PROBABILITY

Q1) A bag contains green balls and red balls only.

A ball is taken at random from the bag.
The probability of taking a green ball is 0.38 .
Write down the probability of taking

(a) a red ball,

(b) a blue ball.

Q2) The probability that Tommy has his calculator for his mathematics lesson is 0.4 .
There are 120 mathematics lessons in one year.
Work out an estimate of the number of mathematics lessons in one year that Tommy has his calculator.

Q3) The probability that Alex wins a prize is 0.27.

Find the probability that Alex does not win a prize

Q4)

The diagram shows five cards.

Two of the cards are taken at random, without replacement.

Find the probability that both cards show an even number

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Q5) The probability that Andrei cycles to school is r.

(a) Write down, in terms of r, the probability that Andrei does not cycle to school.

(b) The probability that Benoit does not cycle to school is 1.3 - r.
The probability that both Andrei and Benoit do not cycle to school is 0.4 .

(i) Complete the equation in terms of r.

(.........................) × (.........................) = 0.4

(ii) Show that this equation simplifies to 10 r 2−23+ 9=0 ,

(iii) Solve by factorisation10 r 2−23 r + 9=0 .

(iv) Find the probability that Benoit does not cycle to school.

Q6) (a) Angelo has a bag containing 3 white counters and x black counters.
He takes two counters at random from the bag, without replacement.

(i) Complete the following statement.

The probability that Angelo takes two black counters is

7
(ii) The probability that Angelo takes two black counters is .
15
(a) Show that 4 x 2−25 x−21=0 .

2
 (b) Solve by factorisation.
2
4 x −25 x−21=0 .

(c) Write down the number of black counters in the bag.

(b) Esme has a bag with 5 green counters and 4 red counters.
She takes three counters at random from the bag without replacement.

Work out the probability that the three counters are all the same colour.

Q7) Rui has a bag containing 5 black pens, 8 red pens and 3 blue pens only.
He takes a pen out of the bag at random.
Draw an arrow (↓) on the probability scale to show the probability that Rui takes

3
Q8) A bag contains 3 green balls, 4 red balls and 1 blue ball only.
Matt takes a ball from the bag at random.
Some probabilities are marked on the probability scale.

Write down the letter that shows the probability that

(a) Matt takes a red ball,

(b) Matt does not take a blue ball.

Q9) A bag contains 6 red balls and 10 blue balls only.

On the probability scale, draw an arrow (↓) to show the probability that a ball taken at random is

Q10) Harris is taking a driving test.

The probability that he passes the driving test at the first attempt is 0.6 .
If he fails, the probability that he passes at any further attempt is 0.75 .

Calculate the probability that Harris

(a) passes the driving test at the second attempt,

(b) takes no more than three attempts to pass the driving test.

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 9
Q11) The probability that the school bus is late is .
10
15
If the school bus is late, the probability that Seb travels on the bus is .
16
3
If the school bus is on time, the probability that Seb travels on the bus is .
4

Find the probability that Seb travels on the bus.

Q12) (a) Soraya makes rectangular flags.

(i) On the rectangle, draw the lines of symmetry.

(ii) Each flag measures 1.2m by 1.8m.

Calculate the area of one flag

(b) Each flag costs $15 to make.

Soraya sells one flag for $21.

Calculate the percentage profit.

(c) Soraya makes 30 flags.

11 flags are pink, 7 are yellow, 5 are blue, 4 are silver and 3 are green.
Soraya takes a flag at random.

Find the probability that the flag she takes is

(i) pink,

(ii) not blue,

(iii) red.
5
Q13)

The diagram shows 5 cards.

(a) Donald chooses a card at random.

(i) Write down the probability that the number of dots on this card is an even number.

(ii) Write down the probability that the number of dots on this card is a prime number.

(b) Donald chooses two of the five cards at random, without replacement.
He works out the total number of dots on these two cards.

(i) Find the probability that the total number of dots is 5.

(ii) Find the probability that the total number of dots is an odd number.

Q14) (a) A bag contains 4 red marbles and 2 yellow marbles.

Behnaz picks two marbles at random without replacement.

Find the probability that

(i) the marbles are both red,

(ii) the marbles are not both red.

(b) Another bag contains 5 blue marbles and 2 green marbles.

Bryn picks one marble at random without replacement.

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If this marble is not green, he picks another marble at random without replacement.
He continues until he picks a green marble.

Find the probability that he picks a green marble on his first, second or third attempt.

Q15) The probability that Kim wins a game is 0.72 .

In one year Kim will play 225 games.

Work out an estimate of the number of games Kim will win.

Q16) (a) A box contains 3 blue pens, 4 red pens and 8 green pens only.
A pen is chosen at random from the box.

Find the probability that this pen is green.

(b) A cube has only one of its six faces painted yellow.
This cube is rolled 240 times.

Work out the expected number of times that it lands on the yellow face.

Q17) (a) A box contains 3 blue pens, 4 red pens and 8 green pens only.
A pen is chosen at random from the box.

Find the probability that this pen is green.

(b) ) Another box contains 7 black pens and 8 orange pens only.
Two pens are chosen at random from this box without replacement.

Calculate the probability that at least one orange pen is chosen.

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Q18) Box A and box B each contain blue and green pens only.
Raphael picks a pen at random from box A and Paulo picks a pen at random from box B.
2
The probability that Raphael picks a blue pen is .
3
8
The probability that both Raphael and Paulo pick a blue pen is .
15
(a) Find the probability that Paulo picks a blue pen.

(b) Find the probability that both Raphael and Paulo pick a green pen.

Q19) The 262 students at a college each study one of the languages shown in the table.

(a) Complete the table.

(b) Find the probability that

(i) a girl, chosen at random, studies Spanish,

(ii) a boy, chosen at random, studies French or Italian,

(iii) a student, chosen at random, does not study German.

Q20) (a) A bag contains 6 green balls, 5 red balls and 3 blue balls only.
A ball is taken from the bag at random. Find the probability that the ball is

(i) green,

(ii) green or red,

(iii) yellow.

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(b) Another bag contains brown balls, white balls, black balls and purple balls only.
A ball is taken from this bag at random.

(i) Complete the table.

(ii) Which colour is the most likely to be taken?

(iii) There are 50 balls in this bag.

Work out the number of black balls.

Q21) (a) The diagram shows two sets of cards.

(i) Jojo chooses two cards at random from Set A without replacement.

Find the probability that the two cards have the same number.

(ii) Jojo replaces the two cards.

Kylie then chooses one card at random from Set A and one card at random from Set B.

Find the probability that the two cards have the same number.

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(iii) Who is the most likely to choose two cards that have the same number? Show all your working.

Lena chooses three cards at random from Set C without replacement.

Find the probability that the third card chosen is numbered 4.

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Q22) The probability that it will rain tomorrow is .
8
1
If it rains, the probability that Rafael walks to school is .
6
7
If it does not rain, the probability that Rafael walks to school is .
10
(a) Complete the tree diagram.

(b) Calculate the probability that it will rain tomorrow and Rafael walks to school
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(c) Calculate the probability that Rafael does not walk to school.

Q23) A bag contains 50 counters. 10 of the counters are red.

One of the counters is taken from the bag at random.

(a) Draw an arrow (↓) on the scale to show the probability that this counter is red.

(b) Find the probability that the counter is not red.

Q24) (a) A bag contains 6 blue counters and 2 red counters only.
A counter is taken from the bag at random.
Draw an arrow (↓) on the probability scale to show the probability of taking

(i) a blue counter,

(ii) a yellow counter.

(b) Another bag contains green counters and black counters only.
A counter is taken from the bag at random.
The probability of taking a green counter is 0.64 .

Work out the probability of taking a black counter.

Q25) 15 Ethan has a box of toys.

He takes a toy at random.

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Complete the table.

Q26) A group of 200 people were asked which city they would like to visit next.
The table shows the results.

(a) A person from the group is chosen at random.

Write down the probability that this person would like to visit either Paris or Tokyo next.

(b) Two people are chosen at random from the group of 200.

Find the probability that one person would like to visit London next and the other person would like to visit New York
next.
Give your answer as a percentage.

Q27) A bag contains 20 bulbs.

8 are yellow, 5 are red, 4 are white and 3 are pink.
Sam takes one bulb at random.

Find the probability that the bulb he takes is

(i) white,

(ii) blue,

(iii) not pink.

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Q28)

Bag A contains 3 black balls and 2 white balls.

Bag B contains 1 black ball and 3 white balls.

(a) A ball is taken at random from each bag.

(i) Show that a black ball is more likely to be taken from bag A than from bag B.

(ii) Find the probability that the two balls have different colours.

(b) The balls are returned to their original bags.

Three balls are taken at random from bag A, without replacement.

Find the probability that

(i) they are all black,

(ii) they are all white.

(c) The balls are returned to their original bags.

A ball is taken at random from bag A and its colour is recorded.
This ball is then placed in bag B.
A ball is then taken at random from bag B.

Find the probability that the ball taken from bag B has a different colour to the ball taken from bag A.

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Q29) A box contains 20 packets of potato chips.
6 packets contain barbecue flavoured chips.
10 packets contain salt flavoured chips.
4 packets contain chicken flavoured chips.

(a) Maria takes two packets at random without replacement.

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(i) Show that the probability that she takes two packets of salt flavoured chips is .
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(ii) Find the probability that she takes two packets of different flavoured chips.

(b) Maria takes three packets at random, without replacement, from the 20 packets.

Find the probability that she takes at least two packets of chicken flavoured chips.

Q30) The probability that Stephanie wins her next tennis match is 0.85

Find the probability that Stephanie does not win her next match

2
Q31) The probability that pedro scores a goal in any match is
5
Calculate the probability that pedro scores a goal in each the next two given matches.

Q32) Simon has two boxes of cards.

In one box, each card has one shape drawn on it that is either a triangle or a square.
In the other box, each card is coloured either red or blue.
Simon picks a card from each box at random.
The probability of picking a triangle card is t.
The probability of picking a red card is r.

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Complete the table for the cards that Simon picks, writing each probability in terms of r and t.

Q33) The diagram shows a fair spinner.

Anna spins it twice and adds the scores.

(a) Complete the table for the total scores.

(b) Write down the most likely total score.

(c) Find the probability that Anna scores

(i) a total less than 6,

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(ii) a total of 3

Q34) (a) The table shows the results of a survey in a village.

It shows the number of males and females who are left-handed, right-handed or ambidextrous.

(i) Complete the table by finding the number of males in the survey who are right-handed.

(ii) Using these results, write down the probability that

(a) a male chosen at random is left-handed,

(b) a left-handed person chosen at random is female,

(c) a person chosen at random is right-handed

(iii) Here are the ages of the people who are ambidextrous.

27 79 31 16 60 45 42 52

Find the median age of these people.

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 2
Q35) Each morning the probability that it rains is .
3
1
If it rains, the probability that Asha walks to school is .
7
4
If it does not rain, the probability that Asha walks to school is .
7
(a) Complete the tree diagram

(b) Find the probability that it rains and Asha walks to school.

(c) (i) Find the probability that Asha does not walk to school.

(ii) Find the expected number of days Asha does not walk to school in a term of 70 days.

(d) Find the probability that it rains on exactly one morning in a school week of 5 days.

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Q36) A bag contains 16 counters. 3 are red, 6 are blue and the rest are yellow.
Jay takes a counter from the bag at random.

(a) Write down the colour Jay is most likely to take.

(b) Write down the probability that the counter is red

Q37) Bastian has a bag containing four types of sweet.

He takes a sweet from the bag at random.

Complete the table.

Q38) Nico asked each of 900 students at her school what their favourite subject is.
The students only chose Science, Art, Mathematics, History or Geography.
The pie chart shows some of this information.

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(a) Show that 225 students chose Science.

(b) Find how many students chose Art.

(c) 125 students chose History and 140 chose Geography. Complete the pie chart to show this information.

(d) One of the 900 students is selected at random.

(i) Write down the probability that their favourite subject is French.

(ii) Find the probability that their favourite subject is Art.

Give your answer as a fraction in its lowest terms.

(e) The total number of students in the school is 2520.

Estimate how many students you would expect to choose History as their favourite subject.

Q39) (a) A small box contains n biscuits.

(i) A medium box contains 10 more biscuits than the small box.

Write an expression, in terms of n, for the number of biscuits in the medium box.

(ii) A large box contains twice as many biscuits as the medium box.

Write an expression, in terms of n, for the number of biscuits in the large box.

(iii) There are 52 biscuits in the large box.

Write down an equation, in terms of n, and solve it.

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(iv) Olga buys a small box and a medium box of biscuits.

How many biscuits does she have altogether?

(b) In the large box, 13 of the 52 biscuits are chocolate.

Leo takes a biscuit from the box at random.

(i) Find the probability that Leo’s biscuit is chocolate. Give your answer as a fraction in its lowest terms.

(ii) On the probability scale, draw an arrow to show the probability that Leo’s biscuit is not chocolate

(c) The mass of the large box of biscuits is 450 g.

Work out the total mass of 6 large boxes of biscuits.
Give your answer in kilograms.

(d) The mass, m grams, of the small box of biscuits is 120 g, correct to the nearest 10 g.
Complete the statement about the value of m.

……………. ≤ m ¿ ……………

Q40) (a) Bag A contains 20 counters.

6 are red, 9 are blue and the rest are white.
Jared takes one counter at random.

Write down the probability that the counter is

(i) red,

(ii) white,

(iii) yellow.
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(b) Bag B contains green counters, black counters, purple counters and brown counters.
Louise takes one counter at random.

Complete the table.

(c) Bag C contains 8 red counters and 12 blue counters only.

Bag D contains 6 red counters and 9 blue counters only.
A counter is taken at random from each bag.

Show that the probability of taking a red counter from bag C is equal to the probability of taking a red counter from bag
D.

Q41)

The diagram shows two fair dice.

The numbers on dice A are 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 3.
The numbers on dice B are 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 3.
When a dice is rolled, the score is the number on the top face.

(a) Dice A is rolled once.

Find the probability that the score is not 3.

(b) Dice A is rolled twice.

Find the probability that the score is 0 both times.

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(c) Dice A is rolled 60 times.

Calculate an estimate of the number of times the score is 0.

(d) Dice A and dice B are each rolled once.

The product of the scores is recorded.

(i) Complete the possibility diagram

(ii) Find the probability that the product of the scores is

(a) 2,

(b) greater than 3.

(e) Eva keeps rolling dice B until 1 is scored.

Find the probability that this happens on the 5th roll.

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Q42) (a) A bag contains red beads and green beads.
There are 80 beads altogether.
The probability that a bead chosen at random is green is 0.35 .

(i) Find the number of red beads in the bag.

(ii) Marcos chooses a bead at random and replaces it in the bag.

He does this 240 times.

Find the number of times he would expect to choose a green bead.

(b) A different bag contains 2 blue marbles, 3 yellow marbles and 4 white marbles.
Huma chooses a marble at random, notes the colour, then replaces it in the bag.
She does this three times.

Find the probability that

(i) all three marbles are yellow,

(ii) all three marbles are different colours

(c) Another bag contains 2 green counters and 3 pink counters.

Teresa chooses three counters at random without replacement.

Find the probability that she chooses more pink counters than green counters.

Q43) In a group of students the probability that a student is left-handed is 0.28

A student is chosen at random from the group

Find the probability that the student is not left-handed

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Q44) (a) A bag contains 16 counters.
4 of the counters are blue.
A counter is taken from the bag at random.

On the probability scale, draw an arrow (↓) to show the probability that this counter is blue.

(b) Another bag contains 5 black counters, 8 white counters, 6 green counters and 1 yellow counter.
A counter is taken from this bag at random.

Find the probability that this counter is

(i) white,

(ii) not white

Q45) The table shows the number of screws of different lengths in a box of 100 screws.

A screw is chosen at random from the box.

Find the probability that the screw has length

(a) 50 mm,

(b) less than 60 mm

(c) 70 mm.

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Q46) Hattie has a box of coloured pens.
She takes a pen at random from the box.
The probability that she takes a red pen is 0.4 .

(a) Work out the probability that she does not take a red pen.

(b) The box contains only blue, red and green pens.
There are 15 blue pens and 15 green pens.

Complete the table.

Q47) The probability of a cricket team winning or losing in their first two matches is shown in the tree diagram.

Find the probability that the cricket team wins at least one match.

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Q48) Kiah plays a game.
The game involves throwing a coin onto a circular board.
Points are scored for where the coin lands on the board.

If the coin lands on part of a line or misses the board then 0 points are scored.
The table shows the probabilities of Kiah scoring points on the board with one throw.

(a) Find the value of x.

(b) Kiah throws a coin fifty times.

Work out the expected number of times she scores 5 points.

(c) Kiah throws a coin two times.

Calculate the probability that

(i) she scores either 5 or 0 with her first throw,

(ii) she scores 0 with her first throw and 5 with her second throw,

(iii) she scores a total of 15 points with her two throws.

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(d) Kiah throws a coin three times.

Calculate the probability that she scores a total of 10 points with her three throws.

Q49) A bag contains 20 counters.

10 counters are red, 8 are blue and the rest are yellow.
One counter is taken from the bag at random.

(a) Mark an arrow on the probability scale to show the probability that the counter is red.

(b) Find the probability that the counter is yellow.

Q50) ELEPHANT
Francesca chooses a letter at random from this word.

(a) Write down the letter she is most likely to choose.

(b) Write down the probability that she chooses the letter R.

Q51) Cups are made in a factory.

The probability that one of these cups is faulty is 0.02 .

(a) Find the probability that a cup is not faulty.

(b) In one day 2500 cups are made.

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 Work out the number of these cups that are expected to be faulty.

Q52) (a) A bag contains 3 red, 5 blue and 4 green counters.

A counter is picked at random.

Work out the probability that the counter is

(i) blue,

(ii) yellow.

(b) The probability of picking a brown counter from another bag is 0.35 .

Work out the probability of not picking a brown counter.

Q53) Javier went to a carnival with his friends.

(a) He played five games of darts. These are his scores.

160 58 45 82 125
(i) Work out his mean score.

(ii) Find the range.

(b) The 5000 tickets for the carnival are different colours.
The table shows the number of tickets of each colour.

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A ticket is picked at random.

Find the probability that this ticket is Blue.

(c) Five different types of food are sold at the carnival.

Javier chooses one of these types of food.
The table shows the probability that he chooses each type of food.

Complete the table.

(d) Javier hires a four-seater bike.

The hire cost is $8.50 for the first hour and then $7.75 for each extra hour.

Calculate the cost of hiring the bike for 5 hours.

7
Q54) The probability that a plant will produce flowers is .
8
The flowers are either red or yellow.
3
If the plant produces flowers, the probability that the flowers are red is .
4
(a) (i) Complete the tree diagram by writing a probability beside each branch.

29
(ii) Calculate the probability that a plant, chosen at random, will produce red flowers.

(iii) Two plants are chosen at random.

Calculate the probability that both will produce red flowers

(b) Alphonse buys 200 of these plants.

Calculate the number of plants that are expected to produce flowers.

(c) Gabriel has 1575 plants with red flowers.

Estimate the total number of plants that Gabriel has.

Q55)

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Find the probability that

(a) both numbers are 8,

(b) the two numbers are not both 8,

(c) one number is odd and one number is even,

(d) the total of the two numbers is at least 13,

(e) the second number is bigger than the first number.

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Q56) A train stops at station A and then at station B.
If the train is late at station A, the probability that it is late at station B is 0.9.
If the train is not late at station A, the probability that it is late at station B is 0.2.
The probability that the train is late at station A is 0.3.

(a) Complete the tree diagram.

(b) (i) Find the probability that the train is late at one or both of the stations.

(ii) This train makes 250 journeys.

Find the number of journeys that the train is expected to be late at one or both of the stations.

(c) The train continues to station C.

The probability that it is late at all 3 stations is 0.27 .

Describe briefly what this probability shows.

.............................................................................................................................................................. ...................................
...........................................................................................................................

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Q57) A biased 4-sided dice is rolled.
The possible scores are 1, 2, 3 or 4.
The probability of rolling a 1, 3 or 4 is shown in the table.

Complete the table.

Q58) Paul and Sammy take part in a race.

9
The probability that Paul wins the race is .
35
The probability that Sammy wins the race is 26%.

Who is more likely to win the race? Give a reason for your answer.

Q59)

(a) One of these 7 cards is chosen at random.

Write down the probability that the card

(i) shows the letter A,

(ii) shows the letter A or B,

(iii) does not show the letter B.

(b) Two of the cards are chosen at random, without replacement.

Find the probability that

(i) both show the letter A,

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(ii) the two letters are different.

(c) Three of the cards are chosen at random, without replacement.

Find the probability that the cards do not show the letter C.

Q60) Gareth has 8 sweets in a bag.

4 sweets are orange flavoured, 3 are lemon flavoured and 1 is strawberry flavoured.

(a) He chooses two of the sweets at random.

Find the probability that the two sweets have different flavours.

(b) Gareth now chooses a third sweet.

Find the probability that none of the three sweets is lemon flavoured.

1
Q61) The probability that it will rain on any day is .
5
Calculate an estimate of the number of days it will rain in a month with 30 days.

Q62) Chico has a bag of sweets

He takes a sweet from the bag at random.
The table shows the probabilities of taking each flavour of sweet.

(a) Complete the table.

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(b) Find the probability that the sweet is lemon or lime.

Q63) Samira takes part in two charity runs.

The probability that she finishes each run is 0.8.

Find the probability that Samira finishes at least one run.

Q64) The table shows the probability that a person has blue, brown or green eyes.

Use the table to work out the probability that two people, chosen at random,

(a) have blue eyes,

(b) have different coloured eyes.

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Q65) A box contains 6 red pencils and 8 blue pencils.
A pencil is chosen at random and not replaced.
A second pencil is then chosen at random.

(a) Complete the tree diagram.

(b) Calculate the probability that

(i) both pencils are red,

(ii) at least one of the pencils is red.

Q66) Natalia has 16 reels of cotton.

6 reels are blue, 4 are white, 3 are red, 2 are black and 1 is green.
Natalia picks a reel at random.

(i) Write down the colour she is most likely to pick

(ii) Find the probability that she picks a black reel.

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Q67) Celine buys a bag of 24 tulip bulbs.
There are 8 red bulbs and 5 white bulbs.
All of the other bulbs are yellow.

Celine chooses a bulb at random from the bag.

(a) Write down the probability that the bulb is red or white.

(b) Write down the probability that the bulb is yellow.

Q68) (a) The probability that FC Victoria wins the cup is 0.18 .

Work out the probability that they do not win the cup.

(b) After training, the shirts are washed.

There are 5 red, 3 blue and 6 green shirts.
One shirt is taken from the washing machine at random.

Find the probability that it is

(i) red,

(ii) blue or green,

(iii) white.

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Q69) (a) A square spinner is biased.
The probabilities of obtaining the scores 1, 2, 3 and 4 when it is spun are given in the table.

(i) Work out the probability that on one spin the score is 2 or 3.

(ii) In 5000 spins, how many times would you expect to score 4 with this spinner?

(iii) Work out the probability of scoring 1 on the first spin and 4 on the second spin.

(b) In a bag there are 7 red discs and 5 blue discs.

From the bag a disc is chosen at random and not replaced.
A second disc is then chosen at random.

Work out the probability that at least one of the discs is red.

Give your answer as a fraction.

Q70) In this question, give all your answers as fractions.

The letters of the word NATION are printed on 6 cards.

(a) A card is chosen at random.

Write down the probability that

(i) it has the letter T printed on it,

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 (ii) it does not have the letter N printed on it,

(iii) the letter printed on it has no lines of symmetry.

(b) Lara chooses a card at random, replaces it, then chooses a card again.

Calculate the probability that only one of the cards she chooses has the letter N printed on it.

(c) Jacob chooses a card at random and does not replace it.
He continues until he chooses a card with the letter N printed on it.

Find the probability that this happens when he chooses the 4th card.

1
Q71) If the weather is fine the probability that Carlos is late arriving at school is .
10
1
If the weather is not fine the probability that he is late arriving at school is .
3
3
The probability that the weather is fine on any day is .
4
(a) Complete the tree diagram to show this information.

(b) In a school term of 60 days, find the number of days the weather is expected to be fine.
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(c) Find the probability that the weather is fine and Carlos is late arriving at school.

(d) Find the probability that Carlos is not late arriving at school.

(e) Find the probability that the weather is not fine on at least one day in a school week of 5 days.

Q72) A bag contains 20 counters.

One counter is taken from the bag at random.
The arrow on the probability scale shows the probability that this counter is blue.

(a) Work out the number of blue counters in the bag.

(b) Find the probability that the counter is not blue.

Q73) If it rains today the probability that it will rain tomorrow is 0.4.
If it does not rain today the probability that it will rain tomorrow is 0.2.
On Sunday it rained.

(a) Complete the tree diagram for Monday and Tuesday.

40
(b) Find the probability that it rains on at least one of the two days shown in the tree diagram.

Q74) Yeung and Ariven compete in a triathlon race.

3
The probability that Yeung finishes this race is .
5
2
The probability that Ariven finishes this race is .
3
(a) (i) Which of them is more likely to finish this race?
Give a reason for your answer.

(ii) Find the probability that they both finish this race.

41
(iii) Find the probability that only one of them finishes this race.

(b) After the first race, Yeung competes in two further triathlon races.

(i) Complete the tree diagram.

42
(ii) Calculate the probability that Yeung finishes all three of his races.

(iii) Calculate the probability that Yeung finishes at least one of his races

Q75) Kenwyn plays a board game.

Two cubes (dice) each have faces numbered 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6.
In the game, a throw is rolling the two fair 6-sided dice and then adding the numbers on their top faces.
This total is the number of spaces to move on the board.
For example, if the numbers are 4 and 3, he moves 7 spaces.

(a) Giving each of your answers as a fraction in its simplest form, find the probability that he moves

(i) two spaces with his next throw,

43
 (ii) ten spaces with his next throw.

(b) What is the most likely number of spaces that Kenwyn will move with his next throw?
Explain your answer.

(c)

To win the game he must move exactly to the 100th space.

Kenwyn is on the 97th space.
If his next throw takes him to 99, he has to move back to 96.
If his next throw takes him over 100, he stays on 97.

Find the probability that he reaches 100 in either of his next two throws.

Q76) The Ocean View Hotel has 300 rooms numbered from 100 to 399.
A room is chosen at random.

Find the probability that the room number ends in zero.

Q77)The probability that the school hockey team will win its next match is 0.45 .
The probability that it will lose its next match is 0.3 .

Work out the probability that the school hockey team will draw its next match.

Q78) The probability of Sachin’s team winning any match is 0.45.

(a) Write down the probability of Sachin’s team not winning any match.
44
 (b) In a season there are 40 matches.

How many matches should Sachin’s team expect to win in a season?

Q79) The table shows the results of asking 24 children their favourite colour

Write down the probability, as a fraction, that the favourite colour of a child chosen at random is

(i) blue,

(ii) not pink.

Q80) In a box there are 7 red cards and 3 blue cards.

A card is drawn at random from the box and is not replaced.
A second card is then drawn at random from the box.

(a) Complete this tree diagram.

(b) Work out the probability that the two cards are of different colours.
Give your answer as a fraction.

Q81) A bag contains 7 white beads and 5 red beads.

45
Two beads are taken out of the bag at random, without replacement.

Find the probability that

(a) they are both white,

(b) one is white and one is red

Q82) In this question, give all your answers as fractions

5
When Ivan goes to school in winter, the probability that he wears a hat is .
8
2
If he wears a hat, the probability that he wears a scarf is .
3
1
If he does not wear a hat, the probability that he wears a scarf is .
6
(a) Complete the tree diagram.

(b) Find the probability that Ivan

(i) does not wear a hat and does not wear a scarf,

(ii) wears a hat but does not wear a scarf,

46
 (iii) wears a hat or a scarf but not both.

7
(c) If Ivan wears a hat and a scarf, the probability that he wears gloves is .
10
Calculate the probability that Ivan does not wear all three of hat, scarf and gloves.

Q83) Zingon make light bulbs.

1
The probability that a Zingon light bulb is faulty is .
20
Gina tests 240 of these light bulbs.

How many of them would she expect to be faulty?

Q84) A B C D E F G H I J K
(a) A letter is chosen at random from the list above.

Write down, as a fraction, the probability that the letter has no curved parts.

(b) On the probability scale, mark an arrow to show this probability.

Q85)

One of the 6 letters is taken at random.

(a) Write down the probability that the letter is S.

47
(b) The letter is replaced and again a letter is taken at random.
This is repeated 600 times.

How many times would you expect the letter to be S?

Q86)

The Venn diagram shows the number of red cars and the number of two-door cars in a car park.
There is a total of 50 cars in the car park.
R = {red cars} and T = {two-door cars}.

(a) A car is chosen at random.

Write down the probability that

(i) it is red and it is a two-door car,

(ii) it is not red and it is a two-door car.

(b) A two-door car is chosen at random.

Write down the probability that it is not red.

(c) Two cars are chosen at random.

Find the probability that they are both red.

48
Q87) (a) Sweets are sold in packets.
There are n sweets in each packet.

(i) Maya has 4 packets of sweets and 21 extra sweets.

Write an expression, in terms of n, for the number of sweets Maya has.

(ii) Tassos has 5n + 3 sweets.

Roma has 3n + 27 sweets.
Tassos and Roma each have the same number of sweets.

Write down an equation, in terms of n, and solve it.

(iii) Work out the number of sweets Tassos and Roma have altogether.

(b) A different packet of sweets contains 6 red sweets, 10 yellow sweets and 4 green sweets.
Simon takes one sweet from the packet at random.

(i) Write down the colour of sweet Simon is most likely to take.

(ii) On the probability scale, draw an arrow to show the probability that Simon’s sweet is yellow.

(iii) Write down the probability that Simon’s sweet is green.

(iv) Write down the probability that Simon’s sweet is red or yellow.

3
Q88) The probability that Chaminda uses the internet on any day is .
5
3
The probability that Niluka uses the internet on any day is .
4
49
(i) Complete the tree diagram.

(ii) Calculate the probability, that on any day, at least one of the two students uses the internet.

(iii) Calculate the probability that Chaminda uses the internet on three consecutive days.

Q89)

Prettie picks a card at random from the 11 cards above and does not replace it.
She then picks a second card at random and does not replace it.

(a) Find the probability that she picks

(i) the letter L and then the letter G,

50
 (ii) the letter E twice,

(iii) two letters that are the same.

(b) Prettie now picks a third card at random.

Find the probability that the three letters

(i) are all the same,

(ii) do not include a letter E,

(iii) include exactly two letters that are the same.

Q90) Scatter diagrams are drawn to compare sets of data from each team in a hockey league during a year.
Write down the type of correlation you would expect to see when the data recorded is

(a) the number of games won and the total points scored,

(b) the number of games drawn and the average height of the team,

51
(c) the number of goals scored and the final position in the league.

Q91) (a) Colin has some seeds.

The probability a seed will grow is 0.85 .

Find the probability that a seed will not grow.

(b) Richard grows flowers.

Some of his flowers are chosen at random.
The colours are recorded in the table below.

(i) Complete the table to show the relative frequency of each colour.

(ii) Richard grows 800 flowers in total.

Estimate how many of these flowers are red.

Q92) A box contains 3 red pencils, 2 blue pencils and 4 green pencils.
Raj chooses 2 pencils at random, without replacement.

Calculate the probability that

(a) they are both red,

(b) they are both the same colour,

52
(c) exactly one of the two pencils is green.

Q93)

The probability that the spinner lands on any of the six sides is equally likely.

Write down the probability that the spinner lands on

(i) the number 6,

(ii) a prime number,

(iii) a number less than 11.

(b) Felix has a 12-sided spinner with the numbers 2, 4, 5, 7 and 9 written on it.
It is equally likely to land on any side.
The table shows the probability of the spinner landing on each number.

The diagram of the spinner has been completed for the number 2.

Complete the diagram for the numbers 4, 5, 7 and 9.

53
(c) Felix says that his spinner is more likely to land on a 2 than Jon’s spinner.

Explain why he is wrong.

Q94)

(a) Write down the number of passengers who

(i) are on holiday,

(ii) hire a car but are not on holiday.

(b) One of the 240 passengers is chosen at random.

54
Write down the probability that this passenger

(i) hires a car,

(ii) is on holiday and hires a car.

(c) Give your answers to this part correct to 4 decimal places.

Two of the 240 passengers are chosen at random.

Find the probability that

(i) they are both on holiday,

(ii) exactly one of the two passengers is on holiday.

(d) Give your answer to this part correct to 4 decimal places.

Two passengers are chosen at random from those on holiday.

Find the probability that they both hire a car.

1
Q95) (a) (i) The probability that it will rain today is .
3
What is the probability that it will not rain today?

2
(ii) If it rains today, the probability that it will rain tomorrow is .
5
1
If it does not rain today, the probability that it will rain tomorrow is .
6
Complete the tree diagram.

55
(b) Find the probability that it will rain on at least one of these two days.

(c) Find the probability that it will rain on only one of these two days.

Q96) A bowl of fruit contains only 8 peaches, 5 oranges and 6 apples.

One piece of fruit is chosen at random.

Write down the probability that it is

(a) an orange,

(b) not a peach.

Q97) Ying spins a spinner 75 times.

The table shows her results.

56
(a) Write down the relative frequency of the spinner stopping on blue.

(b) Tony spins the same spinner 450 times.

Find the expected number of times the spinner stops on yellow.

Q98) (a) The probability that the school bus is late is 0.29 .

Write down the probability that the school bus is not late.

(b) A fridge contains 12 beef pies, 3 vegetable pies and 5 chicken pies.
One pie is taken at random from the fridge.

Find the probability that it is

(i) a vegetable pie,

(ii) a beef pie or a vegetable pie,

(iii) a lamb pie.

57
Q99) 90 students are asked which school clubs they attend
D = {students who attend drama club}
M = {students who attend music club}
S = { students who attend sports club}

39 students attend music club.

26 students attend exactly two clubs.
35 students attend drama club.

(a) Write the four missing values in the Venn diagram.

(b) How many students attend

(i) all three clubs,

(ii) one club only?

(c) One of the 90 students is chosen at random.

Find the probability that the student

(i) only attends music club,

(ii) attends both music and drama clubs

58
(d)Two of the 90 students are chosen at random without replacement.

Find the probability that

(i) they both attend all three clubs,

(ii) one of them attends sports club only and the other attends music club only.

Q100)(a)

Two discs are chosen at random without replacement from the five discs shown in the diagram.

(i) Find the probability that both discs are numbered 2 .

(ii) Find the probability that the numbers on the two discs have a total of 5 .

(iii) Find the probability that the numbers on the two discs do not have a total of 5.

(b) A group of international students take part in a survey on the nationality of their parents.

(i) A student is chosen at random.

Find the probability that this student has an English parent and a French parent.

59
(ii) A student who has a French parent is chosen at random.

Find the probability that this student also has an English parent.

Q101) A letter is chosen at random from the following word

Write down the probability that the letter is

(a) A or I

(b) E

3
Q102) The probability that it rains on Monday is .
5
4
If it rains on Monday, the probability that it rains on Tuesday is .
7
5
If it does not rain on Monday, the probability that it rains on Tuesday is .
7
(a) Complete the tree diagram.

(b) Find the probability that it rains

(i) on both days,

60
(ii) on Monday but not on Tuesday,

(iii) on only one of the two days.

(c) If it does not rain on Monday and it does not rain on Tuesday, the probability that it does not rain on Wednesday is
1
.
4
Calculate the probability that it rains on at least one of the three days.

Q103) Katrina puts some plants in her garden.

7
The probability that a plant will produce a flower is .
10
If there is a flower, it can only be red, yellow or orange.
2 1
When there is a flower, the probability it is red is and the probability it is yellow is .
3 4
(a) Draw a tree diagram to show all this information. Label the diagram and write the probabilities on each branch.

(b) A plant is chosen at random.

Find the probability that it will not produce a yellow flower.

(c) If Katrina puts 120 plants in her garden, how many orange flowers would she expect?

61
 5
Q104) During April the probability that it will rain on any one day is .
6
On how many of the 30 days in April would it be expected to rain?

4
Q105) When Ali takes a penalty, the probability that he will score a goal is .
5
Ali takes 30 penalties.

Find how many times he is expected to score a goal.

Q106) In a survey of 60 cars, the type of fuel that they use is recorded in the table below.
Each car only uses one type of fuel.

(a) Write down the mode

(b) Olav drew a pie chart to illustrate these figures.

Calculate the angle of the sector for Diesel.

(c) Calculate the probability that a car chosen at random uses Electricity.

Write your answer as a fraction in its simplest form.

62
Q107) In a flu epidemic 45% of people have a sore throat.
If a person has a sore throat the probability of not having flu is 0.4.
If a person does not have a sore throat the probability of having flu is 0.2.

Calculate the probability that a person chosen at random has flu.

Q108) (a) Emile lost 2 blue buttons from his shirt.

A bag of spare buttons contains 6 white buttons and 2 blue buttons.
Emile takes 3 buttons out of the bag at random without replacement.

Calculate the probability that

(i) all 3 buttons are white,

(ii) exactly one of the 3 buttons is blue.

(b) There are 25 buttons in another bag.

This bag contains x blue buttons.
Two buttons are taken at random without replacement.
7
The probability that they are both blue is .
100
(i) Show that x 2−x−42=0.

63
(ii) Factorise x 2−x−42

(iii) Solve the equation x 2−x−42=0.

(iv) Write down the number of buttons in the bag which are not blue.

Q109)

The diagram shows two sets of cards.

(a) One card is chosen at random from Set A and replaced.

(i) Write down the probability that the card chosen shows the letter M.

(ii) If this is carried out 100 times, write down the expected number of times the card chosen shows the letter M.

(b) Two cards are chosen at random, without replacement, from Set A.

Find the probability that both cards show the letter S.

(c) One card is chosen at random from Set A and one card is chosen at random from Set B.
64
 Find the probability that exactly one of the two cards shows the letter U.

(d) A card is chosen at random, without replacement, from Set B until the letter shown is either I or U.

Find the probability that this does not happen until the 4th card is chosen.

Q110) In a group of 35 students, 14 go to school by bus.

Write down the probability that a student, chosen at random, does not go to school by bus.
Give your answer as a fraction in its lowest terms.

Q111) Tom has 50 model cars.

He has 10 blue cars and 19 red cars.
He has no yellow cars.

(a) Tom chooses a car at random.

Write down the probability that it is

(i) red,

(ii) red or blue,

(iii) not blue,

(iv) yellow.

(b) The probability that a car is damaged is 1.

How many cars are damaged?

Q112)

65
The diagram shows a spinner with six numbered sections.
Some of the sections are shaded.
Each time the spinner is spun it stops on one of the six sections.
It is equally likely that it stops on any one of the sections.

(a) The spinner is spun once.

Find the probability that it stops on

(i) a shaded section,

(ii) a section numbered 1,

(iii) a shaded section numbered 1,

(iv) a shaded section or a section numbered 1.

(b) The spinner is now spun twice.

Find the probability that the total of the two numbers is

(i) 20,

(ii) 11.

66
(c) (i) The spinner stops on a shaded section.

Find the probability that this section is numbered 2.

(ii) The spinner stops on a section numbered 2.

Find the probability that this section is shaded.

(d) The spinner is now spun until it stops on a section numbered 2.

16
The probability that this happens on the nth spin is .
243
Find the value of n.

Q113)

The diagram shows a circular board, divided into 10 numbered sectors.

When the arrow is spun it is equally likely to stop in any sector.

(a) Complete the table below which shows the probability of the arrow stopping at each number.

67
(b) The arrow is spun once.

Find

(i) the most likely number

(ii) the probability of a number less than 4.

(c) The arrow is spun twice.

Find the probability that

(i) both numbers are 2,

(ii) the first number is 3 and the second number is 4,

(iii) the two numbers add up to 4.

(d) The arrow is spun several times until it stops at a number 4.

Find the probability that this happens on the third spin.

Q114)

68
Box A contains 3 black balls and 1 white ball.
Box B contains 3 black balls and 2 white balls.

(a) A ball can be chosen at random from either box.

Complete the following statement.

There is a greater probability of choosing a white ball from Box ……………….

Explain your answer

(b) Abdul chooses a box and then chooses a ball from this box at random.
2
The probability that he chooses box A is .
3
(i) Complete the tree diagram by writing the four probabilities in the empty spaces.

(ii) Find the probability that Abdul chooses box A and a black ball.

69
(iii) Find the probability that Abdul chooses a black ball.

(c) Tatiana chooses a box and then chooses two balls from this box at random (without replacement).

2
The probability that she chooses box A is .
3
Find the probability that Tatiana chooses two white balls.

Q115) Simon has ten cards, numbered 1 to 10.

He chooses a card at random.

Write down the probability that the number on the card is

(a) 8,

(b) 12,

(c) an odd number,

(d) not a multiple of 3

Q116)

(a) The diagram shows 5 discs.

One disc is chosen at random.

(i) Which number is most likely to be chosen?

70
(ii) What is the probability that the number on the disc is even?

(iii) What is the probability that the number on the disc is even and a factor of 20?

(b) A disc is chosen at random from the discs with even numbers.

What is the probability that the number on the disc is a factor of 20?

Q117)

For a small international school, the holiday destinations of the 255 students are shown in the table.

(a) Complete the table.

(b) What is the probability that a student chosen at random is a girl going on holiday to Europe?

Q118) Sacha either walks or cycles to school.

3
On any day, the probability that he walks to school is .
5
(a) (i) A school term has 55 days.

Work out the expected number of days Sacha walks to school.

(ii) Calculate the probability that Sacha walks to school on the first 5 days of the term.

71
 1
(b) When Sacha walks to school, the probability that he is late is .
4
1
When he cycles to school, the probability that he is late is .
8
(i) Complete the tree diagram by writing the probabilities in the four spaces provided.

(ii) Calculate the probability that Sacha cycles to school and is late.

(iii) Calculate the probability that Sacha is late to school.

Q119) A bag contains 7 red sweets and 4 green sweets.

Aimee takes out a sweet at random and eats it.
She then takes out a second sweet at random and eats it.

(a) Complete the tree diagram.

72
(b) Calculate the probability that Aimee has taken

(i) two red sweets,

(ii) one sweet of each colour

(c) Aimee takes a third sweet at random.

Calculate the probability that she has taken

(i) three red sweets,

(ii) at least one red sweet.

Q120)

73
Jonah uses a fair five-sided spinner in a game.

(a) What is the probability that the spinner lands on

(i) 3,

(ii) an even number,

(iii) a number greater than 5?

(b) Jonah spins the spinner 25 times and records the results in a frequency table.

(i) Fill in the missing number.

(ii) Write down the mode.

(iii) Calculate the mean.

74
75