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> hybfd tePaesen tAPon
2 2
2
3<
<
3
1Pst fo
edges
)eadth fRaSt Search CBES)
The Ces element Pg the GES tdave sal
PS the Souace of the Gdaph
Page
Date.
Ia theS method SAy tar eo s a
the ne bhou othe
SoUce and
then decusslelytaCAVer
the Seal
nodesUnlail then0de ate
tsave&Sed.
Algothmusag Queue.
BFSCU)
mask u esPe d and enQueue (u)
as
wheleeBueue eSnot enpty
matk mem esP+ed and enyueUe
them
U=> Souce of TavesSal
Deapth feost seatchDES )
The £eS PLemen po ES PS, alouyS
Ps SOUce of the hoaph
-To manumdecusPon
Rad
bs2veo DES tave Sel ty tyStat
decPth
t
the qaaph fumoneendan
then toavetsedt to n0the
end.
Lo3
Page
Date
rfiz Algof hm Usfng Stack
DES Cu) ComPlestty 0(+E).
wheleCthee Ps a netghbo Vof
whCh PS Unvesoed)
DESC)
Hashpng
>SeaYChPn techf technzue whch Can
Poovde eSult Pn constnt me.
->Hee hash Eunc PonPS Use d to ge0ete
seecpR locaLlonof paLulat element
Hash TablePsVSed to Sttute
eeme0S
eiements o Po Hashq dale Stouctute
H(ke)-> Locateon.
at th?s locaPo
Value s ed
Sto to the key
Hashfnq Techayues
yDect hashPng
Hee key S the locato Go the
Hashng füncLon
\04
Page
Date
Hagh Auble hus (oatun dunge =>00-49.
keys AS,23 lo6
23
Hee the keys aoe destcted tD the
locaton dunge ohesh Table -
2) SubtracCLRon method
hék) k- m mes Some (onStu
kck) =k-4
hese he keys
keys
4 Lo 4 03.
Lo2
2 Snot Stoed
method /modulo desPon
S
->hck)
DPvPsPon
k'm Ok Mod m
Locuton o tu m-I
aunge
->1ee the ke4S Cate not destPcted
->To ge tne per Cecke hashng m
Should be PPme
Date.
CoueSPon
>A SPtuaPon occoUS when tw
that
S Lhet keyS have the Same hash
value locaLPon)
CollsPon ResolutRN techngve S
OPen ad csess fng Ccosed HashPOg)
uadtCatle Pro bPng
->Randam
Hushen4c
2)c\osed Addhe sseng CoPen Hashgna)
->ChcaenPng
Lenear ProbPng
L= kk)
IC thete Ps a coMs Pon at locatPon
L then
new L =L ?23,--
P. e the new (0ccaton s the next latn
Nungbeetwerts Page
Lo6
Pmes to Pnd new Date.
LOcaPon
IO thSmethd NOof Pobe'sto Secoch
next ee LOcaPuns Can be moe.
L= hek)
->C
then
thexe PS ca coll%Po0 at loccalfonL
new L=(L P2)/ m
dsbPL2,
Rando ProbPng
t=tundomeOUmbeusng undom
funcLPon.
L= Hk)
-IE
then
thhee eS a(olleSPon at
ne L=(Lt R* m
7Laeu=
>JR S Same numbefo al hcSh
Unco.
Page.
Date,
Doubie hushng
->undom num be
Hee en thS method
Pa thRS. the Vulle
Lof alSo
Some
S
genedutedbyUSPNg
Hosh funcPon
o=M(k)
at the LocutPon Lthen
new=lttmod mn 9l,2,-
> thPS method tuwo hash funcPons
Sed So tHSmethod PS knOwn
dovble hashfng
* Chaang
->hesewedo not Stote ValueS Pa
hashtuble.
->Tnsteud we Stast the PokedSL
rom the locaPonwhch es obtegne d
bysng
the key Pa
hash kelblecnd then we Stose
the (nkedst
SPage
Date
clossed cdtessK
open addressPn
locaon, then ail the
othe cddessSes ase ate not oen to
oPen to be LedLgeneated
genebca
of eiements ud e
NO. of elemens tO be No.
Pnseated ake ned cue
1edono to
1hked-Ist
Deleon
Use
not Posspb le Deiepon
of
PS Poss b le .
Advaotag eS af chaneng
Stmple to PnIement.
T¥ PS oPe Heshenq cs the hagh Table
neve feus u.
Less Sensatve to hegh funConu
load factus
I\ PS USedwhen the Totul NO. of R sate
keys ae not koown by advanCe
sadvantage of chufag
mance of cheop 4 s not
> uche pRafor
good keyS StoseduSnya
aeStosed lhted
est - oPen addessPo Pxovdes be tte
Cuche Pesfotmanc e rety thn t s
Stoe pthe Same table
->
aSece
I¢tne chean be becomes loncqthen
Seatch 4ne Can beCOme O)powost
Case
Page
Date
* Clusteng
ruPary cuslesfhg
->he tend RS fo lonG se qUence ot
ReoccOUPed posePons SPL become
\onge at
at cne pace
)Secondasy clustePng
The tend Ps fox long seguence af PseoctuP
PosPLPOns sel beonme lonye psitma?ly
Ct dCCesent pluceS.
Load fectos
Aveteaye numbe of keySpe Slot
Load
fuctox
otul kes
Total SlotS
SPac e ULAezatPon(alats less thun 1)
=>Tetet dcao of total numbe of
OccOU ped Slo+S to totalaumbe
=>when thee Os chafnn tnen the
load Fucto s Qecte than
OPage
Date.
Peafeck Hushmg
have sa keys to be gaSested
f we
thee the
andn SlotS Cte
no
n
(ouPSPon
table andthee S
eE PS known cs Peztect ashfng.
then
>only RosSPble Jhen all keys ase kn0wa
Pa CAdvence
mfamal pesfect heshlng
let thee
mSlotS
Pestect Heashtg
actex that (oUs Pon fo cll (o-m )kes
Vatox Hasheg
The hashfunctPonShould be able to
qenetaecllocetPons.
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