Ms.
Fahlon Mohan
Mathematics
Statistics
Statistics is a branch of mathematics that is used extensively in the real world to
make decisions. Such decisions are made by gathering information, analysis and
making predictions. In this section, there will be an emphasis on various methods
that are used to collect, organise, represent, interpret and analyse data, in order to
make decisions. Statistics provides us with tools such as methods for organising and
summarising data, representing data using graphs, tables and statistical diagrams.
Displaying Data
There are several different types of charts and graphs that are used to display data.
The four most used are:
>Pie charts
Line graphs
Bar graphs
Histograms
Pie Charts
A pie chart is used to represent information when some quantity is shared out and
divided into different categories.
Example
Paul surveyed 20 of his friends to determine the kind of movie they like best. The
table below shows the information he collected:
Type of Frequency Angle in Percentage
Movie Sector
X 360 = 72° x 100 = 20%
Comedy 4 20 20
x 360 = 90° 100 =
25%
Action 5 20 20
20
1x 360 = 18° 100 =
5%
Drama 1 20 20
6 6
x 360 = 108° x 100 = 30%
Romance 6 20 20
4
SciFi 4 20
20
x 360 =
7220X
20
100 = 20%
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Ms. Fahlon Mohan
Mathematics
Steps of construction of pie chart for a given data:
Calculate the number of degrees in each sector of the Circle
Draw a
circle using a suitable radius &draw in a radius
Use a
protractor to measure & mark the angle of each sector from the
radius drawn.
Name each sector and state the angle or
percent.
TYPE OF MOVIE
Comedy Action Romance Drama SciFi
20%
Line Graphs
A line graph is used to show the changes or trends in a variable over a
time. period of
Properties of a line graph:
The variable of time is
paced on the horizontal axis & the other variable is
placed on the vertical axis
Consecutive point are joined by a straight line
A line sloping upwards indicates that there is an increase
A line sloping downwards indicates that there is a decrease
The steeper the slope, the greater the
increase/decrease
T o predict future outcomes, simply draw a best fit line throughout the line
graph.
2 Page
Ms. Fahlon Mohan
Mathematics
Example
based on sales in the
A SChool recorded the profits over the period 2012- 2017
cafeteria. The results are shown in the table below.
Year Profit
2012 10 000
2013 12 000
2014 13 000
2015 10 000
2016 15 000
2017 18 000
and comment o n the trend if any.
We wish to represent this
data on a line graph
20000
18000
16000
14000
12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
2012
trend over the period 2011-2018,
The line graph shows that there was an increasing
was a decrease in profits.
except in 2015 where there
allows us to predict future values, if there
A useful feature of the line graph is that it
which is a line of best fit line for the data.
is a trend. To do so, we draw a trend line,
The trend line is shown in the above diagram.
the next point on the horizontal axis, the
By producing it until it is in line with
000. Of course, this value is only an
profits for 2018 is predicted as just under $18
assumes that conditions will
estimate and it is based purely on past profits. It also
remain the same in the next year. If conditions change,
then the estimate will not be
accurate.
3 Page
Ms. Fahlon Mohan
Mathematics
Bar GraphsS
The Bar graph has the
following characteristic features:
The spaces
between the bars are equal.
The widths of the bars are the same.
The height of the bar gives the
frequency.
The bar chart is best drawn on a grid.
The bars can be drawn horizontally or vertically.
Example
Colour of Car Frequenc
Black 10
White 15
Blue 20
Red 5
Represent the above data on a bar graph.
Bar Graph- Colours of Cars
5
20
15
10
Black White Blue Red
4 |P age
Ms. Fahlon Mohan
Mathematics
Summation-
Mean, Mode&Medianfor UngroupedData "the sum of"
set of terms.
Mean, -
the average for a given
Sum of all terms
Mean, x # of terms n
Bar
Mode the variable with the highest frequency.
the middle term of a given set of terms.
Median -
To obtain the median for a set of terms:
Arrange all the terms in either ascending or descending order
Find the middle term
The median can also be obtained by using the formula
Median = -
n+1
2
in the set of numbers.
gives the position of the median
term
This
Note:
When the number of terms is even, there are two middle terms. In this case, the
median is the average of these two terns.
Example
Find the mean, mode and median of the following set of numbers:
9,6,4, 5,8, 6,4, 6, 11
Solution:
Mean F y x 9 + 6+4+5 +8+6+ 4+6+11 59 6.55
9 9
Mode = 6
Median: Rearranging the set of numbers in ascending order
44-56,6, 6,8-9,14
5 Page
Ms. Fahlon Mohan
Mathematics
Hence, 6 is the Median.
Grouped Data
Grouping data plays a significant role when we have to deal with large data. It
provides a convenient way of
summarizing or analysing the data.
Example
The frequency distribution of the marks awarded to 100 candidates in an
examination is as follows:
Marks # of Candidates
1-10 13
11-20 23
21-30 36
31-40 20
41-50 8
1-10 is the first class interval
11-20 is the second class interval etc.
Each class interval has an
Upper and Lower Class Limit.
Eg. In the class interval 21 30
21 is the Lower Class Limit
30 is the Upper Class Limit
Each class interval has an
Upper and Lower class Boundary.
Eg. In the class interval 31-40
30.5 is the Lower Class
Boundary
40.5 is the Upper Class
Boundary
Class Width =
Upper Class Boundary -
Lower Class Boundary
Class Width =
40.5 30.5 10
6|Page
Ms. Fahlon Mohan
Mathematics
Histogramns boundaries plotted against
are
the
ln constructing a histogram, upper-class width and their
all the bars are equal in
frequencies. In the histogram shown below,
height is equal to the frequency.
Example shown in the table below:
The masses of pupils in a school are
Mass # of Pupils (Noe
40-44
ou re gwna
45-49 18
fIla
50- 27 Sccde to use,
te
55-59 30 e scde [Link]
60-64 18 plat actSdngly.
65-69 12
Note:
class interval.
We consider the lower class boundary ONLY for the first
Ms. Fahlon Mohan
Mathematics
Frequency Polygon
f the mid-points of the bars of a histogram are joined by a straight line, then a
frequency polygon is formed.
Mid - point = Upper Limit + Lower Limnit
2
To close the
polygon, we extend the table to include one unit with zero frequency at
the two ends.
Mass Mid-point # of Pupils
37 0
40-44 42 3
45-49 47 18
50-54 52 27
55-59 57 30
60-64 62 18
65-69 67 12
72 0
LLLLL
LLL
24
HASH
HHHH
Ms. Fahlon Mohan
Mathematics
Frequency Tables & Cumulative Frequency Curves
Mean
Modal Class
Cumulative Frequency Curves
Median Cumulative frequency Curves
-
Interquartile & Semi- Interquartile Range
Estimating the Mean &Modal Class from a Frequency Table
Mean
Efx
Mean,x = f
Where:f =frequency
x = mid -point of class interval
Modal Class
This is the class interval that has the highest frequency.
Example
Calculate the mean and determine the modal class interval of the following test
marks where the possible mark was 100.
Marks Frequency
1-10 1
11-20
21-30 10
31-40 14
41-50 25
51-60 17
61-70 15
71-80 6
81-90 4
9 Page
Ms. Fahlon Mohan
Mathematics
91-100 1
Solution:
FTom the data given we can construct a frequency table by adding the columns for:
(1) class mid-point (2) frequency x mid-point
Marks
Frequency Class Mid-point Frequency x Class Mid-point
fx
1-10 1 5.5 5.5
11-20 7 15.5 108.5
21-30 10 25.5 255
31-40 14 35.5 497
41-50 25 45.5 1137.5
51-60 17 55.5 943.5
61-70 15 65.5 982.5
71-80 6 75.3 453
81-90 85.5 342
91-100 1 95.5 95.5
Total 100 fx 820
820
Mean,x 2 /
=
100
= 48.2 marks
The modal class is 41-50 marks
10 P age
Ms. Fahlon Mohan
Mathematics
Cumulative Frequency Tables
The cumulative frequency is called the running total. A frequency table can be
converted to a cumulative frequency table by adding each frequency to the total of
its predecessors.
Example
Marks Frequency Cumulative
Frequency
1-10 5
11-20 5+7 12
21-30 9 12 +9 21
31-40 15 21+15 = 36
41-50 18 36+18 54
51-60 54+13 67
61-70 11 67+11 78
71-80 9 78+9 87
81-90 8 87+8 95
91-100 95+5= 100
Cumulative Frequency Curves
When we draw the graph of a cumulative frequency distribution using the data
recorded from a cumulative frequency table, we obtain a smooth curve calleda
Cumulative frequency curve or an ogive.
y axis -Cumulative Frequency
x - axis - Upper Limit
Note:
Although we are using the upper limit on the x - axis, when plotting the points we
use the Upper Boundary
11| P age
Ms. Fahlon Mohan
Mathematics
From the cumulative frequency graph:
i) The # of students that scored less than 36 marks = 26 students
i) The # of students that scored less than 44 marks = 42 students
ii) The # of students that scored at least 44 marks = 100 4 2 58
12| P age
Ms. Fahlon Mohan
Mathematics
Finding thc Median & Quartiles from Grouped Data
ln order to find the median &
quartiles from grouped data, we draw a cumulative
frequency curve.
Median, 02 =; cumulative frequency
Find; cumulative frequency on they - axis, draw a horizontal line towards the
cumulative frequency curve and read off the respective x value. The x value that you
obtain is your Median, Q2
Interquartile Range &Semi-interquartile Range
Q = cumulative frequency
Q1-Lowerquartile
Qs-Upper quartile Q3 cumulative frequency
Interquartile Range = Upper quartile - Lower quartile
Semi-interquartile Range =; (Upper quartile - Lower quartile)
-N
13| P age
Ms. Fahlon Mohan
Mathematics
Exercise
1) January2019
A survey conducted among 48 persons to find out what mobile network they used.
The table below shows the results of the
survey
Mobile Network Wire Tech
Number of Persons
Digilec 0-Fone Other
20 12 10 6
i) If this information is to be represented on a pie chart, what is the angle for the
sector that will represent O-Fone?
i) Represent the information from the table above on a clearly labelled pie chart.
2)January 2018
a)The marks obtained by 10 students in a test, scored out of 60, are shown below
29 38 26 42 38
45 35 37 38 31
For the data above, determine
i) the range (Hint: Range = Highest mark - Lowest mark)
ii) the median
ii) the interquartile range
iv) the probability that a student chosen at random scores less than half the total
marks in the test.
b) The frequency distributionbelow shows the masses, in kg, of 50 adults priorto
the start of a fitness programme
Mass (kg) Midpoint Frequency
60-64 62 3
65-69 67 11
70-74 72
75-79 77
80-84 82
14 | P age
Ms. Fahlon Mohan
Mathematics
85-89 87
l unit
a scale of 2 to represent 5 units on the r
-
axis & 1 cm to represent
USng cm
in the table.
-
axis, draw a frequency polygon to represent the information
he y
3) June 2017
a
The table below shows the speed, to the nearest kmh', of 90 vehicles that passes
checkpoint.
Cumulative
Speed (kmh1) Frequency
Frequency
5
0-19
11 16
20-39
40-59 26
60-79 37
80-99
100-119
following sentances.
a) For the class interval 20 -39, complete the
i) The upper limit is..
i) The class width is
' * ' * ° ' ' * .
. .
more than... kmh-1
i) 16 vehicles passed a checkpoint at no
b) Complete the table above, by inserting
the missing values cumulative frequency.
the axis & 2 to represent 10
Using a scale of 2 cm to represent 20 kmh1 on
x -
cm
c)
vehicles on the y - axis. Draw the cumulative frequency curve to represent the
information in the table.
d) i) on your graph, draw reference lines to estimate the speed at which
no more
than % of the vehicles drove as they pass the checkpoint.
i)What is the estimated speed.
15 | P age
Ms. Fahlon Mohan
Mathematics
4) June 2016
Twenty bags of sugar were weighted. The weights, to the nearest kg, are as follows:
3 38 17 33 28
12 43 38 31 30
11 8 23 18 26
50 22 35 39 55
a) Complete the frequency table for the data above
Weight (kg) Tally Number of Bags
1-10
11-20
21-30
31-40
41-50
b) For the class interval 21-30, state:
i) the upper class boundary
i) the class width
ii) the class midpoint
Using a scale of 2cm to represent 10kg on x- axis & lcm to represent 1 bag on
the y- axis. Draw a Histogram to represent the data above
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