.

b. Points L, G, and K are noncollinear points on Plane M.

6. Sketch a diagram of the description.

is intersecting at point A, so that XA = VA

7. Use the diagram to determine whether you can assume the statement. Circle your answer.
a) Planes W and X intersect at . YES or NO

b) Points K, L, M, and N are coplanar. YES or NO

c) Points Q, J, and M are collinear. YES or NO

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 2.4 Algebraic Reasoning

Addition Property of Equality If a = b, then a + c = __________________

Subtraction Property of Equality If a = b, then a - c = __________________

Multiplication Property of Equality If a = b, then a · c = __________________

Division Property of Equality 𝑎

If a = b, then 𝑐 =

Substitution Property of Equality If a = b, then a can be __________________ for b for any equation.

Distributive Property of Equality Sum: a(b + c) = ______________ Difference: a(b - c) = ______________

Example 1: Justifying Steps

Solve. Justify each step.
a. b.

Example 2: Solving a Real-Life Problem

a. You are given the equation for circumference C = 2π𝑟. Solve the formula for r. Justify each step.

b. The circumference is 6π. Find the radius.

Example 3: Writing a Formal Proof

Write a two-column proof for the situation below.
Given: 20x + 5 = -5x + 55
Prove: x = 2
Statements Reasons

1) 20x + 5 = -5x + 55 1)

2) 2)

3) 3)

4) 4)

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Class Practice
Solve each equation and justify each step.
1. 5(x − 1) = 4x + 13 2. S = 2πr2 + 2πrh , for h

3. Write a two-column proof for the situation below.

Given: 5(3x − 20) = −10
Prove: x = 6
Statements Reasons

1) 5(3x − 20) = −10 1)

2) 2)

3) 3)

4) 4)

4. Write a two-column proof for the situation below.

Given: 12 − 3y = 30x + 6
Prove: y = -10x + 2
Statements Reasons

1) 12 − 3y = 30x + 6 1)

2) 2)

3) 3)

5. Match the property of equality that the statement illustrates.

____________ If x = y, then 3x = 3y

____________If AM = MB, then AM + 5 = MB + 5

____________ If x = 4, then 5x= 5(4).

____________ If LM = XY, then LM − GH = XY – GH

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 2.5 Proving Statements about Segments and Angles

Reflexive Property Symmetric Property Transitive Property

If a=b, and b=c, then _____________.

a=______ If a = b, then ______________.
If AB=CD and CD=EF, then_____________.
AB = ______ If AB = CD, then ______________.
If m =m , and m =m ,
m = ______ If m =m , then ______________. then ________________________________

Example 1: Match the following statement with its property.

____________ 1. m∠Z = m∠Z

____________ 2. If m∠A = 29°, then 29° = m∠A .

____________ 3. If BC = XY and XY = 8, then BC = 8.

Example 2: Writing a Two-Column Proof

Write a two-column proof for the situation below.
Given: m∠1 = m∠3
Prove: m∠DBA = m∠EBC
Statements Reasons

1) m∠1 = m∠3 1)
2) m∠DBA = m∠3 + m∠2 2)
3) m∠DBA = m∠1 + m∠2 3)
4) m∠1 + m∠2 = m∠EBC 4)
5) m∠DBA = m∠EBC 5)

Given: T is the midpoint of SU

Prove: x = 5
Statements Reasons

1)T is the midpoint of 1)

2) ≅ 2) Definition of _______________________

3) ST = TU 3) Definition of _______________________

4) 7x = 3x +20 4)

5) 5) Subtraction Property of Equality

6) x = 5 6)

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Example 3: Modeling with Mathematics
A park, a shoe store, a pizza shop, and a movie theater are located in order on a city street. The distance between
the park and the shoe store is the same as the distance between the pizza shop and the movie theater. Show that
the distance between the park and the pizza shop is the same as the distance between the shoe store and the movie
theater.
Statements Reason

1) PS= ZM 1)
2) PS + SZ = ZM + SZ 2)
3) PS + SZ= PZ 3)
4) SZ + ZM= SM 4)
5) PZ= SM 5)

Complete the table to show that m∠2= m∠3.

Statements Reasons

1) m∠1 = m∠4 1)
m∠1 + m∠2 = 90
m∠3 + m∠4 = 90
2) m∠1 + m∠2 = m∠3 + m∠4 2)
3) m∠4 + m∠2 = m∠3 + m∠4 3)
4) m∠2 = m∠3 4)

Class Practice:
1. Match the following statement with its property.

i. _________ If ∠T ≅ ∠V and ∠V ≅ ∠R, then ∠T ≅ ∠R.

ii. _________ If ≅ , then ≅

iii. _________ AB= AB. (or AB=BA)

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 2. Complete the following proofs.
Given: PQ = RS
Prove: PR = QS
Statements Reasons

1) PQ = RS 1) Given
2) PQ + QR = RS + QR 2)
3) PQ + QR = _________ 3) Segment Addition Postulate
4) ______ + ______ = SQ 4)
5) PR = QS 5)

3. Given: ∠1 is a complement of ∠2. ∠2 ≅ ∠3

Prove: ∠1 is a complement of ∠3
Statements Reasons

1) ∠1 is a complement of ∠2. ∠2 ≅ ∠3 1) Given

2) m∠_____ + m∠______ = 90 2) Definition of __________________________
3) m∠_____ = m∠______ 3) Definition of congruent angles
4) m∠1 + m∠________ = 90 4)
5) ∠1 is a complement of ∠3 5) Definition of __________________________

4. Solve for x using the given information. Justify each step

Statements Reasons

1) , QR=2x+5 & RS=10-3x 1) Given

2) QR = _________ , RS = ____________ 2)

3) 3) Transitive property

4) 4) Substitution property

5) 5)

6) 6)

7) 7)

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 2.6 Proving Geometric Relationships
Example 1: Proving a Case of Congruent Supplements Theorem
Use the given two-column proof to write a flowchart proof that proves that two angles supplementary
to the same angle are congruent.

Given: ∠1 and ∠2 are supplementary, ∠3 and ∠2 are supplementary.

Prove: ∠1 ≅ ∠3
Two-column proof:
Statements Reasons

1) ∠1 and ∠2 are supplementary, ∠3 and ∠2 are supplementary 1) Given

2) 2)
3) 3)
4) 4)
5) ∠1 ≅ ∠3 5)

Flow-chart proof:

Example 2: Using Angle Relationships

Find the value of x and justify each step using the two-column proof.
Statements Reasons

1) m∠TPS = m∠QPR 1) Given

2) 2)

3) 3)

4) x = 49 4)

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 Example 3: Using the Vertical Angles Congruence Theorem
Write a paragraph proof.

Given: ∠1 ≅ ∠4
Prove: ∠2 ≅ ∠3

Two-column proof:
Statements Reasons

1) ∠1 ≅ ∠4 1) Given

2) 2)

3) 3)

4) ∠2 ≅ ∠3 4)

Paragraph proof:
It is given that _________________________________ are congruent. By the __________________________ Congruence
Theorem, ∠1 ≅ ∠2 and ∠3 ≅ ∠4. By the _______________________________ of Angle Congruence, ∠2 ≅ ∠4.
Using the Transitive Property of Angle Congruence once more, _______________________.

Class Practice:

1. Find the values of x and y.

x= _______________

y= _______________

2. Complete the flowchart proof.

Given: ∠1 ≅ ∠3
Prove: ∠2 ≅ ∠4

15
3. Complete the paragraph proof for the Congruent Complements Theorem
Given: ∠1 and ∠2 are complementary.
∠1 and ∠3 are complementary.
Prove: ∠2 ≅ ∠3.

∠1 and ∠2 are complementary, & ∠1 & ∠3 are complementary. By the definition of _____________ angles,
m∠1 + m∠2 = 90° & ____________ = 90°. By the __________________________, m∠1 + m∠2 = m∠1 + m∠3. By
the Subtraction Property of Equality, ___________________. So, ∠2 ≅ ∠3 by the def. of ____________.

4. Complete the two-column proof, then write in paragraph form.

Given: ∠1 and ∠2 are supplementary, ∠3 and ∠4 are supplementary, ∠1 ≅ ∠4
Prove: ∠2 ≅ ∠3

Statements Reasons

1) ∠1 and ∠2 are supplementary, 1) Given

∠3 and ∠4 are supplementary, ∠1 ≅ ∠4

2) 2)

3) 3)

4) 4)

5) 5)

6) 6)

7) ∠2 ≅ ∠3 7)

Paragraph proof:

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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 Unit 2: Reasoning & Proofs Review

Example: Write the if-then form, the converse, the inverse, the contrapositive, and the
biconditional of the conditional statement: “A leap year is a year with 366 days.”

Conditional: __________________________________________________________________________________________________
Converse: _____________________________________________________________________________________________________
Inverse: _______________________________________________________________________________________________________
Contrapositive: _______________________________________________________________________________________________
Biconditional: ________________________________________________________________________________________________

Match the following statements as converse, inverse, contrapositive, and biconditional of each
conditional statement.

1. “If 4x + 9 = 21, then x = 3.”

_____ If x is not equal to 3, then 4x + 9 is not equal to 21.
_____ If x = 3, then 4x + 9 = 21.
_____ 4x + 9 =21 if and only if x = 3.
_____ If 4x + 9 is not equal to 21, then x is not equal to 3.

2. “If two angles are supplementary, then their sum is 180°.”

_____ If two angles have a sum of 180°, then they are supplementary.
_____ Two angles are supplementary if and only if their sum is 180°.
_____ If two angles are not supplementary, then their sum is not 180°.
_____ If two angles do not have a sum of 180°, then they are not supplementary.

Example: Make and test a conjecture about the sum of any two even integers?

3. Make and test a conjecture about the difference of any two odd integers?

4. Make and test a conjecture about the product of an even and an odd integer?

Example: Can you use the Law of Detachment for the following? If so, write a conclusion to the
statement.
a. If an angle is a right angle, then the angle measures 90°. ∠B is a right angle.

b. If 1+1 =2, then 2 is an even integer. 2 is an even integer.

17
5. If two angles form a linear pair, then their sum is 180°. The two angles have a sum of 180°.

6. If there is a point between two lines, then it is the midpoint. There is a point between two lines.

Example: Can you use the Law of Syllogism to write a new conditional statement? If so, write the
new statement.
a. “If x = 3, then 2x = 6. If 4x = 12, then x = 3.”

b. If two angles are vertical, then they are equal. If two angles are vertical, then they are
90°.

7. If M is between A and B, then it is the midpoint. If K is between C and D, then it is a midpoint.

8. If today is Tuesday, then we will go shopping. If we go shopping, then we will buy some shirts.

Example: Use the diagram to make two statements that can be concluded and two statements
that cannot be concluded. Justify your answers.

18
Example: Solve 2(2x + 9) = -10. Justify each step.

Solve the equation. Justify each step.

13. −9x − 21 = −20x − 87 14. 3(2x + 9) = 30

Name the property that the statement illustrates (Reflexive, Transitive, Symmetric)
15. If ∠DEF ≅ ∠JKL, then ∠JKL ≅ ∠DEF.

16. ∠C ≅ ∠C

17. If MN = PQ and PQ = RS, then MN = RS.

Example: Write a two-column proof.

Statements Reasons

1. are supplementary

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

19
18. Write a two-column proof. Then fill in the flow chart.
Given: and are complementary.
Flowchart:
Prove:

Statements Reasons

1. and are complementary. Given

2.

3.

4.

5.

19. Write a two-column proof, then fill in the paragraph proof below.

Statements Reasons

1. Given

2. Def. of complementary

3. Transitive property

4. Vertical angles theorem

5. Def. of congruence

6. Substitution property

7. Subtraction POE

8. Def. of congruence

**Paragraph proof– Be able to write the above proof in a paragraph form!

20