PROGRAMME-DIPLOMA IN CIVIL ENGINEERING.
3RD SEMESTER (PART –II, SEM-I)
Introduction and Overview of Technical Drawing:
• The term Technical Drawing is a type of Engineering drawing used to fully represent
the systematic approach to engineering items and objectives
• The Graphical language represents various implementations, ideas, and concepts from
one person to another and communicates the technical information for a particular
construction from an engineering point of view.
• The person communicating with technical drawings deals with special symbols,
notation systems, measurable units, and layout presentation in various understandable
and visual styles.
Types of technical drawing-
• Two-dimensional representation. - Two-dimensional representation refers to
orthographic projection to construct an image where only two of the three dimensions
of any object can be seen.
• Three-dimensional representation. - In a three-dimensional representation all three
dimensions related to an object can be seen.
Methods of technical drawing-
• Sketching of a drawing either manually or by instruments according to proper
dimension with respect to standard units.
• Drawing and design through the use of a computer aided drawing (CAD) system.
(Both 2D and 3D Cad System can be used to represent technical drawing in any
engineering field)
Application of Technical Drawing:
• In the engineering field.
• In the Architectural field.
The term ‘Engineering’ is a Latin word refers to create.
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PROGRAMME-DIPLOMA IN CIVIL ENGINEERING. 3RD SEMESTER (PART –II, SEM-I)
Drawing Instruments-
Drawing Instruments are used to prepare seat and accurate drawings and are needed to
record various information on drawing paper/sheet or other recommended surface.
The accuracy of the drawings depends on the quality of instruments and hence correct
selection is very important.
Every student related to any kind of technical or structural drawing should know the
proper use and neat mark of identification on his/her instruments.
The following are the list of equipments for optimum use-
1. Drawing Board
2. T-square
3. Set Squares
4. Protractor (3600)
5. Drawing Instrument Box
6. Drawing Sheet (A2)
7. Microtech Pencils
8. Drawing Clips
9. Compass (Maped) and Screw divider
[Link] curves (3set)
[Link] Scale
[Link] Rule
[Link] Container
[Link]
[Link] Flat File
T-Square
Drawing Board
Set- Squares Protector (3600)
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PROGRAMME-DIPLOMA IN CIVIL ENGINEERING. 3RD SEMESTER (PART –II, SEM-I)
Micro-tech Pencil
Compass
Drawing Clips
Screw Divider
French Curves
Diagonal Scale
Steel Rule
Drawing Holder Flat File
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PROGRAMME-DIPLOMA IN CIVIL ENGINEERING. 3RD SEMESTER (PART –II, SEM-I)
Standard size of Drawing Sheet-
The standard for drawing sheet sizes is the A series. The basic size in this series is the
A0 size (1189mm x 841mm) which has an area of about 1-m3. The sides of every size in the
series are in the ratio √2= 1.414 : 1 and each size is half the area of the next larger size.
Drawing Sheet Size Size in Millimetres
A0 1189 × 841
A1 841 × 594
A2 594 × 420
A3 420 × 297
A4 297 × 210
A5 210 × 148
Lettering and numbering in Drawing:-
In modern drawing the writing of any titles, dimensions, notes and other related
particulars (with respect to that drawing on a drawing is termed as lettering.
Lettering should be done properly in very clear and uniform style.
Its main drawback is that it is very time consuming and depends upon proper accuracy
of cell structure.
Single stroke vertical letter:-
The bureau of Indian standards recommended single stroke vertical letters for the use
of technical drawing. The word single stroke is so called that the letter should be made in one
or single stroke without lifting the pencil or without any breakage of pencil writing.
Lettering is generally done in capital letters.
Convention of lines and their application:-
The basic of any technical drawing is a line or a set of conventional lines and symbols
representating all lines for the required purpose of drawing. Following are the conventional
lines recommended by BIS.
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PROGRAMME-DIPLOMA IN CIVIL ENGINEERING. 3RD SEMESTER (PART –II, SEM-I)
Brief description:
1) Visible outline:- These are thick continuous lines used to represent the outline of
overall or complete shape of the given object. Every visible edge or surface is represented by
these lines.
2) Section lines:- These are thin continuous lines, uniformly spaced and
normally show a section part of an object. These are normally drawn at an angle
of 45° to the reference or horizontal line
3) Hidden line:- These are medium thick lines consisting of short dashed about 3 mm
long with recommended gaps of half their length between them. These are actually employed
to represent sufficient hidden details to represent actual shape of object.
4) Centre lines:- These are used to centre the symmetrical views to indicate centre point,
axes of symmetrical parts and are represented by long and short dashes. The proportion of
such long and short dashes is ranging from 6:1 to 4:1.
Dimension and extension lines:- Dimension lines are the thin lines terminated at each
end by an arrowhead and should be placed outside the outline of the object. The dimension
line may be broken for placing the dimension in some method of dimensioning otherwise it
may not broke. Extension lines are also thin but continuous lines extending from points, lines
or surfaces to enable the dimensions to be placed outside the outline.
5) Cutting plane lines:- These are made up of alternately a long dashed, followed by two
short dashed, drawn as centre lines but extra thick at ends and used to show the edge of
cutting plane when a particular object is being sectioned. The arrows are attached to the ends
showing the direction in which the section is to be seen.
6) Break lines:- These are of short break which is used to show break of an object or to
indicate the irregular boundary of an object. While in long break freehand zig-zag are
provided at suitable intervals.
Placing of Dimensions:- Dimensions must be placed where they will be most easily
viewed and understood. The two most common system of placing dimensions are:
Aligned System:- In this system the dimension value is placed perpendicular to the
dimension dine in such a way that it may read from the bottom edge or the right hand edge of
the drawing sheet.
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PROGRAMME-DIPLOMA IN CIVIL ENGINEERING. 3RD SEMESTER (PART –II, SEM-I)
Undirectional System:- In this method all dimensions are so placed that they can be read
from the bottom edge of the drawing Sheet.
Here the dimension lines are broken near the middle for inserting the dimensions
Dimensioning term and notations:
• Arrowhead: - It is placed at each end of a dimension line and it's pointed end
touches the outline, extension line or a centre line. The length of an arrowhead should
be about three times its maximum width.
• Note: - It gives information of some specific operation related to that feature and so
placed outside the view but adjacent to the feature. It may be read from the bottom
edge while viewing.
• Leader Pointer:- It is a thin continuous line used to connect a note or a dimension
at which it applies One end of the leader terminates either in a arrowhead (when
touches the outline) or a dot (placed within the outline of the object)
• Dimension and extension lines:- (Already described to the previous article)
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