1.

​ MATTER IN OUR SURROUNDINGS​

​
Matter:anything that takes up space and can be weighed

1.​ Early Indian philosophers classified matter in the form of five

basic elements — the “Panch Tatva” — air, earth, fire, sky and
water
2.​ The SI unit of mass is kilogram (kg). ** The SI unit of volume is
cubic metre (m3 ). The common unit of measuring volume is
litre (L) such that 1L = 1 dm3 , 1L = 1000 mL, 1 mL = 1 cm3 .
3.​ we can say that with increase in temperature the kinetic energy
of the particles also increases.
4.​ We also observe that on heating, diffusion becomes faster. Why
does this happen?
5.​ States of Matter: three different states– solid, liquid and gas
6.​ Liquids: have no fixed shape but have a fixed volume.
Solids: Fixed volume + Fixed Shape
Gas: neither have a definite shape nor a definite volume.
[Link] to high speed of particles and large space between them,
gases show the property of diffusing very fast into other gases.
[Link] minimum temperature at which a solid melts to become a liquid at
the atmospheric pressure is called its melting point.
[Link] melting point of a solid is an indication of the strength of the force of
attraction between its particles
[Link] melting point of ice is 273.15 K*
[Link] heat of fusion:The word latent means hidden. The amount of
heat energy that is required to change 1 kg of a solid into liquid at
atmospheric pressure at its melting point is known as the latent heat of
fusion
12. Have you heard of solid carbon dioxide (CO2 )? It is stored under high
pressure. Solid CO2 gets converted directly into gaseous state on
decrease of pressure to 1 atmosphere* without coming into liquid state.
This is the reason that solid carbon dioxide is also known as dry [Link],
we can say that pressure and temperature determine the state of a
substance, whether it will be solid, liquid or gas.

13. A change of state directly from solid to gas without changing into liquid
state is called sublimation and the direct change of gas to solid without
changing into liquid is called deposition.

[Link] (atm) is a unit of measuring pressure exerted by a gas. The

unit of pressure is Pascal (Pa): 1 atmosphere = 1.01 × 105 Pa. The
pressure of air in the atmosphere is called atmospheric pressure. The
atmospheric pressure at sea level is 1 atmosphere, and is taken as the
normal atmospheric pressure.

[Link]: This phenomenon of change of liquid into vapours at any

temperature below its boiling point is called evaporation.
16. The rate of evaporation increases with–
●​ an increase of surface area:
●​ an increase of temperature:
●​ a decrease in humidity:
(Humidity is the amount of water vapour present in air).
●​ an increase in wind speed:
17. DOES EVAPORATION CAUSE COOLING? YES
What happens when you pour some acetone (nail polish remover) on
your palm?
➔​The particles gain energy from your palm or surroundings and
evaporate causing the palm to feel cool.

[Link] Is Matter Around Us Pure?

Mixtures are constituted by more than one kind of pure form of matter.

What is a Solution?
A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances.
Lemonade, soda water, etc., are all examples of solutions.
In a solution there is homogeneity at the particle level. For example,
lemonade tastes the same throughout. This shows that particles of
sugar or salt are evenly distributed in the solution.

Alloys: Alloys are mixtures of two or more metals or a metal and a

non-metal and cannot be separated into their components by physical
methods.
For example, brass is a mixture of approximately 30% zinc and 70%
copper.
 ➔​A solution has a solvent and a solute as its components. The
component of the solution that dissolves the other component in
it (usually the component present in larger amounts) is called the
solvent. The component of the solution that is dissolved in the
solvent (usually present in lesser quantity) is called the solute.

➔​A solution of iodine in alcohol known as ‘tincture of iodine’, has

iodine (solid) as the solute and alcohol (liquid) as the solvent.

➔​Aerated drinks like soda water, etc., are gas in liquid solutions.
These contain carbon dioxide (gas) as solute and water (liquid)
as solvent

➔​Air is a mixture of gas in gas. Air is a homogeneous mixture of

a number of gases. Its two main constituents are: oxygen (21%)
and nitrogen (78%). The other gases are present in very small
quantities

Properties of a Solution

• A solution is a homogeneous mixture.

• The particles of a solution are smaller than 1 nm (10 to the power
minus 9) in diameter. So, they cannot be seen by naked eyes.
• Because of the very small particle size, they do not scatter a beam of
light passing through the solution. So, the path of light is not visible in
a solution.
• The solute particles cannot be separated from the mixture by the
process of filtration. The solute particles do not settle down when left
undisturbed, that is, a solution is stable.
➔​Depending upon the amount of solute present in a solution, it
can be called dilute, concentrated or saturated solution.
Dilute and concentrated are comparative terms

➔​Saturated solution: when no more solute can be dissolved in a

solution at a given temperature, it is called a saturated solution.

➔​Solubility: The amount of the solute present in the saturated

solution at this/given temperature is called its solubility.
➔​Unsaturated solution: If the amount of solute contained in a
solution is less than the saturation level, it is called an
unsaturated solution.
➔​The concentration of a solution is the amount (mass or
volume) of solute present in a given amount (mass or volume) of
solution.
There are various ways of expressing the concentration of a
solution, but here we will learn only three methods.

●​ Mass of solution = Mass of solute + Mass of solvent

Suspension: in which solids are dispersed in liquids, are called
suspensions.
●​ A suspension is a heterogeneous mixture in which the solute
particles do not dissolve but remain suspended throughout the
bulk of the medium.
●​ Particles of a suspension are visible to the naked eye.

Properties of suspension:

The particles of a suspension scatter a beam of light passing

through it and make its path visible.
• The solute particles settle down when a suspension is left
undisturbed, that is, a suspension is unstable. They can be
separated from the mixture by the process of filtration. When the
particles settle down, the suspension breaks and it does not scatter
light any more.

WHAT IS A COLLOIDAL SOLUTION?

The mixture in which one substance of dispersed insoluble particles is

suspended throughout the other substance is known as colloidal
solution or colloids.
Actually, a colloidal solution is a heterogeneous mixture, for example,
milk.
●​ Because of the small size of colloidal particles, we cannot
see them with naked eyes.
●​ But, these particles can easily scatter a beam of visible light
as observed.
●​ This scattering of a beam of light is called the Tyndall effect
after the name of the scientist who discovered this effect.
 ●​ Tyndall effect can also be observed when a fine beam of
light enters a room through a small hole. This happens due
to the scattering of light by the particles of dust and smoke
in the air.

What is colloid?​
Ans: A mixture in which very small particles of one substance
are distributed evenly throughout another substance. The
particles are generally larger than those in a solution, and
smaller than those in a suspension. Paints, milk, and fog are
colloids.

Tyndall effect can be observed when sunlight passes through the

canopy of a dense forest. In the forest, mist contains tiny
droplets of water, which act as particles of colloid dispersed in
air.
Properties of a Colloid

• A colloid is a heterogeneous mixture.

• The size of particles of a colloid is too small to be individually
seen with naked eyes.
• Colloids are big enough to scatter a beam of light passing
through it and make its path visible.
• They do not settle down when left undisturbed, that is, a colloid
is quite Stable.
• They cannot be separated from the mixture by the process of
filtration. But,a special technique of separation known as
centrifugation can be used to separate the colloidal particles.

During the burning of a candle, both physical and chemical

changes take place.

Some elements have intermediate properties between those of

metals and nonmetals, they are called metalloids; examples are
boron, silicon, germanium, etc.
known at present are more than 100 elements.
Ninety-two elements are naturally occurring and the rest are
man-made.
• Majority of the elements are solid.
• Eleven elements are in gaseous state at room temperature.
• Two elements are liquid at room temperature—mercury and bromine.
• Elements, gallium and cesium become liquid at a temperature
slightly above room temperature (303 K).

Compound: A compound is a substance composed of two or more

elements, chemically combined with one another in a fixed proportion.