STATES,

NATIONS, AND
GLOBALIZATION

AHRIEANNE V. JASARENO
Ibayiw Integrated National High School
CONCEPT OF STATE
• State is a type of polity that is an organized political
community living under a single system of
government and may or may not be sovereign.
• The modern term “state” is derived from the word
“status. It was Niccolo Machiavelli who first used the
term “state” in his writings.
• It is a political community that occupies a deifinite
territory, having an organized government with the
authority to make and enforce laws without the
consent of a higher authority.
• Defined as a self-governing political entity.
Elements of State
a. People
b. Territory
c. Sovereignty
d. Government
PEOPLE
• Also known as population or inhabitants.
• They are the ones that make up a certain place.
• They are bounded with different kinds of culture,
beliefs, customs and traditions.
• The basic unit of the society belongs to FAMILY.
TERRITORY
• Refers to the portion of the Earth which composed of aerial
(air space above), fluvial (waters around and connecting
the island of the archipelago) and terrestrial (landmass)
domains.
• The terrestrial domain refers to the land mass, which may be
integrate or dismembered, or partly bound by water or
consist of one whole island. It may also be composed of
several islands, like the Philippines, which are also known as
mid-ocean archipelagos as distinguished from the coastal
archipelagos and it also includes the continental shelf under
the sea.
TERRITORY
• The fluvial and maritime domain of the Philippines coveres
all of the internal waters, territorial waters and archipelagic
waters as well as the contiguous zone and the EEZs.
• Maritime Terms:
a. Territorial Sea- coastal states have sovereignty,
including exclusive fishing rights (12 nautical miles)
b. Contiguous Zone- coastal state can enforce its
customs, immigration, and sanitation laws and
exercise “hot pursuit” out of its territorial waters (24
nautical miles)
 c. Exclusive Economic Zone – state has recognized rights to
explore, exploi, conserve, and manage the natural resources
(200 nautical miles)
d. Continental Shelf- countries have exclusive rights to
natural resources up to 350 nm.
e. High Seas- beyond EEZ- “common heritage of
humankind.”
• The aerial domain includes the air directly above the state’s
terrestrial and fluvial domains, all the way up to where the outer
space begins.
SOVEREIGNTY
• It refers to supreme and absolute power within its territorial
boundaries.
Types of Sovereignty
1. Internal is the power of the state to rule within its territory.
2. External is the freedom of the state to carry out its
activities without subjection to or control by other states.
Characteristics of Sovereignty
1. Sovereignty is absolute from the legal point of view.
2. Sovereignty is permanent.
3. Sovereignty of the state is universal.
4. Sovereignty is inalienable.
5. Sovereignty cannot be divided between or shared by a
plurality.
6. Sovereignty is exclusive.
GOVERNMENT
• Refers to the institution or agency or instrumentalities through
which the state maintains social order, provide public services
and enforces binding decisions.
• It has International recognition, e.g. by the UN
• The forms of government is according to:
a. distribution of power
b. citizen participation
c. legitimacy
d. executive and legislative relationship
Distribution of Power
a. Unitary Government Power is held by one central authority.
Example: Philippines, Denmark, Italy, Finland, Peru, Rwanda
b. Confederation is a voluntary association of independent states
that often only delegate a few powers to the central
government. Weak or loose organization of states agrees to
follow a powerful central government. Examples: The
Commonwealth Of Independent States (CIS) formerly known as
the Soviet Union, Switzerland’s canton system.
c. Federal Government Power is divided between one central and
several regional authorities. Example: Malaysia, USA, Nigeria,
Australia
Citizen Participation
a. Autocracy. Form of government wherein one person possesses
unlimited power. The citizen has limited, if any, role in
government. The leader is from a family or from a social class or
from a strong party.
Forms of Autocratic Government
i. Absolute or Totalitarian Dictatorship
The ideas of a single leader glorified. Government
control all aspects of social and economic life and the
government is not responsible to the people.
ii. Monarchy
It is a government in which the supreme power is
lodged in the hands of a monarch (kings, queens, emperors
etc.) who reigns over a state or territory, usually for life and
hereditary right; the monarch may be either a sole absolute
ruler or a sovereign.
b. Oligarchy
It is the government by the few. Sometimes a small group
exercises control, especially for corrupt and selfish purposes. The
group gets its power from military power, social power, wealth,
religion, or a combination. In here, the citizen has a limited role. Thus,
political opposition is usually suppressed- sometimes violently.

c. Democracy
It is a government based on the consent of the governed.
The people are the sovereign, thus they hold the highest political
authority. Citizens have freedom to criticize their leaders because
they are the one who elected them in the position. People have a
high degree of participation in every government processes.
Two Forms of Democracy:
i. Indirect Democracy/ Representative Democracy
Is a form of democratic government wherein the people
directly elect their leaders who will govern them and perform,
governmental functions;
ii. Direct Democracy
Is a form of government wherein the people will convene a
mass assembly and directly formulate and expressed the will of
the state.
LEGITIMACY

a. De jure
It is a form of government wherein it has the people’s
support and possess constitutional mandate. Therefore, it is a
legitimate government.
b. De facto
It is a form of government supported by the people but no
constitutional mandate or legal support.
EXECUTIVE & LEGISLATIVE RELATIONSHIP

a. PRESIDENTIAL is a form of government in which executive branch

exits separately from the legislative. The president is
constitutionally independent of the legislature because they are
elected directly by the people.

a. PARLIAMENTARY is a form of government in which members of an

executive branch (the cabinet and its leader- a prime minister,
premier, or chancellor) are nominated to their positions by a
legislature or parliament, and are directly responsible to it. The
members of executive branch are also members of the
parliament or the legislature. Moreover, this type of government
can be dissolved at will by the parliament (legislature) by means
of a no confidence vote or the leader of the cabinet may
dissolve the parliament if it can no longer function.
An Independent State
• Has space or territory which has internationally recognized
boundaries.
• Has people who live there on an ongoing basis.
• Has economic activity and an organized economy. A country
regulates foreign trade and domestic trade and issues money.
• Has the power of social engineering, such as education.
• Has a transportation system for moving goods or services.
• Has a government which provided public services and police power.
• Has sovereignty. No other state should have power over the country’s
territory.
• Has external recognition. A country has been “voted into the club”
by other countries.
Origins of the State
a. Evolution Theory. States evolved from family units.

a. Force Theory. States emerged from the conquest of other families or

tribes.

a. Divine Right. Belief that kings are chosen to rule the Ancient state by a
deity like the Egyptians and Aztecs.

a. Social Contract. It existed during the 17th century and The Age of
Enlightenment. People begin to challenge the monarchy and the idea
of Divine Right.
Inherent Powers of State
a. Police Power
Power of the state to regulate freedoms and property rights
of individuals for the protection of public safety, health, and
morals or the promotion of the public convenience and general
prosperity.
b. Eminent Domain
Power to take private property for public use upon payment
of just compensation. It is exercised through national or local
government and private persons or corporations authorized to
exercise functions of public character.
Inherent Powers of State
c. Taxation
Power to impose tax on individuals and properties to support
the government.
Tax- lifeblood of the government.
Uniform Taxation- persons or things belonging to the same class shall
be taxed at the same rate.
Progressive Taxation- as the resources of the taxpayer becomes
higher as his rate likewise increase.
Concept of Nation

• Nation is the social construction of a collective identity.

• It is an imagined political community that is imagined as both
inherently limited and sovereign.
• It is defined as a group of people who share the same history,
geography, language, customs, and sometimes religion.
Distinction between State and Nation
STATE NATION
• Exited not only at present but also • Modern phenomenon.
in the ancient period.

• It is legal political. • It is racial cultural.

• People organized for law within a • People psychologically joined

definite territory. together with common will to live
together.

• A state must be sovereign. • People continue as a nation even

if they do not remain sovereign.

• Inhabited by heterogeneous • Inhabited by homogenous groups

groups of people. of people.
Concept of Globalization
• GLOBALIZATION also known as Global Industrialism is a process of
forgoing international political, economic, religious, and socio-
cultural interconnections. The concept of sovereign nation- states
is increasingly being challenged by globalization.
• Globalization is a contested concept.
 ACTIVITY
• Collect 2 national symbols or nationalistic items
of the Philippines, or of another country you are
interested. Briefly, explain in two to three
sentences what this symbols or items represent
to the country.