Slide 1 — FIRST LAW OF

FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS Prof. Dr. P . M. Gadhe

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Slide 2 — Law of Conservation of energy

Law of Conservation of energy Energy : The ability to cause changes ➢Energy can
neither be created nor be destroyed, it can be converted from one

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Slide 3 — Joules experiment

Joules experiment (Joules experiment)

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Slide 4 — The First Law of Thermodynamics

The First Law of Thermodynamics This is known as the first law of thermodynamics
for a based on joules experiment Or in other words “when a closed system
undergoes any cyclic process, the cyclic integral of work is

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Slide 5 — The First Law For Closed System

The First Law For Closed System ➢If a closed system undergoes a change of state
or a process and during which, both work transfer and heat transfer are involved
, then the net energy transfer will be stored within the system ➢If Q is the
amount of heat transferred to the system and W is the amount of work transferred
from the Key formula(s): SFEE: q + gZ1 + C1²/2 + h1 = w + gZ2 + C2²/2 + h2.

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Slide 6 — The First Law of thermodyanmics

The First Law of thermodyanmics Thermodynamic Cycleᵇᵈᵈ After cyclic integral

∮ᵅᵄ=0 Therefor U is a property of the system

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Slide 7 — Numericals

A cycle consisting of 4 processes, the heat transfers are 60 kJ, Determine the
net work for the cycle 2 : A certain cycle consist of 3 processes Key
formula(s): SFEE: q + gZ1 + C1²/2 + h1 = w + gZ2 + C2²/2 + h2.

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Slide 8 — Numericals

A piston and cylinder machine contains a fluid system, which passes through a
complete cycle of four processes During a cycle, the sum of all heat transfer is
system completes 100 cycles per minute Key formula(s): SFEE: q + gZ1 + C1²/2 +
h1 = w + gZ2 + C2²/2 + h2.

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Slide 9 — Closed (Non Flow) System

Closed (Non Flow) System ᵉdᵇ work or Displacement work or Boundary work ᵬᵃ =ᵉ ᵉ
dᵈ ᵉ dᵈᵉᵉᵈᵈᵈᵈᵈᵈᵈᵉᵬᵃ =ᵉ ᵉ dᵇ So the displacement work is

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Slide 10 — Displacement work or ′ᵉᵈᵉ ′ work for different pr

Displacement work or ′ᵉdᵉ ′ work for different processes for non flow (closed)
system For Constant pressure process dᵇ=ᵉ(ᵇᵽ−ᵇᵼ)For Constant Volume process

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Slide 11 — Numericals

A stationary mass of gas is compressed without friction from an initial state

105 Mpa to a final state of 0 6 kJ of heat from the gas during the process How
much does the internal energy Key formula(s): SFEE: q + gZ1 + C1²/2 + h1 = w +
gZ2 + C2²/2 + h2.

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Slide 12 — Open or Flow System

➢Let F1, be the force which forces the mass m1 of cross causing the displacement
dl1, isFlow Work or Flow EnergyFlow Process: Processes performed in the open
system are called as Flow sectional area Al into the system against the pressure
P1 of the ➢Now consider a small amount of work done on the system in Key
formula(s): SFEE: q + gZ1 + C1²/2 + h1 = w + gZ2 + C2²/2 + h2.

Source: et chapter [Link]

Slide 13 — STEADY FLOW ENERGY EQUATION (S.F.E.E.)

STEADY FLOW ENERGY EQUATION (S CONDITIONS OF STEADY FLOW SYSTEM A steady

process should satisfy the following conditions : The mass flow rate into and
out of the system are equal and do not vary with Key formula(s): h = u + Pv
(Enthalpy); SFEE: q + gZ1 + C1²/2 + h1 = w + gZ2 + C2²/2 + h2.

Source: et chapter [Link]

Slide 14 — STEADY FLOW ENERGY EQUATION (S.F.E.E.)

STEADY FLOW ENERGY EQUATION (S ሶᵅ = Mass flow rate in kg/sec A1 & A2 = Cross
sectional areas at sec 1 –1 and 2–2 C1 & C2 = Velocities in m/sec Key
formula(s): SFEE: q + gZ1 + C1²/2 + h1 = w + gZ2 + C2²/2 + h2.

Source: et chapter [Link]

Slide 15 — STEADY FLOW ENERGY EQUATION (S.F.E.E.)

STEADY FLOW ENERGY EQUATION (S Q = Net heat transfer in Joules ᵅᵅ = q = Net rate
of heat transfer in J/kg W = Net work transfer in joules Key formula(s): SFEE: q
+ gZ1 + C1²/2 + h1 = w + gZ2 + C2²/2 + h2.

Source: et chapter [Link]

Slide 16 — STEADY FLOW ENERGY EQUATION (S.F.E.E.)

STEADY FLOW ENERGY EQUATION (S SFEE on time basis (J/s) Total energy at the
entrance = Total energy at the exit dᵉ+ሶᵈ ᵇᵆᵼ+ᵇᵆᵼ+ᵇᵆᵼ+ᵆᵆᵼ= Key formula(s): SFEE:
q + gZ1 + C1²/2 + h1 = w + gZ2 + C2²/2 + h2.

Source: et chapter [Link]

Slide 17 — STEADY FLOW ENERGY EQUATION (S.F.E.E.)

STEADY FLOW ENERGY EQUATION (S SFEE on mass basis (J/kg) Total energy at the
entrance = Total energy at the exit Key formula(s): SFEE: q + gZ1 + C1²/2 + h1 =
w + gZ2 + C2²/2 + h2.

Source: et chapter [Link]

Slide 18 — APPLICATIONS OF ENERGY EQUATIONS

APPLICATIONS OF ENERGY EQUATIONS It is a steam generator SFEE on mass basis

(J/kg) Key formula(s): SFEE: q + gZ1 + C1²/2 + h1 = w + gZ2 + C2²/2 + h2.

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Slide 19 — APPLICATIONS OF ENERGY EQUATIONS

APPLICATIONS OF ENERGY EQUATIONS (b) Steam Turbine/ Gas turbine For Steam
Turbine/ Gas turbine SFEE on mass basis (J/kg) Key formula(s): SFEE: q + gZ1 +
C1²/2 + h1 = w + gZ2 + C2²/2 + h2.

Source: et chapter [Link]

Slide 20 — APPLICATIONS OF ENERGY EQUATIONS

APPLICATIONS OF ENERGY EQUATIONS SFEE on mass basis (J/kg) Key formula(s): SFEE:
q + gZ1 + C1²/2 + h1 = w + gZ2 + C2²/2 + h2.

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Slide 21 — APPLICATIONS OF ENERGY EQUATIONS

APPLICATIONS OF ENERGY EQUATIONS (b) CompressorSFEE on mass basis (J/kg) Key

formula(s): SFEE: q + gZ1 + C1²/2 + h1 = w + gZ2 + C2²/2 + h2.

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Slide 22 — Some Relations used in Numericals

Some Relations used in Numericals For constant volume process ∴dU=ᵈᵆᵉdᵇ………ᵇᵉᵉᵈ

ᵇᵈᵉᵈᵉᵈᵈᵈ ᵆᵈᵈᵉᵈᵉ (ᵈᵇ) dᵉ=ᵆᵉdᵇ………ᵇᵉᵈᵈᵈᵈᵈᵈ ᵇᵈᵉᵈᵉᵈᵈᵈ ᵆᵈᵈᵉᵈᵉ (ᵈᵇ

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Slide 23 — Problem:

Problem: Given Data: ᵇᵼ=ᵼ.ᵽ ᵇᵉᵈ =ᵼ.ᵽ ᵉ ᵼᵼᵽ ᵇᵈ =ᵼ.ᵽ ᵉ ᵼᵼᵽ Τᵇᵈᵽ ᵇᵼ=ᵼᵽᵽ ℃=ᵼᵽᵽ +ᵽᵽᵽ
.ᵼᵽ=ᵽᵽᵼ .ᵼᵽ ᵈᵼ=ᵽᵽᵽᵽ ᵈᵇ/ᵈᵈ ᵆᵼ=ᵽᵽ.ᵽ ᵈ/ᵉ ᵉᵼ=ᵽ ᵈ ᵇᵽ=ᵽᵼ ᵈᵉᵈ=ᵽᵼᵉ ᵼᵼᵽ ᵇᵈ =ᵽᵼ ᵉ ᵼᵼᵽ Τᵇᵈᵽ
ᵈᵽ=ᵽᵽᵼᵽ ᵈᵇ/ᵈᵈ ᵆᵽ=ᵼᵼᵼ ᵈ/ᵉ ᵉᵽ=ᵼ ᵈ dᵇ...

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Slide 24 — APPLICATIONS OF ENERGY EQUATIONS

APPLICATIONS OF ENERGY EQUATIONS SFEE on time basis (kJ/s) ᵽᵽ−ᵼᵼᵼᵽ)ᵉ ᵼᵼ−ᵽ+ᵽᵽᵽ

−ᵽᵽᵼᵽ +(−ᵼ Key formula(s): SFEE: q + gZ1 + C1²/2 + h1 = w + gZ2 + C2²/2 + h2.

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Slide 25 — Problem:

Problem: ሶᵈ=ᵼ ᵈᵈ/ᵉ ᵇᵼ=ᵽᵼ℃ dᵉ dᵉ=−ᵼᵽ ᵈᵇ ᵆᵼ=ᵼᵼᵼ ᵈ/ᵉ ᵆᵽ=ᵼᵽᵼ ᵈ/ᵉ ᵆᵉ=ᵼ.ᵼᵼᵽ ᵈᵇ/ᵈᵈᵈ d
dᵉ=ᵼ ᵇᵽ=?

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Slide 26 — APPLICATIONS OF ENERGY EQUATIONS

APPLICATIONS OF ENERGY EQUATIONS SFEE on time basis (kJ/s) ᵽ(ᵼᵼᵼᵽ−ᵼᵽᵼᵽ)ᵉ

ᵼᵼ−ᵽ+ᵈᵼ−ᵈᵽ+ᵼ Key formula(s): SFEE: q + gZ1 + C1²/2 + h1 = w + gZ2 + C2²/2 + h2.

Source: et chapter [Link]

Slide 27 — Problem:

Problem: Case (a) ᵈᵼ=ᵽᵼᵼᵼ ᵈᵇ/ᵈᵈ ᵆᵼ=ᵽᵼ ᵈ/ᵉ ᵈᵽ=ᵽᵽᵽᵽ ᵈᵇ/ᵈᵈ dᵉ dᵉ=ᵼ dᵉ dᵉ=ᵼ ᵆᵽ=?
Case (b) ᵆᵼ=ᵼ.ᵼ ᵈᵽ ᵉᵼ=ᵼ.ᵼᵽᵽ Τᵈᵽᵈᵈ ሶᵈ=? Case (c) ᵉᵽ=ᵼ.ᵽᵽᵽ Τᵈᵽᵈᵈ ᵆᵽ=?

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Slide 28 — APPLICATIONS OF ENERGY EQUATIONS

APPLICATIONS OF ENERGY EQUATIONS SFEE on time basis (kJ/s) ᵽ(ᵽᵼᵽ−ᵆᵽᵽ)ᵉ ᵼᵼ−ᵽ+ᵽᵼ

−ᵽᵽᵽᵽ +ᵼ Key formula(s): SFEE: q + gZ1 + C1²/2 + h1 = w + gZ2 + C2²/2 + h2.

Source: et chapter [Link]

Slide 29 — APPLICATIONS OF ENERGY EQUATIONS

APPLICATIONS OF ENERGY EQUATIONS

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Slide 30

Slide contains diagrams or minimal content — remember to review figures in the

original slide.

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Slide 31

Slide contains diagrams or minimal content — remember to review figures in the

original slide.

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Slide 32

Problem: In an adiabatic turbomachine handling an incompressible fluid with a

density 1000 kg /m3 The condition of the fluid at the rotor inlet and exit are
given below If the volume flow rate of the fluid is 45 m3/s, estimate the net
energy transfer from the fluid as work neglecting the changes in internal energy
Key formula(s): SFEE: q + gZ1 + C1²/2 + h1 = w + gZ2 + C2²/2 + h2.

Source: et chapter [Link]

Slide 33 — End of the Topic

(See original slide)

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