Rationale

Jose Rizal, our national hero has always

been identified with “nationalism” due to his
many contributions in freeing our nation from
the hands of the colonizers, through his works
and writings. This module will explain the
concepts of nation and nationalism and how
nation is considered as an imagined community
preceding to the understanding of nationalism
by the Filipinos. Likewise, we will tackle on how
Rizal and the Filipinos attained Nationalism and
reflect on Rizal’s blue print for nation-building.

Module Outcomes
At the end of the module, the learners must have:
1. explained a nation as an imagined community;
2. defined nationalism in the works of Rizal; and
3. compared and contrasted the students’ personal
view of Rizal with historical facts.
Lesson Outcomes
At the end of the lesson, the learners must have:
1. explained nationalism in relation to the concepts of nation,
state, and nation-state;
2. identified the characteristics of a nation as an Imagined
community;
3. determined how imagined communities are formed; and
4. analyzed how a nation can be considered as an imagined
community.

Introduction
Rizal is a symbol of nationalism in the eyes
of the students taking the Rizal subject in the
tertiary level of education, simply because, he is
the National Hero of the Philippines. This notion
was already etched in the minds of the Filipinos
since they started their primary education when
they were still young. You, as a Filipino student,
were informed about the life, works, and writings
of Rizal, as well as his achievements and role in
obtaining the Philippine Independence.
So at this time of the pandemic, let us open [Link]
/status/811043194427215872
our minds, see the other side of the story in which /photo/1
Rizal espoused nationalism, by means of thinking
first of our nation as an imagined community and clarify some things how
the current notion of the nation were formed as an imagined community.

2
Activate

“Nation” is one of the simplest words I have encountered

in my life as a student in college but every time I am asked what
its meaning, I cannot readily answer. I cannot speak for others,
but that was my experience.

How about you? If you are asked about its meaning, can
you immediately utter a word, a line, or sentence? Or are you
having the same problem with me? But if you can, please try to
think what comes to your mind first when you hear the word, [Link]
“Nation”. How about the other terms inside the table below? enation/photo

Please kindly write your answers on the third column on the table found in the next
page. Let us see if you can still remember these terms. Are you ready? If you are, then
let’s go! If you aren’t yet ready, don’t worry! You don’t need a dictionary to do this activity.
Just write what comes to your mind first upon seeing the terms. Good luck!

Acquire

NATION AS AN IMAGINED COMMUNITY

You must have thought deeply while doing the activity on the Meaning Recall but
it made you think as well if these terms have an impact on your life as a student, as a
child, and as a Filipino. Before we go to the main topic of this lesson, let us first tackle
important terms that we will be using as we go on with the lesson. Sit back, relax, and
read the concepts with an open mind and analyze the concepts carefully.
Nation, State, and Nation-State
In order to better understand nationalism, you must learn first the following
concepts related to it. Now, please see the matrix below. Simple definitions are provided
from various sources so you will be given an idea about these concepts.

Concept Meaning
A large body of people united by common descent, history,
Nation culture or language inhabiting a particular country or territory
([Link], 2020).
A politically organized body of people usually occupying a
State
definite territory (Merriam-Webster Dictionary, 2020).

3
 A self-governed political entity occupied by people who
Nation-state speak the same language and share a common history and
culture ([Link], 2020).

Most people may be confused of these three aforementioned concepts, but I am

sure by this time this is clear to you. So, let’s go deeper and learn more about these
concepts.
1. Nation
A nation refers to a group people who are
linked by one another by means of their
traditions, language, religion, beliefs, cultural
practices, and historical background.
[Link]
rte-miting-de-avance-speech- one-
2. State filipino-nation

Wanni-Obias, et. al. (2018) referred to this

as a political entity that has sovereignty over a
defined territory.

 It has laws, taxation, government, and

bureaucracy.
 Bureaucracy is the means of
regulating life within the territory.
 This sovereignty needs diplomatic [Link]
recognition to be legitimate and ews/photos/a.490961025574/1015
5581006345575/?type=1&theater
acknowledged internationally.
 Its boundaries and territory are not fixed and change across time with
war, sale, arbitration, negotiation, assimilation, and secession.
 It also refers to a territory with its own government and borders within a
larger country ([Link], 2020). Example: California in the
United States of America

3. Nation-state
This is a territorially bounded sovereign
polity, or state, that is ruled in the name of a
community of citizens who identify themselves as
a nation ([Link], 2020).

Examples:
 South Korea, Iceland, Japan, Portugal
(Muscato, 2015)
 France, Germany, Japan (Olson, [Link]
2017) will-be-the-first-to-hold-bitcoin-reserves-
956e6e3cb4a7

4
 Wanni-Obias, et. al. (2018) stated that a nation-state a combination of the
elements of the nation (people/community) and the state (territory). Nation-states
started to develop during the periods when Enlightenment occurred in Europe. The
“classical” nation-states of Europe began with the Peace of Westphalia in the 17th
century, which brought to an end the 80 Years War between Spain and the Dutch
and the German phase of the 30 Years’ War. The peace was negotiated, from
1644, in the Westphalian towns of Münster and Osnabrück. The Spanish-Dutch
treaty was signed on January 30, 1648 ([Link], 2020).

Many paths were taken towards the formation of the nation-states in which many
scholars posit that the process was an evolution from being a state into a nation-state
(Wanni-Obias [Link]., 2018). Some of these paths are the following:

1. The members of the bureaucracy like the

lawyers, politicians, diplomats, etc.,
eventually moved to unify the people within a
state to build a nation-state.

2. Intellectuals and scholars from subsequent [Link]

nation-states which were formed from nations, ges/article/5e060caacd [Link]
laid the foundation of political and diplomatic recognition to create a nation-
state.

3. Many Asian and African people involved breaking off from a colonial
relationship, especially after World War II when a series of decolonization and
nation-(re)building occurred. At this time, groups initially controlled by imperial
powers started to assert their identity to form a nation and build their own state
from the fragments of the broken colonial ties.

[Link] 61/ [Link] dispatches/how-

asia-at-war-world-war-2-as-described-by- african-american-wwii-veterans-were-
uspg-missionaries-1914-1946 scorned-by-the-g-i-b/

5
 4. A group of people who are already a part
of an existing state and refused to or
could not identify with the rest of the
population, built a nation, asserted their
own identity, and demanded recognition by
means of violent secessions.
[Link]
catalonias-leaders-plan-secession-spain
By this time, you must have already a clear idea
of the concepts of nation, state, and nation-state. So, let us go to the main part of the
topic where a nation is said to be an imagined community.

Characteristics of a Nation as an Imagined Community

One major component of the nation-state is the nation. This concept assumes that
there is a bond that connects a group of people together to form a community. The origin
of the nation, and concomitantly nationalism, has been a subject of debates among social
scientists and scholars. In this part, let us point out the notion of the nation as an imagined
community.
Benedict Richard O’Gorman Anderson
(2016), an Irish political scientist, best known for his
influential work on the origins of nationalism, defined
nation as an imagined political community.

The nation is imagined because the members

of even the smallest nation will never know most of
their fellow-members, meet them, or even hear of
them, yet in the minds of each lives the image of their Benedict Anderson (1936 – 2015)
[Link]
communion. 2013/10/[Link]

 The nation is characterized as both

inherently limited and sovereign.

The nation is imagined as limited.

o Even the largest nation, composed of perhaps a billion living human
beings, has finite, if elastic, boundaries, beyond which lie other nations.
o No nation imagines itself coexisting with mankind. The most messianic
nationalists do not dream of a day when all the members of the human
race will join their nation in the way that it was possible, in certain eras,
for, say, Christians to dream of a wholly Christian world.

6
 The nation is imagined as sovereign.

o This concept was born in a period when Enlightenment and Revolution

were destroying the legality of the divinely fated, hierarchical ruling
empire.

o Coming to maturity at a stage of human history when even the sincerest

believers of any universal religion were inevitably met with the living
diversity of such religions, and the allomorphism between each faith's
ontological claims and territorial stretch, nation’s dream of being free in
the eyes of God. Thus, the sovereign state is the instrument and symbol
of this freedom.

 The nation is imagined as a community because, regardless of the actual

inequality and exploitation that may flourish in each nation, it implies a deep,
horizontal comradeship. This notion makes the people think that they have
to fight together in order to gain freedom regardless of their class, color, or race.
They do not need to see and know all the members of the fraternity. This further
suggests that people are willing to fight and die for their community.

How Imagined Communities are Formed

Anderson (2003 in Wanni-Obias, 2018) stressed the important role of the mass
media in the construction of the nation. He underscored that the media:

1. fostered unified fields of communication which allowed the millions of people

within a territory to “know” each other through printed outputs and become
aware that many others identified with the same community;
2. used standardized languages that enhanced feelings of nationalism and
community; and
3. maintained communication through a few languages widely used in the
printing press which endured through time.

Anderson’s Imagined Communities (1983,

1991, 2003, 2006, 2016) builds on this
understanding of public space and emphasizes the
ways certain forms of media give rise to certain
types of political community (Koh, 2016).

[Link]
/show/399136.Imagined_Commu
nities

7
 According to Koh (2016), the media and communication become political
through the explicit community that they created was presented by the political scientist
Benedict Anderson in his ground breaking book Imagined Communities which argues that
the invention of the newspaper resulted in the creation of a new type of political
community that would bring nationalism—and revolution—into being.

There are also some platforms that formed the networked public sphere that
have fostered imagined communities. In the networked public sphere, individuals with
little political or social power have the ability to join a conversation and affect mass
opinion, as trending hashtags in recent years have illustrated (Koh, 2016). Some of these
are the:

1. Social Media
 This created new discourses for imagining community. These new imagined
communities have a great deal of political potential as well as limits.
 This created asynchronous communities around issues and interests.
Example:
o Facebook and Google Plus
groups - allow people to join and
take part in conversations over time
o Reddit community - users can read
about and post responses to issues
that form pages on a topic
[Link]
nnel/social-media-marketing
2. The Internet
 This has dramatically augmented the
possibilities of political communities that can
form through similar changes in the concepts of
time.

 The networks of communication supported by

the Internet include narrower modes such as e-
mail as well as ones that have potentially huge
audiences, such as Twitter, Facebook, and [Link]
Instagram. action-a8b7fac83619

At this time, you must have understood why a nation

is said to be an imagined community. If you have, it will be easier for you to do the
following activities and assessment. Are you ready? If you are, please read the
instructions carefully. Good luck!

8
Apply

A. Direction: Read the story about a company known by the public as “Apple”
and answer the questions below in 2 – 3 sentences. 5 points each
question.
Apple, beginning with its “Think Different”
campaign, developed an imagined community of
users centered originally on its founder, Steve Jobs,
and its innovations. When Apple was about to
introduce a new product, people would line about at
its stores hours before they opened and then high-five
the sales clerks as they paid out hundreds of dollars
for a device. That’s an imagined community
(Manaiza, 2019).
[Link]
becomes-first-american-company-that-
should-have-p-1828067066

Processing Questions:
1. Are you familiar with the “Apple” company mentioned in the story? If yes, How
did you know about it? If not, Why?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

2. When you read about the story about “Apple”, how did you feel about it?
Do you feel think you can belong in this so-called imagined community? Why
or Why not?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

3. If your answer is “Yes”, then, that is good. Now, please think of another
imagined community where you can belong to. Why? But if your answer is “No”,
then can you think of an imagined community where you can be a part of?
Why?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

9
B. Direction: Write an essay how can the “Nation” become an imagined
community during this time of the pandemic in 5 – 10 sentences.
Please try to be open-minded and be specific when you give
example situations in explaining your point of view. (10 points

________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

10
Assessment

Name: Date:
Program and Section: Score:

A. Direction: Fill in the blanks or identify what is being described in the following items
inside the table and write only one (1) answer on the last column of the
table. (10 points)

Statement Answer
1 A political unity that has sovereignty over a definite
territory is called as _____.
2 A _____ is a member of the bureaucracy who
moved to unify the people to build a nation-state.
3 The ____ is considered as an imagined community
because it implies a deep horizontal comradeship
among the people.
4 The nation is imagined as _____ wherein nations
dream of gaining freedom.
5 A territorially bounded sovereign community
governed in the name of a group of people who
identify themselves as a nation.
6 One good example of a nation-state in Asia
according to Olson is _____.
7 An imagined community is formed by using _____
that developed feelings of nationalism and
community.
8 The nation is _____ because the members of the
group think that they live in one community
believing in one goal even though they have not met
or heard from each other.
9 _____ worked to create a nation-state by means of
laying the foundation of political and diplomatic
recognition.
10 One of the modes of networks of communication
supported by Internet with large audiences is known
as the _____.

11
B. Direction: Match the items in column “I” with the answers in column “C” and and write
only the letter of the correct answer in column “A” in the matrix below.
(10 points)

A I C
This created new discourses for imagining A. Networked
community with political potential and limits. Public Sphere
The nation is an imagined _____ because this
makes people think that they must fight together in B. Printed
order to obtain freedom irrespective of their class, Outputs
color, or race.
The institution that Benedict Anderson emphasized C. Bureaucracy
has a very significant role in the construction of a
nation.
People with little political or social power have the D. Internet
ability to converse with others and affect mass
opinion, as trending hashtags in recent years have
illustrated.
This book emphasized public space and the ways of E. Newspaper
various kinds of media resulted to certain types of
political community.
The means that were used by the mass media in F. Limited
fostering unified fields of communication for people
to know each other in a certain territory.
This is the description of an imagined community G. Imagined as
because it was said that even the biggest nation has Sovereign
certain boundaries.
The means of regulating the lives of people in a H. Social Media
definite territory.
This invention resulted in the creation of new type of I. Imagined
political community that would about nationalism Communities
and revolution.
The nation is _____ during the era of Enlightenment J. Community
and Revolution when these events were destroying
the legitimacy of the divinely fated, hierarchical K. Mass Media
ruling kingdom.

12
 Lesson Outcomes
At the end of the lesson, the learners must have:
1. distinguished nationalism from patriotism.
2. traced the development of Rizal’s nationalism.
3. explained the relevance of nationalism and nation-building.
4. identified the importance of practicing nationalism.
5. explained the means or ways to develop patriotism.

Introduction
Rizal had an encompassing devotion and love for his country which
meant love for justice, for liberty, and for personal dignity. He was the first
Filipino to express Philippine nationalism in his writings, to direct the path
to national unity for his fellowmen, and to show nationalism as leading to
freedom and liberation. During his time, the Filipinos had no sense of
national awareness nor a passion for independence.
So, at this time of the pandemic, let
us think of how Rizal, our national hero,
developed his nationalistic ideals. You
should be a witness of his idealism and
ideology as manifested in his works and
writings. You can do this by reading them
religiously, by being patient in doing your
activities, and instill in your minds the
reasons given by various authors why Dr.
Jose Rizal was known as the “Father of
[Link]
jose-rizal-nationalist-or-patriot-
Filipino Nationalism” according to
c1d247c234e9 Esteban A. De Ocampo (1962).

13
Activate

“Nationalism” is very common in my world of

teaching. How about in your world of studying? I taught the
“Alphabet” and Catechism in Filipino language to the young
children in my village during summertime when I was in
High School and in my college years without payment,
certainly because I just love teaching. That’s how I
practiced nationalism as a student.

How about you? Can you think of some ways on how [Link]
to be nationalistic? Kindly write your answers in 1-2 2012/10/modern-day-filipino-
[Link]
sentences on the space provided. Good luck!!!

Activity: Practicing Nationalism

How do you practice nationalism as a ___________________?

a. Student:
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

b. Daughter/Son:
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

c. Filipino:
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

Acquire

RIZAL AND POPULAR NATIONALISM

You must have thought a lot of things while doing the previous activity but it made
you more aware of your role as a student, as a son/daughter of your parents, and as a
Filipino citizen that may be related to the development of your nationalistic ideals like how
Rizal, our national hero, develop his nationalism.

14
 Before we go to the main topic of this lesson, let us first distinguish these two terms
being used interchangeably sometimes by many people, including you and me. Try to be
more open-minded, read and analyze the concepts carefully. I hope you will learn more
about the development of Rizal’s nationalism.

Nationalism and Patriotism

Daquila (2009) defined nationalism as the people’s awareness of their
uniqueness and their consciousness of the cultural bond that binds them:
 in the commonality of their origin, history, language, religion, race, and
idiosyncrasies;
 their pride in identifying with the fine qualities and abilities of their race;
 their firm resolve in rectifying them; their constancy of faith in the nobility of their
national heroes;
 the meaningful commemoration of historical events; and
 the sincere appreciation of martyrs in the face of today’s oblivion, ingratitude,
and the seeming anachronism of national heroes in today’s generation.

Nationalism also refers to the loyalty and

devotion to a nation especially in the sense of
national consciousness exalting one nation above
all others and placing primary emphasis on
promotion of its culture and interests as opposed to
those of other nations ([Link], 2020).

[Link]
studies/10-modern-ways-express-
filipino-nationalism

Whereas, patriotism is the supreme sacrifice of one’s life and the readiness to die
so others may live in abundance and in peace (Daquila, 2009). This is also the feeling of
loving your country more than any others and being proud of it (Cambridge Dictionary,
2020).
You must have heard that nationalism is
used interchangeably with patriotism; however
patriotism is deeper than nationalism. Nationalists
usually think that the general welfare of the people
comes first before their own happiness. Patriotism
and nationalism combined is presented in the joint
sentiments and desires of the people to shape their
fate bereaved of manipulation and authority by
other nations (Daquila, 2009).
[Link]
11/06/[Link]

15
Development of Rizal’s Nationalism

I am sure that you have learned a lot about Rizal’s life, works, and writings since
in your elementary years. At this time, let’s trace the development of Rizal’s nationalism,
in his famous novels, his idealism in his poetry, and his ideology in his prose. Romero,
Sta. Romana, & Santos (2006) stressed Rizal’s nationalism in certain lines and words
uttered by some important characters as supported by other authors, researchers, and
references. So come with me and let’s read some more to better understand Rizal’s
nationalism.

A. Nationalism in the Novels

According to Romero, Sta. Romana, & Santos (2006)
among Rizal’s writings, his two novels – Noli Me Tangere
(1887) and El Filibusterismo (1891), had a more remarkable
effect on the Filipino people than his other writings because
these fearlessly critiqued the life in the Philippine during the
19th century.

[Link]
202642249234/
These two novels of Rizal are considered very
important in the lives of the Filipinos according to Romero,
et. al., (2006), Daquila (2009), De Viana, [Link]. (2018), and
Wanni-Obias, [Link]. (2018) because:
1. These works of fiction expressed the theme of
Philippine nationalism in a most reflective and
dramatic manner to awaken the dormant spirits of
a frustrated people.

2. The novels remained the most powerful

[Link]
encouragement for national unity at present. They 202642249234/
are considered “the greatest Philippine social
documents”.

3. In the official acknowledgement of the “gospels of Philippine nationalism,’” the

Congress of the Philippines passed Republic Act 1425 or the Rizal Law on June
12, 1956, making the reading of two novels compulsory in all the schools,
colleges, and universities in the country.

4. The wisdom of these two novels has made Rizal known all over the world as
the most foremost Asian nationalist. With utmost intelligence, the novels
express his concept of love of country with an inherent sense of loyalty.
Through them, he bravely boldly spoke out against unfair Spanish colonial
abuse and he attempted for political and social reforms.

16
 Rizal’s nationalism is also seen in the lines and views of the characters of the
novels. See some of the lines and view of characters below.
1. The passion of Rizal’s nationalism is expressed in the dedication of El
Filibusterismo:
“To the memory of the priests, Don Mariano Gomez, eighty-five, Don
Jose burgos, thirty, and Don Jacinto Zamora, thirty-five, who were executed on
the scaffold at Bagumbayan on 28 February 1872.
The Church, by refusing to unfrock you, has put in doubt the crime
charged against you; the Government by enshrouding your trial in mystery and
pardoning your co-accused has implied that some mistake was committed
when your fate was decided; and the whole of the Philippines in paying homage
to your memory and calling you martyrs totally rejects your guilt.
As long therefore as it is not clearly shown that you took part in the
uprising in Cavite, I have the right, whether or not you were seeking justice and
liberty, to dedicate my work to you as victims of the evil I am trying to fight. And
while we wait for Spain to clear your names someday, refusing to be a party to
your death, let these pages serves as a belated wreath of withered leaves on
your forgotten graves. Whoever attacks your memory without sufficient proof
has your blood upon his hands.”
- J. RIZAL
2. Expressions of Nationalism among Characters

The spirit of nationalism that encompasses in the novels is conveyed in

the passionate conversation of the leading characters. At other times it is
inferred by the disguised remarks and actions of the sensitive characters whose
ignorance Rizal wanted to eliminate.

a. Crisostomo Ibarra – the principal character in the Noli Me Tangere

 In the early part of the Noli, he exposed Rizal’s political sentiment that
Spain and the Philippines were two parts of one nation and that loyalty
to one was loyalty to the other. The former was patria grande, and the
latter was patria chica; today this is recognized as nationalism and
regionalism.

 When Ibarra reflected on his country’s problems and the possibility of

uprising, he said:
“No, inspite of everything, my country comes first – first the
Philippines, daughter of Spain – second Mother Spain. What was
destined, what was unavoidable, cannot stain the honor of the
Motherland.”

17
  When Ibarra was conversing with Tasio, he said:
“Is my love of country incompatible with love of Spain?... I love my
country, the Philippines, because I owe her my life and happiness, and
because every man should love his country. I love Spain, the country of
my forefathers, because, after all, the Philippines owe and will owe to
Spain both happiness and future.”

 While chatting with the Governor

General, Ibarra honestly
proclaimed:
“Sir, my greatest desire is
the happiness of my country, a
happiness which I would wish to be
due to the motherland and to the
efforts of my fellow citizens, one
united to the others with eternal
ties of common ideas and common
interests. What I can ask only be
given by the Government after [Link]
many years of continuous work 2ypi/sid_lucero_as_crisostomo_ibarrasimoun_fan_
and the correct measures of reform.” casting/

b. Simoun

 Rizal provided a philosophy of patriotism in him:

“However perfect humanity may become, patriotism will always
be a virtue in oppressed peoples because it will always mean the love
of justice, freedom and self-respect…A man is great not because he
goes ahead of his generation, which is in any case impossible, but
because he guesses what it wants. The intellect may think that geniuses
are ahead of their time, but they only appear to those who look at them
from afar or who mistake, the rearguard for a whole nation.”
c. Elias
 His love for country is presented in his sympathy for the poor and the
oppressed who are the victims of Spanish domination in the islands.
 One of the famous lines from the Noli was found at the end, it was from
Elias as he said these lines to Basilio. These words were not only meant
for Basilio, but for all of us who lived a period of freedom and liberty
([Link], 2017).

“I shall die without seeing the dawn break upon my homeland.

You, who shall see it, salute it! Do not forget those who have fallen
during the night.”

[Link]

18
B. Idealism in the Poetry
Romero, Sta. Romana, & Santos (2006) emphasized that Rizal’s poetry exposed
the nationalist’s idealism that instills a drive of determination. Before I showed Rizal’s
idealism in his poetry, let us first define the term “idealism”.
Idealism refers to the cherishing or pursuit of high
or noble principles, purposes, or goals ([Link],
2020). This denotes the belief that your ideals can be
achieved, often when this does not seem likely to others
(Cambridge Dictionary, 2020).
At this part, the evolution and development of
Rizal’s idealism and underwent three (3) stages written
below. In order for you to better understand, I made a
[Link] matrix of Rizal’s poems taken from Romero, et. al.
le/arts-and- (2006), Daquila (2009), Areño (2011), De Viana, et. al.
culture/2019/07/28/1938619/ri
zals-future-today-jose-rizals- (2018), Wanni-Obias, et. al. (2018), and other website
ideals-and-their-relevance- cited in the references.
youth

1. First Stage: Articulate Poetry includes the poem:

 Sa Aking Mga Kabata (“To My Fellow Children”, Our Mother Tongue”) -

1869

A talented poet at eight, Rizal showed idealism

and seriousness in his first lyric poem, “Our Mother
Tongue.” Most of his early endeavors were written
under the supervision of his beloved mother. Rizal
showed a understanding of the full meaning of
patriotism as he encouraged gratitude and concern
for the native tongue.

2. Second Stage: Adolescent Poetry (1874-1882) [Link]

ppine-studies/did-jose-rizal-
write-poem-%E2%80%98sa-
The work of a hardworking, hopeful student aking-mga-kabata%E2%80%99
newly exposed to philosophical ideas, religion,
classical philosophy and mythology, oral and written youth

exposition, and argumentation. Rizal’s famous poems

are included in the list such as:

19
 Spanish Title of the Poem English Translation Year
A Remembrance for My Town, 1876
1 Un Recuerdo a Mi Pueblo A memory of my Town,
In Memory of my Town
2 A la Educacion To Education
Alianza Intima entre la 1876
Intimate Alliance between Religion
3 Religion y la Buena
and Good Education
Educacion
Through Education the 1876
Por la Educacion Recibe Motherland Receives Light,
4
Lustre de Patria Education Gives Luster to the
Motherland
To The Filipino Youth, 1879
5 A la Juventud Filipina
To the Philippine Youth
A Filipinas (en el album de To the Philippines: In the Album of 1880
6
escultores Filipinos) Filipino Sculptors
7 Junto al Pasig Beside Pasig River 1880

3. Third Stage – Nationalistic Poetry

Rizal’s poetry maturity arose as he talked about nationalism not only as a
sentiment, but as a desire, a virtue that could be attained and developed into an
ideology that rationalized and blended his personal thoughts and reveries. These
expression of nationalism are seen in Rizal’s poems such as:

Spanish Title of the Poem English Translation Year

1 Me Piden Versos They Ask me for Verses, 1882
3 A las Flores de Heidelberg To the Flowers of Heidelberg 1886
4 Canto de Maria Clara Song of Maria Clara 1887
5 Himno al Trabajo Hymn to Labor 1888
6 A mi Musa To My Muse 1890
7 Versos de Isagani Verses of Isagani
8 Kundiman 1891
9 A Don Ricardo Carnicero To Don Ricardo Carnicero 1892
10 Mi Retiro My Retreat 1895
11 Canto del Viajero Song of the Traveler/Wanderer 1895
12 Mi Ultimo Adios The Last Farewell 1896

20
C. Ideology in the Prose
Romero, Sta. Romana, & Santos (2006) pointed out that historians, researchers,
scholars, and influential leaders were motivated and guided by Rizal’s writings on
certain beliefs of nationalism and nation building. They have systematically collected his
essays and other records that reminded them of Rizal to preserve the works of our
national hero for the future generation.
These included some:
1. Speeches 4. Translations
2. Unfinished manuscripts 5. Research notes and drafts
3. Formal documents 6. Book reviews
Before I tackle about Rizal’s ideology in his prose, let us first define the term
“ideology”.
Ideology refers to a set of beliefs or principles, especially one on which
a political system, party, or organization is based (Cambridge Dictionary,2020). This also
speaks about a set of opinions or beliefs of a group or an individual. Very
often ideology refers to a set of political beliefs or a set of ideas that characterize a
particular culture ([Link] Dictionary, 2020).

In writing his essays, Rizal used his pen name,

”Laong Laan” and Masonic pseudonym of “Dimas Alang”
when he was in Spain and some of them were published
in Diariong Tagalog, a Philippine newspaper and in La
Solidaridad, in Madrid, Spain (Romero, et. al. (2006).
Among the better known compiled by Romero, et.
al. (2006), Daquila (2009), Areño (2011), De Viana, et. al.
[Link] (2018), and Wanni-Obias, et. al. (2018), are listed in a
m/2011/03/11-what-economic-
[Link] matrix like:
youth Spanish/Filipino Title of the English Translation Year
Essay
1 El Amor Patrio The Love of Country 1882
Toasting Speech in Honor of Juan 1884
2 Brindis
Luna and Felix Resurrecion Hidalgo
Sa Mga Kababayang 1889
3 To the Young Women of Malolos
Dalaga sa Malolos
Sobre la indolencia de los 1890
4 The Indolence of the Filipinos
Filipinos
Filipinas Dentro de Cien 1890
5 The Philippines within a Century
Años
6 La Instruccion The Town School in the Philippines
7 Annotation to Morga’s Annotations to Morga’s 1889
Sucesos de las Islas History/Events of the Philippine
Filipinas Islands

21
Rizal’s Blueprint for Nation Building
In the Philippines, many debates that the mission of nation-building is an ongoing
fight up to the present. Intellectuals noticed the significant work of the propagandists like
Rizal in the continued efforts to build the nation and endorse the alteration in the Spanish
colony (Wani-Obias, et. al., 2018).
However, if we look back, Romero, et. al. (2006) emphasized that Rizal began to
understand now that the prolonged subjugation of his people was caused primarily by two
factors, namely the:
1. Absence of national consciousness
2. Poor training and education of the people
Rizal presented to his people how to live nationalism and he also thought of an
idealism of devotion and courage for the improvement of Philippine society. Hence,
Romero, [Link]. (2006) presented Rizal’s blueprint for nation building that includes the:
1. Importance of Education
Rizal asserted on educating his people so that they
may productively eliminate the evils of their society. He
wanted them to develop a national consciousness of their
human rights and pride in their country’s legacy and
culture.
2. Instilling racial pride and dignity among the people
[Link]
A feeling of weakness and a lack of racial pride and ooks/about/Jos%C3%A9_Riz
al_s_Legacy_and_Nation_buil
dignity was formed among the people due to the lengthy era [Link]?id=y6HWrQEACAA
of foreign dominance from their colonial rulers. J&redir_esc=y

This attitude must be renewed by means of having a sense of pride in

themselves as a nation. Rizal desired to instill into people an understanding of
history from which, he believed, started the roots of genuine nationalism.
3. The Promotion of National Consciousness
He wanted his people to devote their views, words, and actions not only to
themselves as people but to themselves as citizens of a nation. National
consciousness is significant to the accomplishment of a better society.
4. The Re-orientation of Values and Attitude
The people must re-orient their values and attitudes in order to help to the
task of nation building.
5. The Willingness to Sacrifice for the Country
Rizal highlighted that the mission of nation building is accompanied by
challenges and trials which the people must unavoidably experience to encourage
their bravery. The sacrifices experienced by a people toughen their connections of
unity and their sense of freedom.

22
Apply
A. Direction: Compare and contrast the works of Rizal by giving and describing
two (2) examples of poems of Rizal. You may refer on the list
provided or you could research for more poems of Rizal. Please use
conjunctions like “whereas” and write your answers on the space
provided. (10 points)

________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

B. Direction: Choose one (1) essay of Rizal in the list provided in this lesson and
write about your insights and realization about it not less than 5
sentences. Please write your answers on the space provided. (10
points)
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

23
Assessment

Name: Date:
Program and Section: Score:

A. Direction: Identify the following items and write your answers legibly after each item.
Wrong spelling will be marked wrong. (10 points)

1. The people’s awareness of their uniqueness and their consciousness of

the cultural bond that binds them in the commonality of their origin, history,
language, religion, race, and idiosyncrasies. ____________________

2. The feeling of loving your country more than any others and being proud
of it. ____________________

3. Rizal’s nationalism is expressed in the dedication of this book.

____________________

4. A set of beliefs or principles, especially one on which

a political system, party, or organization is based. ___________________

5. Rizal’s poem written when he was eight years old that showed a full
meaning of his patriotism in encouraging the use of our mother tongue.
(Tagalog) ____________________

6. The cherishing or pursuit of high or noble principles, purposes, or goals.

____________________

7. The man who loves his country and sympathized to the poor and the
oppressed who are the victims of Spanish domination in the islands.
____________________

8. The principal character of the first novel of Rizal. ___________________

9. One of the factors that caused the prolonged subjugation of the Filipinos
according to Rizal. ____________________

10. This is what the people need according to Rizal in order to productively
eliminate the evils of society. ____________________

24
B. Direction: Answer the following questions in 5 – 10 sentences. Please try to be
open-minded and be specific when you give example situations in
explaining your point of view. (10 points each / 20 points)

1. What is the importance of practicing nationalism?

______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

2. As a student, how can you develop patriotism in your own way?

______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

25
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