CHAPTER

04
Graphical
Transformations
Learning Part
Session 1
● When f (x) vertically transforms to f (x) ± a
Session 2
● When f (x) horizontally transforms to f ( x ± a ), where a is any positive constant
1
● When f ( x ) transforms to a f ( x ) or f ( x )
a
● When f ( x ) transforms to f ( ax ) or f ( x/a )
● When f ( x ) transforms to f ( − x )
● When f ( x ) transforms to – f ( x )
Session 3
● To draw y = | f ( x )| , when y = f ( x ) is given
● To draw y = f (| x|), when f ( x ) is given
● f ( x ) transforms to | f (| x|)|, i.e. f ( x ) → | f (| x|)|
● To draw the graph of| y | = f ( x ) when y = f ( x ) is given
Session 4
● To draw y = [ f ( x )] when the graph of y = f ( x ) is given and [⋅] denotes greatest integer or integral function
● To draw y = f ([ x]) when the graph of y = f ( x ) is given
● When f ( x ) transforms to y = f ({ x}), where {⋅} denotes fractional part of x, i.e. { x} = x − [ x] or f ( x ) → f ({ x})
● When f ( x ) and g ( x ) are two functions and are transformed to their sum
1
● When f ( x ) transforms to f ( x ) → = h ( x)
f ( x)
● To draw the graph for y = f ( x ) ⋅ sin x when graph of y = f ( x ) is given
● When f ( x ) and g( x ) are given, then find h ( x ) = max ( f ( x ), g ( x )) or h ( x ) = min ( f ( x ), g( x ))

Practice Part
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● Chapter Exercises

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202 Textbook of Differential Calculus

Graph and diagram provide a simple and powerful approach to a variety of problems, from which we can solve them in
a very short time. In this chapter, we will discuss how the graph of a function may be transformed either by shifting,
stretching or compressing or reflection.

Graphical Transformations
A graphical transformation takes whatever its basic function f ( x ). The graph of new function is the graph of the
original function shifted vertically or horizontally.

Session 1
When f (x) Vertically Transforms to f (x) ± a
(Where a is Any Positive Constant)
For f ( x ) → f ( x ) + a, ∴ Locate the points (1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (4, 4) and join
them.
First, draw the graph of f ( x ), then shift the graph of f ( x )
upwards through ‘a’ units such that the distance between For y = − x , x < 0
graphs of f ( x ) and f ( x ) + a at every point is same and is x −1 −2 −3
equal to ‘a’ units.
y 1 2 3
For f ( x ) → f ( x ) – a,
First, draw the graph of f ( x ), then shift the graph of f ( x ) ∴ Locate the points ( −1, 1), ( −2, 2), ( −3, 3) and join them.
downwards through ‘a’ units such that the distance So, we obtained graph of y = x .
between the graphs of f ( x ) and f ( x ) − a at every point is
Y
same and is equal to ‘a’ units.
Graphically, it could be stated as shown in figure. y =|x|= x,
x>0
Y y =|x|=–x,
3
x<0 2
a y = f(x)+a 1
a y = f(x) X
a –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3
X , where a > 0
0 a y = f(x) – a

Now, to draw the graph of y = | x | + 2 and the graph of x is

Figure 4.1 shifted upwards by 2 units as shown below.

y Example 1 Plot y = | x | and y = | x | + 2. y = |x|+ 2 = – x + 2, y =|x|+ 2= x + 2,

x<0 Y x>0
Sol. We know, y = | x | (modulus function) is define as
 x, x ≥ 0 4
y=
− x , x < 0
y=|x|= – x, 3 y =|x|= x,
x<0 x>0
So, we have to plot two straight lines y = x and y = − x . 2
For y = x , x ≥ 0 1
X
x 1 2 3 4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3
y 1 2 3 4
 Chap 04 Graphical Transformations 203

y Example 2 Plot y = | x | and y = | x | − 2. y Example 3 Plot y = e x , y = e x + 1 and y = e x – 1 .

Sol. First, we plot the graph of y =| x | as explained in Example Sol. We know, y = e x (exponential function) could be plotted
1, then shift the graph of | x | through 2 units downwards as shown below which cuts the Y -axis at (0,1) .
as shown below.
Y
y = ex
Y

8
7 (0, 1)
y=–x, x<0 y=x, x>0 1
6 X
y=–x–2, x<0 5 y=x–2, x>0 0
4
⇒ y = e x + 1 is shifted upward by 1 unit such that it
3
intersects Y -axis at (0, 2) and y = e x –1 shifted downwards
2
1 by 1 unit. Such that it intersects Y -axis at (0,0) .
X¢ 0
X The graph of the given functions is shown below.
–8 –7 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
–1 Y y = ex+1
–2
–3 y = ex

)
–4

,2
(0
–5 2 ,1
) y = ex – 1
–6 (0
–7 1
–8 X
0 (0,0)
Y′

Exercise for Session 1

n
Directions (Q. Nos. 1 to 8) Plot the following functions.
1. y = x2 +1 2. y = x 2 −1

3. y = x3 +1 4. y = x 3 −1

5. y = sin x + 1 6. y = sin x − 1

7. y = (loge x ) + 1 8. y = (loge x ) − 1
Session 2
When f (x) Horizontally Transforms to f (x ± a), where a is any
Positive Constant, When f (x) Transforms to af (x) or 1 f(x),
a
When f (x) Transforms to f (ax) or f (x/a),
When f (x) Transforms to f (–x), When f (x) Transforms to –f (x)

For f ( x ) → f ( x ± a) y Example 5 Plot y = | x | and y = | x + 2| .

For f ( x ) → f ( x − a ), First, draw the graph of f ( x ), Sol. First we plot the graph of y = | x | as explained in Example 1, then
then shift the graph of f ( x ) through ‘a’ units shift the graph of | x | through ‘2’ units towards left.
towards right such that distance between the graphs y = |x + 2|
of f ( x ) and f ( x − a ) is same and is equal to ‘a’ units. Y
y = |x|
For f ( x ) → f ( x + a ), First, draw the graph of f ( x ), 5
then shift the graph of f ( x ) through ‘a’ units 4
towards left such that the distance between the
3
graphs of f ( x ) and f ( x + a ) is same and is equal to
‘a’ units. 2
Graphically, it could be stated as shown in figure. 1
X
–4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4
y=f(x+a)
y=f(x) y=f(x – a)
π π
y Example 6 Plot y = sin  x +  and y = sin  x –  .
a a  4   4
Sol. Let us consider y = sin x , domain of sine functions is R and range
–a a a a is [− 1, 1]. sin x increases strictly from −1 to 1 as x increases from
π π π
a a
− to , decreases strictly from 1 to −1 as x increases from to
2 2 2
3π
. Also, for y = sin x .
2
x −2 π 3π −π π 0 π π 3π 2π
Figure 4.2 − −
2 2 2 2
y Example 4 Plot y = | x | and y = | x – 2| . y 0 1 0 −1 0 1 0 −1 0

Sol. First we plot the graph of y = | x | as explained in  3π   π 

Locate the points ( −2 π,0),  − , 1 , ( − π,0),  − , − 1 , (0,0),
Example 1, then shift the graph of | x | through ‘2’  2   2 
units towards right as shown below. π   3π 
 , 1 , (π,0),  ,− 1 and (2 π,0) on the graph paper, then we get
2   2 
Y the graph of sin x as shown below.
y = |x|
2| 3π ,
Y
π,
–4 – – –1 –1
|x 2 2
1
–3 y= B D
y= sin x
–2
–1 X
–2π 3π – π π 0A π π 3π 2π C
– –
2 2 2 2
X
y= –1
– 4 – 3 – 2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 π, 3π ,
– –1 –1 –1
2 2
 Chap 04 Graphical Transformations 205

 π
Now, for the graph of y = sin  x +  shift the graph of
 4 f ( x ) → a1 f ( x ) , a > 1
π
y = sin x through towards left as shown below.
4 First, draw the graph of f ( x ), then shrink the graph of
Y f ( x ), ‘a’ times along Y-axis. As shown in the figure.
Y
p 7p y = sin x
–

f(x)
4 p 4 2p

y=
X
–2p –p 0 3p
1
4 y= a f(x)
p
y = sin x+ X
4

 π
And for the graph of y = sin  x −  , shift the graph of
 4
π
y = sin x through towards right as shown below.
4
y Example 8 Plot y = sin x and y = 1 sin x .
p
Y y = sin x–
4
2
Sol. First we draw the graph of y = sin x as explained in
sin x Example 6, then shrink the graph of sin x by 2 times along
X 1
p p 5p Y -axis, we get the graph of sin x as shown below.
–2p –p 2
4 4 2p
Y

f ( x ) → {af ( x )}, a > 1 1 y=–1

First draw the graph of f ( x ), then 1/2
–π/2
stretch the graph of f ( x ), ‘a’ times along Y-axis. π X
–π 0 π/2 y = 1/2 sin x
Y y=–1 –1/2 y = sin x
f(x)

–1
y=

x= π
x =3π
x= –π

x =π

2
2

y=af(x)
x=
x=

f ( x )→ f (ax ) , a > 1
First draw the graph of f ( x ), then
y Example 7 Plot y = sin x and y = 2sin x . shrink the graph of f ( x ), ‘a’ times along X-axis as shown
in figure.
Sol. First we draw the graph of sin x as explained in Example
6, then stretch the graph of sin x by 2 times along the Y
Y -axis, we get the graph of 2 sin x as shown below. y = f(ax) y = f(x)

2
y = 2 sin x 1/a 1 X
1 –a –1 –1/a 0
y = sin x
–3p –p –p p X
– 2p 0 p 3p 2p
2 2 2 2
–1

–2
Figure 4.4
206 Textbook of Differential Calculus

y Example 9 Plot y = sin x and y = sin 2x . Y Y

Sol. First draw the graph of sin x as explained in Example 6, y =f(–x) y =f(x)
y =f(–x) y =f(x)
then shrink the graph of sin x, 2 times along X -axis, we
get the graph of sin2x as shown below.
X or X
Y 0 0
1 y=1 y =f(–x)
x
in2
y=s
X
–p – p 0p p y = sin x Figure 4.6
2 2
y = –1
y Example 11 Draw the graph of y = e –x , when the
graph of y = e x is known.
Sol. As y = e x is given, then y = e –x is the image in Y -axis as
 x
f (x ) → f   , a > 1 plane mirror. Thus, it can be drawn as shown in the
 a figure.

First draw the graph of f ( x ), then Y

stretch the graph of f ( x ), ‘a’ times along X-axis, as shown –x

y=e y = ex
in figure.
Y (0,1)
y = f(x) y =f x X
0
a

y Example 12 Draw graph of y = log (– x ), when the

1 a
X
–a –1 0 graph of y = log ( x ) is given.
Sol. As y = log ( x ) is given and y = log (–x ) is the image in
Y -axis as plane mirror. Thus, it can be drawn as shown in
figure.

y = log (–x) Y y = log (x)

Figure 4.5
x
y Example 10 Plot y = sin x and y = sin ⋅
2
0 X
(–1, 0) (1, 0)
Sol. First we draw the graph of sin x as explained in
Example 6, then stretch the graph of sin x, 2 times along
x
X -axis, we get the graph of sin as shown below.
2
Y f (x ) → − f (x )
To draw y = – f ( x ) take image of f ( x ) in the X-axis as
y=1
y =sin(x/2) plane mirror or turn the graph of f ( x ) by 180° about
y =sinx
X X-axis.
–2π 3π –π π 0 π π 3π 2π
– –
2 2 2 2 Y
y = –1
f(x)

X
f ( x ) → f (− x ) 0
– f(x)
To draw y = f (–x ), take the image of the curve y = f ( x ) in
the Y-axis as plane mirror or turn the graph of f ( x ) by
180° about Y-axis. Figure 4.7
 Chap 04 Graphical Transformations 207

y Example 13 Draw the graph of y = – e x , when the y Example 14 Draw the graph of y = – log ( x ), when
graph of y = e x is known. the graph of y = log x is known.
Sol. As y = e x is given, then y = – e x is the image of e x in the Sol. As y = log x is given, then y = – log x is the image of
X -axis as plane mirror. log x in the X -axis as plane mirror. Thus, it can be drawn
as shown in figure.
Thus, it can be plotted as shown in figure
Y
Y y = ex

(0, 1) y = log x

0 X X
0
(0, –1) (1,0)
y = – log x
y = –ex

Exercise for Session 2

1. Consider the following function f, whose graph is given below.
Y

X
–2 –1 1 2
–1

Draw the graph of the following functions.

(i) f (x + 1) (ii) f (x − 1) (iii) −f (x ) (iv) f (− x )
(viii) f  
1 x
(v) 2f (x ) (vi) f (x ) (vii) f (2x )
2  2
Session 3
To Draw y = f (|x|),When f(x) is Given, f(x)
Transforms to Draw |f(|x|)|, i.e. f(x) → |f (|x|)| To Draw |y| = f (x)
f ( x ) → |f ( x )| Remark
When y = f ( x ) is given The above transformation of graph is very important in explaining
the differentiability of f ( x ).
 f ( x ), if f ( x ) ≥ 0
We know that | f ( x ) | =  From above example we could say, y = log x is differentiable for
– f ( x ), if f ( x ) ≤ 0 ( 0, ∞ ).
But y =|log x|is differentiable for ( 0, ∞ ) – {1}. As, we have a sharp
Hence, y = | f ( x )| is drawn in two steps
edge at x = 1(which indicates that it is not differentiable at x = 1).
(i) In the step I, leave the positive part of f ( x ), (i.e. the
part of f ( x ) above X-axis) as it is. f ( x ) → f (| x|)
(ii) In the step II, take the image of negative part of f ( x ), When f ( x ) is given
(i.e. the part of f ( x ) below X-axis) in the X-axis as
 f ( x ), if x ≥ 0
plane mirror. We know that, y = f | x | =  .
Or  f (–x ), if x ≤ 0
Take the mirror image (in X-axis) of the portion of the Hence, again f (| x | ) could be drawn in two steps
graph of f ( x ) which lies below X-axis.
(i) In the step I, leave the graph lying right side of the
Or Y-axis, as it is.
Turn the portion of the graph of f ( x ) lying below
(ii) In the step II, take the image of f ( x ) in the Y-axis as
X-axis by 180° about X-axis.
plane mirror.
Y Y
y = f(x) The part of f ( x ) lying left side of theY-axis (if it
exists) is omitted.
X X
–1 0 1 –1 0 1 e.g. Let us assume the graph of f ( x ) as shown
y = f(x)
f(x)
Figure 4.8

y Example 15 Draw the graph of y = |log x |, when the

graph of y = log ( x ) is known.
Sol. To draw the graph of y = | log x |, we have to proceed in
two steps.
Figure 4.9
(i) In the first step, leave the positive part of y = log x ,
i.e. the part of y = log x above X-axis as it is. Now, On the right of Y-axis Plot the graph of f ( x ) as such
Y y = log x
Y
X y = f(x)
0 1
Neglected

X
(ii) In the second step, take the image of negative part
of y = log x , i.e. the part below X-axis in the X-axis Image of
as plane mirror. Thus, the graph can be
f(x) about Y-axis
Y
y = log x when x>0
Figure 4.10
X
0 1
 Chap 04 Graphical Transformations 209

On the left of Y-axis Take the mirror image of the graph Again, | f ( x )| → | f (| x | )| can be shown as,
of f ( x ) (of the portion lying on right of Y-axis). Y
Y
y = f( x ) y = f( x )
1

X
0
X –1 – 1 0 1 1
2 2
Figure 4.14

Figure 4.11 y Example 17 Draw the graph for y = | x| 2 − 2| x | − 3 ,

y Example 16 Draw the graph of y = log | x | , when if the graph for y = x 2 − 2x − 3 is given.
graph of y = log( x ) is given. Sol. First we draw the graph for y = x 2 − 2x − 3
Sol. We know, y = log | x | could be drawn in two steps ⇒ ( y + 4 ) = ( x − 1) 2
(i) In step I, leave the graph lying right side of Y-axis as it is. Y
y = x2 – 2x – 3
(ii) In step II, take the image of f ( x ) in the Y-axis as plane
mirror.
X
Thus, it can be plotted as shown in figure. 0 1 3
–1
Y Y –2
y = log x y = log x
–3
–4
(1, – 4)
X X
O 1 –1 O 1
Now, we form f ( x ) → f (| x | ),
i.e. y = x 2 − 2x − 3 ⇒ y = | x | 2 − 2 | x | − 3 as shown below

Y
Note f (|x|) is always an even function.

f ( x ) → |f (| x|)| –3 –1 0 1 3
X
–1
Here, we plot y = | f (| x | )| when graph of f (| x | ) is given, in
–2
two steps –3
(i) In step I, f ( x ) transforms to | f ( x )|.
(–1,– 4) (1,– 4)
(ii) In step II, | f ( x )| transforms to | f (| x | )|.
or In next step, we transform f ( x ) = | f (| x | )| ,
(i) f ( x ) → | f ( x )| (ii) f ( x ) → | f (| x | )| i.e. y = | x | 2 − 2 | x | − 3 → | | x | 2 − 2| x | − 3 | as shown below
e.g. Let graph for f ( x )
Y
Y (–1, 4) (1, 4)
y = f(x)
1
3 2
y = ||x| –2|x|–3|
1 1 X
0
2 X
–1 –3 –1 0 1 3

Figure 4.12 –3

Now, f ( x ) → | f ( x )| can be shown as,

Y
Remarks
1
y =|f(x)| Above mentioned transformations are very useful in explaining
continuity and differentiability of functions as, if y = log ( x ), then
X (i) y = log|x| can be plotted as shown in figure (4.15).
0 1
2 (ii) y =|log|x|| can be plotted as shown in figure (4.16).
Figure 4.13
210 Textbook of Differential Calculus

Y Y Finally, it is as shown
Y
y = |log|x|| (1, 1)
y = log |x| 1

X X
X 0 1 1
(–1, 0) 0 (1, 0) (–1, 0) 0 (1, 0)
2
–1
(1, –1)

Figure 4.15 Figure 4.16 Graph, | y | = f (x )

Figure 4.18
While discussing the case (i), we could say that it is continuous
for all x ∈ R – {0 } and differentiable for all x ∈ R – {0 }. Again,
y Example 18 Draw the graph for | y | = ( x – 1).
while discussing the case (ii), we could say that it is continuous Sol. We know, here | y | = ( x – 1) exists only when ( x –1) is
for all x ∈ R – {0 } and differentiable at all x ∈ R – {–10
, ,1}.
positive. Clearly y = x − 1 represent straight line the
(As now it has sharp edges at {–11 , } and is broken at {0 }). passing through (0, 1) and (0, −1).
∴ Neglecting negative values and will be reflected about
| y| = f ( x ) → y = f ( x ) X -axis. Thus, it can be drawn as shown.
When y = f ( x ) is given Y
|y| = x –1
Clearly, | y | > 0, if f ( x ) < 0, graph of | y | = f ( x ) would not
exist.
And if f ( x ) ≥ 0, | y | = f ( x ) would be given as y = ± f ( x ). O
X

Hence, the graph of | y | = f ( x ) exists only in the regions, (1, 0)

where f ( x ) is non-negative and will be reflected about neglecting (0, –1)
X-axis only when f ( x ) ≥ 0. Region where f ( x ) <0 will be
neglected. Finally, it is shown as
Or Y
To draw the graph of | y | = f ( x ), we use following steps
(i) Remove the portion of the graph, which lies below X-axis.
[Q the equation | y | = f ( x ) is not satisfied when 0 1
X
f ( x ) is negative.]
(ii) Plot the remaining portion of the graph and also take
its mirror image in the X-axis.
Graph for | y | = x − 1
[Q when f ( x ) > 0, then y = ± f ( x )]
y Example 19 Draw the graph for | y | = ( x – 1) ( x – 2) .
Y
(1, 1) y = f(x)
Sol. First we plot y = ( x − 1) ( x − 2)
1 2
 3  1
⇒ y = x 2 − 3x + 2 ⇒  x −  = y + 
 2  4
X
O ½ 1
3 1
It represent a parabola opening upwards having vertex  , −  .
2 4
–2 It intersect X -axis at (0, 1) and (2, 0) and Y -axis at (0, 2).
Thus, we can plot the figure as shown below.
Y
Y
(1, 1) y = f(x)
1
(0, 2)
1/2
X
O
(2, 0)
(1, 0)
–1 (1, –1) mirror image
neglecting O 3/2 3
–2 about X-axis X
–1 (3/2, –1/4)
Figure 4.17 4
 Chap 04 Graphical Transformations 211

We know, | y | = ( x – 1) ( x – 2) exists only, when

( x – 1) ( x – 2) ≥ 0 and neglecting, if ( x – 1) ( x – 2) < 0. Summary
Now, f ( x ) will be reflected about X -axis, when • y = f ( x ) to y = − f ( x ) Flip about the X-axis.
( x – 1) ( x – 2) > 0 . • y = f ( x ) to y = f ( − x ) Flip about the Y-axis.
Thus, it can be plotted as shown. • y = f ( x ) to y = f ( x ) Reflect the parts of the graph that lie in
the lower half (negative parts) into the
Y
upper half of the axes.
• y = f ( x ) to y = f ( x ) Discard the left part of the graph (for
x < 0) and take a reflection of the right
part of the graph into the left half of the
axes.
O 1 2
• y = f ( x ) to y = f ( x ) Discard the lower part of the graph
X ( f ( x ) < 0 ) and take a reflection of the
3
upper part of the graph into the lower half
neglecting Image on X-axis, of the axes.
when (x – 1)(x – 2)
• y = f ( x ) to Shift the graph k units upwards or
y = f (x ) + k downwards depending on whether k is
positive or negative respectively.
• y = f ( x ) to Advance (shift left) or delay (shift right)
y = f (x + k ) the graph by k units depending on
Finally, | y | = ( x − 1)( x − 2) can be shown as whether k is positive or negative,
respectively.
• y = f ( x ) to y = kf ( x ) Stretch or compress the graph along the
Y-axis depending on whether k > 1 or
k < 1, respectively. Also, flip it about the
X-axis, if k is negative (this latter
0 1 X statement follows from part 1).
2 3
• y = f ( x ) to y = f (kx ) Stretch or compress the graph along the
X-axis depending on whether k < 1 or
k > 1, respectively. Also, flip it about the
Y-axis, if k is negative.

Exercise for Session 3

1. Consider the following function f, whose graph is given below.
Y
2

0
X
–1 –1 1 1 2
— —
2 2
–1
Draw the graph of the following functions.
(i) | f ( x )| (ii) f (| x | ) (iii) | f (| x | ) − 1|
2. Plot the following functions.
(i) y = |x 2 − 2x − 3 | (ii) y = x 2 − 2 |x |− 3 (iii) y = |log2 x | (iv) y = |log2 |x ||
(v) y = log2 |1− x | (vi) y = log2 (2 − x )2 (vii) y = |cos |x || (viii) y = |2 − 2x |
(ix) y = sin(|x |) (x) y = cos(|x |)
3. Plot the following functions.
(i) |f (x )| = log2 x (ii) |f (x ) | = log2 (− x )
4. Find the number of solutions of sin πx = |loge| x ||.
5. Find the number of solutions of
(i) 2 | x | = sin x 2 (ii) sin x = x 2 + x + 1
Session 4
To draw y = [f (x)], when the graph of y = f(x) is given and [.] denotes
greatest integer fuctions; To draw y = f([x]) when the graph of
y = f(x) is given; When f(x) transforms to y = f({x}); where {.} denotes
fractional part of x, i.e. {x} = x – [x]; When f(x) and g(x) are Two
Functions and are transformed to their Sum; To draw f(x) → 1/f(x)
= h(x), To draw y = f(x) . sin x, When f(x) & g(x) are given, then find
h(x) = max(f(x), g(x)) or h(x) = min(f(x),g(x))

To Draw y = [f ( x )] Y
Where, [⋅] denotes greatest integral function {i.e. now y
cannot be fraction}.
Here, in order to draw y =[ f ( x )] mark the integer on Y-axis. 3

Draw the horizontal lines through integers till they intersect 2

the graph. Draw vertical dotted lines from these intersection 1
X
points. 0

Finally, draw horizontal lines parallel to X-axis from any –1

intersection point to the nearest vertical dotted line with –2
x1 x2 x3 x4 x5 x6 x7 x8
blank dot at right end in case f ( x ) increases.
Or
Figure 4.19
To plot y =[ f ( x )] , we use the following steps
Step I Plot f (x ). y Example 20 Draw the graph of y = [ x 3 ] ,
Step II Mark the intervals of unit length with when − 21/ 3 ≤ x ≤ 21/ 3 .
integers as end points on Y-axis.
Sol. Here, in order to draw the graph of y = [ x 3 ] .
Step III Mark the corresponding intervals {with
the help of graph of f (x )} on X-axis. Step I First we draw the graph at y = x 3 .
Step IV Plot the value of [ f (x )] for each of the The function f ( x ) = x 3 is called the cube function.
marked intervals. The domain and range of cube function is R. Since,
y = x 3 is an odd function, so its graph is symmet-
Graphically, it could be shown as rical in opposite quardrant.
For y = x 3 , we have following table.
Y
3
x 0 1 21/3 −1 −21/3
2
y = f(x) y 0 1 2 −1 −2
1
Now, plot the points (0,0) (1,1), (21/ 3 ,2), ( −1, − 1) and
0 X
(−21/ 3 ,2) and join them by free hand, we get the
–1 graph of y = x 3 .
–2 Step II Draw horizontal lines through integers located on
Y -axis till they intersect the graph.
x1 x2 x3 x4 x5 x6 x7 x8
 Chap 04 Graphical Transformations 213

Step III Draw vertical dotted lines from these intersection y = sin x y = [sin x]
Y
points to intersect X -axis.
Y y = x3 1
1
2 (2 3 , 2)

1 (1,1) y = [x3] X
0
(0, 0)
1 1 X
–23 –1 0 1 23 –1

y= in x
(–1,–1) –1 p p
5p 3p –p x = – p 3p 2p 5p 3p
–3p – –2p – x=
1
–2 2 2 2 2 2 2
(–2 3 , 2)

Y
Step IV Finally, draw horizontal lines parallel to X -axis from
any intersection point to the nearest vertical dotted 1
line with blank dot at right end.
X¢ X
Y –2p – 3p –p 0 p p 2p
2 2
–1
2

1 Y¢
Graph for y = [sin x ]
X¢ X
1/3 –1 0 1 1/3
–2 2
–1
To draw y = f [x ]
–2 when the graph of y = f ( x ) is given, following steps are
Y¢ used.
Graph for y = [x 3 ] , x ∈ [ −21/3, 21/3 ] Step I Plot the straight lines parallel toY-axis for integral
value of x, i.e. n = ...−3, − 2, − 1, 0, 1, 2, 3.
y Example 21 Draw the graph of y = [sin x ] . Step II Now, mark the points of which
x = − 3, x = − 2, x = − 1, x = 0, x = 1, K on the curve.
[Link] I First we draw the graph of y = sin x as (explained in
Example 6) shown below. Step III Take the lower marked point for x (say) if
n < x < n + 1, then take the point at x = n and draw
y = sin x y = [sin x]
Y
a horizontal line to the nearest vertical line formed
by x = n + 1, proceeding in this way, we get
required curve.
1 Mark the integers on the X-axis. Draw vertical
X
lines till they intersect the graph of f ( x ). From
–3π –2π –π 0 π 2π 3π
y = sin x these intersection points, draw horizontal lines
–1 (parallel to X-axis) to meet the nearest right
vertical line with a blank dot on each nearest right
vertical line which can be shown as in the figure.
Y
Step II Now, draw horizontal lines through integers located y = f(x)
as Y-axis till they intersect the graph.
Step III Draw vertical lines from the intersection points to y = f([x])
intersect X -axis. –4
–3 X
Step IV Finally, draw horizontal lines parallel to X -axis –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4
from any intersection point to the nearest vertical
dotted line with blank dot at right end as shown
below. Figure 4.20
214 Textbook of Differential Calculus

y Example 22. Draw the curve y = e [ x ] . Y

Sol. Step I. First we draw y = e x as shown below by figure.
y = (x–1)2
Y ex

X
–2 –1 0 1 2
(0, 1) (1, 0)
X Graph for y = (x − 1)2

Now, to plot y = ({ x } − 1)2 retain the graph for the

interval x ∈[0, 1) and repeat for length one as shown
Y′ below.
Step II. Draw straight lines parallel Y -axis for integer values Graph for y = ({ x } − 1)2
of x. Y
Step III. Now, mark the points as the curve for
n = − 4, − 3, − 2, − 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, K y = ({x} –1)
1
Step IV. Now, take the lower value of x ( = − 4 ) and draw a
horizontal line to the nearest vertical line with a blank
dot at left end, as shown in figure given below. X
–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4
y = ex

Y
To Plot y = f ( x ) + g( x ), when a ≤ g( x ) ≤ b
There is no direct approach, but we can use the following
y= e[x] steps :
If maximum or minimum value of any one is known.
Step I Find the maximum and minimum value of g( x )
–4 –3 –2 –1 O 1 2 3
X say a ≤ g( x ) ≤ b.
Step II Plot the curve f ( x ) between f ( x ) + a to f ( x ) + b,
i.e. f ( x ) + a ≤ h( x ) ≤ f ( x ) + b.
Step III
To Plot y = f ({ x }) When g( x ) = 0
Graph of f ({ x }) can be obtained from the graph of f ( x ) by ⇒ h (x ) = f (x )
following rule. ‘‘Retain the graph of f ( x ) for values of x StepIV
lying between interval [0, 1). Now, it can be repeated for When g ( x ) > 0, then h ( x ) > f ( x ), i.e. the graph of
rest of the points. (taking periodicity 1). h ( x ) lies above the graph of f ( x ).
Now, obtained function is graph for y = f ({ x }). Step V When g ( x ) < 0, then h ( x ) < f ( x ), i.e. the graph of
Graphically, it could be stated as h( x ) lies below the graph of f ( x ).
(i) Graph for y = f ( x ) (ii) Graph for y = f ({ x }) The procedure is illustrated by following example.
Y y Example 24 Plot y = x + sin x .
Y
y1 Sol. Here, y = f ( x ) + g ( x ) = x + sin x
y1
X X where f ( x ) = x and g ( x ) = sin x .
0 1 –2 –1 0 1 2 3
As we know, g ( x ) = sin x ∈ [ −1, 1]
Figure 4.21 ∴ x − 1≤ y ≤ x + 1 …(i)
To sketch the curve between two parallel line y = x + 1 and
y Example 23. Draw the graph for y = ({ x } − 1) 2 . y = x − 1.
Sol. First we will draw the graph for y = ( x − 1)2 , clearly it Here, g ( x ) = 0 ⇒ y = x …(ii)
represent a parabola opening upward and having vertex Also, when g ( x ) > 0
(1, 0) which could be ploted as shown below. ⇒ x + sin x > x …(iii)
 Chap 04 Graphical Transformations 215

and when g ( x ) < 0 1

(iv) As, f ( x ) → 0, i.e. → 0 as x → ∞
⇒ x + sin x < x …(iv) | x |–2
Using Eqs. (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv), we have the following graph. and when x → ∞ ⇒ y = | x |– 2 → ∞

x–
1 (v) y = ± 1 ⇒ f ( x ) = ± 1

1
y=

x+
=x ∴ f ( x ) could be plotted as,

y=
y
x (3π/2, 3π/2–1) Y
Y sin (π, π)
x+
y = (π/2,π/2+1)
y= 1
5 y= 1
|x| – 2 |x| – 2
1 4
3
y = |x| – 2
2
π X
–3π/2 –π –π/2 –1 (0,0) 1 π/2 3π/2 1
sin x 0
X
1 5 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 5
1
2
(–3π/2, –3π/2+1) (–π/2,–π/2–1)
(–π, –π)

y= 1
|x| – 2

1 To Plot the Graph of y = f ( x ) ⋅ sin x ,

When f ( x ) Transforms to = h( x )
f (x ) when Graph of y = f ( x ) is given
(i) when f ( x ) increases, then h ( x ) decreases. Clearly, – f ( x ) ≤ f ( x ) ⋅ sin x ≤ f ( x ) [as –1 ≤ sin x ≤ 1]
(ii) when f ( x ) decreases, then h ( x ) increases. Hence, graph for y = f ( x ) ⋅ sin x would be lying between the
graph of y = f ( x ) and y = – f ( x ). It amounts to just drawing
(iii) as f ( x ) → 0, h ( x ) → + ∞. graph of sin x in between the graphs of y = ± f ( x ).
(iv) as f ( x ) → ∞, h ( x ) → 0. The procedure is illustrated by following example.
(v) when f ( x ) = ± 1, then h ( x ) is also equal to ± 1.
 1 
1 y Example 26 Let f ( x ) =  x sin , x ≠ 0
y Example 25 Plot y = | x |– 2 and hence f ( x ) = ⋅ x 
| x |– 2  0, x = 0
Sol. First we plot y = | x |– 2 as explained in Example 2.  2 1 
x sin , x ≠ 0
The graph is shown below. and g ( x ) =  x .
Y  0, x = 0
y = – x – 2, x < 0
3 Discuss the graph for f ( x ) and g ( x ), and evaluate the
2 y = |x| – 2, x > 0 continuity and differentiability of f ( x ) and g ( x ) .
1 Sol. We will first try to graphically understand the behaviour
X′ 0 1 X of these two functions and then verify our results
4 3 2 1 2 3 4
1 analytically. Notice that no matter what the argument of
2 the sine function is, its magnitude will always remain
between − 1 and 1.
Y′ 1 1 2
Therefore, x sin ≤ x and x 2 sin ≤ x
x x
Here, (i) y = | x | – 2 increases when x > 0
1
1 This means that the graph of x sin will always lie
⇒ f (x ) = decreases when x > 0 x
| x |–2 between the lines y = ± x and the graph of x 2 sin 1 will
x
always lie between the two curves y = ± x 2 . Also, notice
and (ii) y = | x |– 2 decreases when x < 0
1 that as x increases, 1 decreases in a progressively slower
⇒ f (x ) = increases when x < 0 x 1
| x |–2 manner while when x is close to 0, the increase in is
x
very fast (as x decreases visualise the graph of y = 1 / x ).
(iii) As, y → 0 ⇒ x = ± 2 ⇒ f ( x ) → ∞ as x = ± 2
216 Textbook of Differential Calculus

This means that near the origin, the variation in the graph due to the shrinking envelope. The slope of the curve also keeps
on changing and does not approach a fixed value.
of sin 1 will be extremely rapid because the successive 1
x However, for g( x ) = x 2 sin , the slope of the envelope is itself
zeroes of the graph will become closer and closer. As we x
keep on increasing x, the variation will become slower and decreasing as we approach the origin, apart from shrinking in
width. This envelope will ‘compress’ or ‘harmmer out’ or ‘flatten’
slower and the graph will ‘spread out’.
the sin oscillations near the origin. What should therefore
1 happen to the derivative? It should become 0 at the origin!
For example, for x > there will not be finite root of the
π Let us ‘zoom in’ on the graphs of both the functions around the
1 origin, to see what is happening.
function. Only when x → ∞, sin will again approach 0.
x f(x) f(x)
f(x)=x sin 1
x
y=x

X X

X
1 1 1
3p 2p p
f(x) f(x)

y=–x

1 y=x2
f(x)=x2 sin x
X X

1 1 1 f(x) f(x)
1 1 1
p 2p 3p 3p 2p p

X X
y=–x2

Figure 4.22

Remarks Figure 4.23

Notice how the lines y = ± x ‘envelope’ the graph of the function These graphs are not very accurate and are only of an
in the first case and the curves y = ± x 2 ‘envelope’ the graph of approximate nature; but they do give us some feeling on the
the function in the second case. behaviour of these two functions near the origin.
1
The envelopes shrink to zero vertical width at the origin in both The x sin graph keeps ‘continuing’ in the same manner no
cases. Therefore, we must have x
1
1 1 matter how much we zoom in; however, in the x 2 sin graph, the
lim x sin = 0 and lim x 2 sin = 0. x
x→ 0 x x→ 0 x decreasing slope of the envelope itself tends to flatten out the
1 curve and make its slope tend to 0. Hence, the derivative of
(This is also analytically obvious; sin is a finite number between
x 1
x sin at the origin will not have any definite value, while the
− 1and 1; when it gets multiplied by x (where x → 0) the whole x
product gets infinitesimally small). 1
derivative of x 2 sin will be 0 at the origin.
Now lets try to get a ‘feel’ on what will happen to the derivatives x
of these two functions at the origin. Lets verify this analytically
1
For f ( x ) = x sin , the slope of the envelope is constant ( ± 1). 1
x (i) f ( x ) = x sin at x = 0.
x
Thus, the sinusoidal function inside the envelope will keep on 1
h sin
oscillating as we approach the origin, while shrinking in width f ( h) − f ( 0 ) h = lim  sin 1 
LHD = RHD = lim = lim
h→ 0 h h→ 0 h h→ 0  h
 Chap 04 Graphical Transformations 217

This limit, as we know does not exist; hence, the derivative for Y y = max {2x, x2}
f ( x ) does not exist at x = 0
1
(ii) f ( x ) = x 2 sin
at x = 0 (2, 4)
x B
1 X′ X
h2 sin − 0 0 2
h 1
LHD = RHD = lim = lim h sin = 0.
h→ 0 h h→ 0 h
neglecting
To Find h( x ) max (f ( x ), g( x )) Y′

or h( x ) = min(f ( x ), g( x )) when f ( x ) and g( x ) Thus, from the given graph y = max {2x , x 2 }, we can say
are given y = max {2x , x 2 } is continuous for all x ∈ R.

(i) h ( x ) = max { f ( x ), g ( x )} But y = max {2x , x 2 } is differentiable for all x ∈ R – {0,2 }. As

 f ( x ), when f ( x ) > g ( x ) at x = 0, 2 curve has corner point.
Q h(x ) = 
 g ( x ), when f ( x ) < g ( x )
Remarks
To draw the graph of y = max{ f ( x ), g( x )}, first we draw One must remember the formula, we can write
the graphs of both the functions f ( x ) and g( x ) and find f (x) + g (x) f (x) – g (x)
max { f ( x ), g ( x )} = +
their point of intersection. 2 2
f (x) + g (x) f (x) – g (x)
Then, we find any two consecutive points of intersection. and min { f ( x ), g ( x )} = – .
2 2
In between these points f ( x ) > g( x ), then in order to draw
the graph of max { f ( x ), g( x )}, we take those segments of y Example 28 Draw the graph for y = | 2 – | x – 1|| .
f ( x ) for which f ( x ) > g( x ) between any two consecutive Sol. First we plot y = x − 1 , it is a straight line intersecting X
points of intersection of f ( x ) and g( x ). and Y -axes at (1, 0) and (0, − 1), respectively. The graph is
(ii) h ( x ) = min { f ( x ), g ( x )} shown below.
Y
 f ( x ), when f ( x ) < g ( x ) x–1=y
Q h(x ) = 
 g ( x ), when g ( x ) < f ( x )
B (1, 0)
Similarly, in order to draw the graph of min { f ( x ), g( x )} X′ X
0
we take those segments of f ( x ) for which f ( x ) < g( x ), (0, –1)

between any two consecutive points of intersection of

f ( x ) and g( x ). Y′
⇒ Now, we plot y = | x – 1| , For this, the portion of the
y Example 27 Draw graph for y = max{ 2x , x 2 } and graph remain same which lines above the X -axis and reflect
the negative portion of the graph about X -axis.
discuss the continuity and differentiability.
Y
Sol. Here, to draw, y = max {2x , x 2 }.
1
First, plot y = 2x and y = x 2 on graph and put 2x = x 2
y = |x – 1|
⇒ x = 0, 2 (i.e. their point of intersection).
Clearly, y = x 2 represent a parabola open upward with X′ X
0 1
vertex (0, 0) and y = 2x represent a straight line pointing
through (0, 0). Y′
Y
y=x2 ⇒ Now, to plot y = − | x − 1| take the mirror image of the
y = 2x graph of | x −1| in the X -axis as plane mirror.

A Y
y = – |x – 1|
B
X
(0, 0) 2 –1 1 2 3
X′ X
0

–1
Now, since y = max {2x , x 2 } we have to neglect the curve –2
below the point of intersections thus, the required graph is, Y′
as shown below.
218 Textbook of Differential Calculus

To find the graph of 2 − | x − 1| . Shift the graph of y = − | x − 1| Sol. Here, h ( x ) = min { x ; x 2 } can be drawn on graph in two
upward through 2 units. steps.
Y (a) Draw the graph of y = x and y = x 2 , also find their point
2 of intersection.
y = 2–|x–1|
i.e. x = x 2 ⇒ x = 0, 1
X′ X
(–1, 0) 0 1 (3, 0)
Y′
Thus, points of intersection are (0, 0) and (1,1).
Y
Y y = x2
To find the graph of | 2–| x – 1||, reflect the negative portion
of the graph of 2 − | x − 1| in X -axis. y=x
Thus, y = | 2–| x – 1 || can be plotted as shown below. 1

Y X
0 1
y = | 2 – |x – 1| |
(0, 2)

(b) To find h ( x ) = min { x ; x 2 } neglecting the graph above

X′ X the point of intersection, we get
(–1,0) 0 (1, 0) (2, 0)
Y
neglecting
Y′ g
ctin
egle
Remark 1 n
From above figure we could say y =|2 –|x – 1|| is not
neglecting
differentiable at x = {–1, 1, 3 } as sharp edges at x = – 1, 1, 3. X
(0, 0) (1, 0)
y Example 29 Let h ( x ) = min { x ; x 2 } for every real
number of x . Then, which one of the following is true?
[IIT JEE 1998]
Thus, from the given graph,
(a) h is not continuous for all x
 x , x ≤ 0 or x ≥ 1
(b) h is differentiable for all x h (x ) =  2
(c) h′ (x) = 1, for all x x , 0 ≤ x ≤ 1
(d) h is not differentiable at two values of x which shows h ( x ) is continuous for all x. But not
differentiable at x = { 0, 1}.
Thus, h ( x ) is not differentiable at two values of x.
Hence, (d) is the correct answer.

Exercise for Session 4

1. Plot the following, where [⋅] denotes greatest integer function.
(i) f (x ) = [x 2 ], when −2 ≤ x ≤ 2 (ii) f (x ) = [|x |] (iii) f (x ) = [|x − 2 |] (iv) f (x ) = [|x | − 2]
(v) f (x ) = sin−1 (sin |x |) (vi) f (x ) = [cos−1 x ] (vii) f (x ) = cos(x − [x ]) (viii) f (x ) = [sin−1 (sin x )]

2. Plot the graph for f ( x ) = min ( x − [ x ], − x − [ − x ]).

3. Find the area enclosed by the curves

(i) max (| x |, | y | ) = 1 (ii) max (2 | x |, 2 | y | ) = 1 (iii) max (| x + y |, | x − y | ) = 1
JEE Type Solved Examples :
Single Option Correct Type Questions

l Ex. 1 The number of real solutions of the equation y = | x | and y = cos x shown as;
e + x = 0 is
x
Y
y = –x y=x
(a) 0 (b) 1
(c) 2 (d) None of these
Sol. (b) It is evident from figure that the curves y = e x and X
O
y = − x intersect exactly at one point. So, the equation y = cos x
e x = − x or e x + x = 0 has one real solution.
Y y = ex It is evident from the graph that the two curves intersect at
y= –x
two points only.
 π π
∴ Two real solutions lying in  − ,  .
O
X  2 2

l Ex. 4 How many roots does the following equation

y = –x
possess 3 | x | {| 2 − | x | | } = 1?
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
l Ex. 2 The number of real solutions of the equation
Sol. (b) Here, 3 |x|
{| 2 − | x || } = 1
log a x = | x | , 0 < a < 1, is
(a) 0 (b) 1 ⇒ 2 − | x | = 3− | x |
(c) 2 (d) None of these In order to determine the number of roots, it is sufficient to
find the points of intersection of the curves y = 2 − | x | and
Sol. (b) The number of real solutions of the equation
loga x = | x | is equal to the number of points of intersec- y = 3− | x | , shown as;
tion of the curves. Y
y = loga x and y = | x | (0 < a < 1)
2
Y y=x
y = –x |–x|
y=3
X
–2 0 2
0 X
1

y=2–|x|

y = loga x (0 < a < 1)

We observe the two curves intersect at two points.
It is evident from the graph that the two curves intersect at ∴ Two real solutions ∈ ( −2, 2).
one point only. l Ex. 5 The number of real solutions of the equation
∴ One real solution lying in (0, 1). x 2 = 1 − | x − 5 | is
l Ex. 3 The number of solutions of the equation | x | = cos x is (a) 1 (b) 2
(c) 4 (d) None of these
(a) 0 (b) 1
Sol. (d) The number of real solutions of the equation
(c) 2 (d) 3
x2 = 1 − | x − 5|
Sol. (c) The number of real solutions of the equation
| x | = cos x is equal to the number of point of intersection is equal to the number of points of intersection of the
of the curves. curves.
220 Textbook of Differential Calculus

y = x 2 and y = 1 − | x − 5 | , shown as; Y

(5, 1)
1 X
– 2π –π 0 π 2π
X′ X
0

Clearly, the two curves intersect at three points.

y=1–|x–5|
∴ There are three solutions.
Y′

It is evident from the graph that the two curves do not l Ex. 8 The equation 3 x − 1 + 5 x − 1 = 34 has
intersect. (a) one solution (b) two solutions
∴ No solution. (c) three solutions (d) four solutions
Sol. (a) The total number of solutions is same as the number
l Ex. 6 Number of solutions for 2 sin | x | = 4 | cos x | in [ −π, π ] of points of intersection of the curves.
−1 −1
is equal to y = 3x + 5x and y = 34
(a) 2 (b) 4 Y
(c) 6 (d) 8
y = 34
Sol. (b) The total number of solutions for the given equation is
equal to the number of points of intersection of curves
y = 4| cos x | and y = 2sin | x | . 1/15
X
Clearly, the two curves intersect at four points. So, there 0
are four solutions of the given equation.
It is evident that these two curves intersect at exactly one
4
point.
∴ Exactly one solution.
2
l Ex. 9 The number of solutions of the equation
–π –π 0 π π cos [ x ] = e 2 x − 1 , x ∈[0, 2π ], where [.] denotes the greatest
2 2
integer function is
(a) 1 (b) 2
(c) 3 (d) 4
Sol. (a) It is evident from the graph the two curves intersect at
l Ex. 7 Number of roots of | sin | x | | = x + | x | in [ −2 π, 2 π ] only one point.
is Y
(a) 2 (b) 3 y = e 2x – 1
(c) 4 (d) 6
Sol. (b) The total number of solutions for the given equation is
equal to the number of points of intersection of the
curves. 1 y = cos [x]

y = | sin | x ||
2x , x ≥ 0 0 X
and y = x +|x |=  –2 –1 1 2 3
0, x <0
 Chap 04 Graphical Transformations 221

JEE Type Solved Examples :

More than One Correct Option Type Questions
l Ex. 10 Let g ( x ) = x − 2k , ∀ 2k ≤ x < 2(k + 1 ) where, Then, (a) Graph of − f ( x ) + 2 is
k ∈I , then
5
(a) g ( x ) = x + 2, − 2 ≤ x < 0
4
(b) g ( x ) = x − 2, 2 ≤ x < 4 3
(c) g ( x ) = x , 0 ≤ x < 2 2
(d) period of g ( x ) is 2 1
Sol. (a,b,c,d) Given, g ( x ) = x − 2k , ∀ 2k ≤ x < 2 (k + 1), ∀ k ∈ I
–6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4 5 6
 ..... –1
 ..... –2

 x + 2, − 2 ≤ x < 0 (b) Graph of − f ( x − 1) is
 x, 0≤ x < 2
= 3
 x − 2, 2 ≤ x < 4
2
 x − 4, 4 ≤ x < 6
 1
.....

 ..... –7 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4 5 6
–1
The graph of g ( x ) is shown below
–2
Y –3

(c) Graph of f (| x| ) is
√x+2 √x √x–2 √x–4
X′ X 3
–2 0 2 4 6
2

Y′ 1

–6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4 5 6
Clearly, g ( x ) is periodic with period 2. –1

l Ex. 11 The graph of f ( x ) is given below. (d) Graph of f ( x + 1) − 2 is

3 2
2 1

1
–7 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4 5 6
–1
–6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4 5 6
–1 –2

–2 –3

–3 –4
–5
222 Textbook of Differential Calculus

Sol. (a,c,d) (c) For y = f (| x | ), neglect the graph of y = f ( x )

(a) For the graph of − f ( x ) + 2, first flip the graph of y = f ( x ) about, for x < 0, and take the mirror image of
X -axis to get y = − f ( x ) y = f ( x ) for x > 0 about Y -axis,
keeping y = f ( x ) for x > 0
4
3
3
2
2
1
1
–6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4 5 6
–1 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4 5 6
–1
–2
–3

Now, shift the above graph 2 units upward to get y = 2 − f ( x ) (d) For y = f ( x + 1) − 2, shift the graph of
y = f ( x ), 1 unit left to get y = f ( x + 1)
5
4 3
3 2
2 1
1
–7 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4 5
–1
–6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4 5 6
–1 –2
–2 –3

(b) First shift the graph of f ( x ), through 1 unit right to get

y = f ( x − 1) Now, shift the above graph 2 units
downwards to get f ( x + 1) − 2
3
2 2
1 1

–6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 –7 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4 5 6
–1 –1
–2 –2
–3 –3
–4
Now, flip the above graph about X -axis to get y = − f ( x − 1 )
–5
3
2
1

–5 –4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
–1
–2
–3
 Chap 04 Graphical Transformations 223

JEE Type Solved Examples :

Single Integer Answer Type Questions
l Ex. 12 The number of solutions of the equation The graph of y = [sin x ] and y = cos x is shown below.
1 Y
[y + [y ]] = 2 cos x , where y = [sin x + [sin x + [sin x ]]],
3 2
where [⋅] denotes the greatest integer function, is 1
Sol. Here, [y + [y ]] = 2 cos x X¢ X
O π/2 π 3π/2 2π
or [y ] + [y ] = 2 cos x –1
[Q[ x + h ] = [ x ] + h , ∀ x ∈ I ]
Y¢
or 2[y ] = 2 cos x ∴ The number of solution zero.
or [y ] = cos x …(i) l Ex. 13 The sum of the roots of the equation cos −1
Also, y=
1
[sin x + [sin x + [sin x ]]] (cos x ) = [ x ], where [x] denotes greatest integer function, is
3 Sol. The graph of cos −1 (cos x ) = [ x ] is shown below.
1 Y
y= (3 [sin x ])
3 3

y = [sin x ] …(ii) 2
1
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we have
X
0 1 2 3 p 2p–3 2p
[[sin x ]] = cos x –1
–1
or [sin x ] = cos x
Solutions are clearly 0, 1, 2, 3 and 2π − 3.
Hence, there are 5 solutions.

Subjective Type Questions

l Ex. 14 Sketch the graph of y = log 0. 5 | x |. 1
l Ex. 15 Sketch the graph for y = –3 .
Sol. As we know, y = log 0. 5 x is a decreasing graph given as; x
Sol. Here, we follow certain steps to plot
Y
1 1
y = log0.5(x), x > 0 y= – 3 , as first we plot
x x
1
0
X 1 1 1
and then successively , – 3, –3 .
x x x
1
(i) The graph of is shown below
x
Since, f ( x ) → f (| x | ), then taking the images Y
aboutY -axis for x > 0
∴ y = log 0. 5 | x | could be plotted as; 1
y= x

Y X
y = log0.5 |x| 0

–1 1
0 X
224 Textbook of Differential Calculus

1 1 1 As we know, x 2 + y 2 = 1 is a circle and y =|sin x | is the

(ii) → To draw the graph of taking mirror
x x x image of negative values of y = sin x about X -axis. Thus,
1 we can plot them as; which shows the two curves intersects
images about X -axis for negative values of in the at two points.
x
1 ∴ Number of solutions is 2.
graph of .
x Y
Y
x2 + y 2 = 1 y = |sin x|
1 1
y=x y=x
–π π X
0
0 X

l Ex. 17 Find the number of solutions of 4 { x } = x + [ x ] .

Sol. Here, 4 { x } = x + [x ]
⇒ 4 ( x –[ x ]) = x + [ x ] [Q { x } = x − [ x ]]
1 1 ⇒ 3x = 5 [ x ]
(iii) → –3
x x 3
⇒ [x ] = x
1 5
Shift the graph of through 3 units downward. To find their solution we plot the graph of both y = [ x ]
x 3
Y
and y = x ,
5

Y 3
y= x
3 5

2
X 1
–1 0 1
1 3 3 1
y= –3 y= –3 X
x x –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4
–1
x = –3
–2

1 1
(iv) –3 → –3
x x
i.e. The two graphs intersects when [ x ] = 0 and 1
1
To draw the graph of − 3 , taking mirror images 5
x ⇒ x = 0 and x =
3
1
about X -axis for negative value of − 3 in the graph
x 1
l Ex. 18 Sketch the graph of sin x + .
1 2
of − 3.
x 1
Sol. We follow certain steps to plot sin x + ,
Y
2
1 1
1
y= x –3
i.e. sin x → sin x + → sin x +
2 2
(i) (ii) (iii)
X
– 13 0 1
3
Y
y = sin x
1
X
l Ex. 16 Find the number of solutions of the equations –2π –π 0 π 2π
y =| sin x | and x 2 + y 2 = 1 .
Sol. To find the number of solutions of two curves we should (i)
find the point of intersection of two curves.
 Chap 04 Graphical Transformations 225

3
Y l Ex. 20 Sketch the region for y = sin ( x – [ x ]) .
2
Sol. We know, y = sin x is the periodic function. So, to plot
y = sin x + 1 the graph between x ∈[0, 1) and repeat for all values of x.
1 2
2 Y
X
0 1
–
2 1
(ii)

Y π X
y = sin x + 1 0 π
—
3/2 2 2
y = 3/2
y=1
1/2 i.e. To retain the graph between x ∈[0, 1).
y = 1/2
Y
X
0
(iii) sin (x–[x])

X
Remarks –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4
Plotting graph of f (x – [x ]):
Graph of f (x – [x ])can be obtained from the graph of f (x )by the
following rule. l Ex. 21 Sketch the region for | y | = sin x .
“Retain the graph of f (x )for values of x lying between interval
[0, 1). Now, it can be repeated for rest of points. Now, Sol. We know, y = sin x is a periodic function. So, to plot
obtained function is periodic with period 1.” | y | = sin x neglect all the points for which y is negative
and take the image for positive values of y about X-axis
2x shown as;
l Ex. 19 Sketch the graph of y = ⋅ Y
2 [x ]
1 y = sin x
Y x
y=2 X
–3 π –2π – π 0 π 2π 3π
–1
neglecting
2

1 Now, plotting, | y | = sin x .

X
0 1 Y

1
x
Sol. As we know, 2 is exponential function and we want to –4π –3π –2π –π 0 π 3π 4π 5π
X
2π
transform it to 2x –[ x ], it retains, the graph for x ∈[0, 1) –1
and repeat for rest points.
Here, to retain graph between x ∈[0, 1), so we get
Y
l Ex. 22 Consider the following function f whose graph is
given below.
2 2x Y
y =—
2[x]
1 1

X X
–2 –1 0 1 2 3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3
–1
226 Textbook of Differential Calculus

Draw the graph of following functions. (e) f ( x ) → f (–x )

(a) f ( x ) + 1 (b) f ( x )–1 (c) – f ( x ) To draw the graph of f ( − x ) take the image of the
(d) | f ( x )| (e) f (–x ) (f) f (| x | ) curve f ( x ) in the Y -axis as plane mirror.
Y
(g) 2f ( x ) (h) f (2x ) (i) [ f ( x )]
(j) f ( x –[ x ]) 1
Sol. (a) f ( x ) → f ( x ) + 1 f (–x) f (x)
X
To draw the graph of f ( x ) + 1, shift the graph of f ( x ) –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3
through 1 unit upward.
–1
Y
2 (f) f ( x ) → f (| x | )
f (x) + 1 To draw the graph of f | x | neglecting the graph for
1
negative values of f ( x ) and taking image for positive
f (x)
values of x about Y-axis.
X Y
–2 –1 0 1 2 3

–1 1
f(x)

0 X
–3 –2 –1 1 2 3
(b) f ( x ) → f ( x )– 1
To draw the graph of f ( x ) − 1, shift the graph of f ( x ) –1
through 1 unit downward.
(g) f ( x ) → 2 f ( x )
Y
To draw the graph of 2f ( x ) stretch the graph of f ( x ),
1 2 times along Y -axis.
f (x) Y
–2 –1
X 2
0 1 2 3 f (x) – 1
2 f (x)
–1 1
f (x)
–2 –2 –1 X
0 1 2 3
(c) f ( x ) → – f ( x )
–1
To draw the graph of − f ( x ). Take the image of f ( x )
in the X -axis as plane mirror. –2

Y
(h) f ( x ) → f (2x )
To draw the graph of f (2x ) , stretch the graph of f ( x )
1
f(x)
, 2 times along X-axis.
–2 –1 Y
0 X
1 2 3 – f(x)
–1 f (2x)
1
f (x)
X
(d) f ( x ) → | f ( x )|, To draw the graph of f ( x ) taking –2 –1 0 1 2
image for negative values of f ( x ) about X-axis. –1
Y
(i) f ( x ) → [ f ( x )]
1 To draw [ f ( x )] mark the integer on Y -axis. Draw the
|f (x)| horizontal lines till they intersect the graph, now
–2 –1
0 X draw vertical dotted lines from these intersection
1 2 3
f (x) point. Finally, draw horizontal lines parallel to X -axis
–1 from any intersection point to the nearest vertical
dotted line with blank dot at right end.
 Chap 04 Graphical Transformations 227

Y As from the above graph,

 3π
sin x , –π < x ≤ –
 4
 3π π
 cos x , – ≤x≤
 4 4
–2 –1 max (sin x , cos x ) = 
X π 5π
0 1 2 3  sin x , ≤x≤
[f(x)]
 4 4
–1  5π 3π
 cos x , ≤x≤
 4 2
( j) f ( x ) → f ( x –[ x ])
Retain the graph of f ( x ) for values of x lying between
l Ex. 24 Sketch the graph for y = min {tan x , cot x }.
interval [0,1). Now, it can be repeated for rest of the Sol. First plot both f ( x ) = tan x and g ( x ) = cot x by a dotted
point taking periodicity ‘1’. curve as can be seen from the graph and then darken
Y those dotted lines for which f ( x ) < g ( x ) and g ( x ) < f ( x ).
Y
1
f (x – [x])
X
–2 –1 0 1 2 3
1
–1
–3π/2 –5π/4 –π/2 0 π/2 π 3π/2
–π
X
–3π/4 –π/4 π/4 3π/4 5π/4
l Ex. 23 Sketch the graph of y = max (sin x , cos x ), –1

 3π 
∀ x ∈  – π,  .
 2 
Sol. First plot both y = sin x and y = cos x by a dotted curve as
 3π 
can be seen from the graph in the interval –π,  and
 2 ∴ Graph of min {tan x , cot x }
then darken those dotted line for which f ( x ) > g ( x ) or Y
g ( x ) > f ( x ).
Y
1

1
π π π X
3π –π
– O 3π
cos x B – 2 2
sin x 2 2
–1
π π π X
–π
– O C 3π
2 2 2
A

–1 As from the graph, we have

∴ Graph of max {sin x , cos x }  ............................

 ............................
Y 
 tan x , – π < x ≤ – π
 2 4
y = max (sin x, cosx)  π
B  cot x , − ≤ x < 0
min {tan x , cot x } =  4
X π
–π
–π O π π 3π  tan x , 0 ≤ x ≤
2 2 2  4
A C  cot x , π ≤ x ≤ π
 4 2
 ............................

 ............................
228 Textbook of Differential Calculus

l Ex. 25 Sketch the graph of y = min {| x |, | x – 1 |, | x + 1 | }. Y Y

y=x
Sol. First plot the graph for, y = | x |, y = | x – 1| and y = | x + 1| by π π
cos– 1 x
a dotted curve as can be seen from the graph and then
darken those dotted lines for | x | < {| x – 1|, | x + 1| }, π/2 π/2
| x – 1| < {| x |, | x + 1| } and | x + 1| < {| x |, | x – 1| }. 1

X′ π X X′ X
1| | 1| –1 0 1 π/2 –1 0 1
Y
x + x | x–
| | –1 cos x
y= y
= y=
Y′ Y′ –1
y=cos x

1/2
1 01 1 X l Ex. 28 Sketch the graph for y = tan –1 x , ∀ x ∈ R.
–3 –2 –1 – — 2 3
2 —2 –π π –π π
Sol. As, x ∈ R ⇒ < tan –1 x < ⇒ <y<
2 2 2 2
As from the above graph, –π π
 – ( x + 1), x ≤ –1 ∴ tan –1 x is the reflection of the graph of tan x, <x<
2 2
 1
in y = x as a mirror.
 ( x + 1), – 1 ≤ x ≤ – 2
 1 y = tan x
 – ( x ), – ≤ x ≤0 Y
min {| x |, | x – 1|, | x + 1| } =  2 y=x
1
 x, 0≤ x ≤ π/2
 2 y = tan–1x
 – ( x – 1), 1 ≤ x ≤ 1
 2
 ( x – 1), 1≤ x –π/2 π/2
X

Remark
–π/2
To plot the graph of f –1( x), take reflection of f ( x) in y = x line as a
mirror.

l Ex. 26 Sketch the graph of y = sin –1 x , ∀ x ∈[–1, 1 ].

π π π π
Sol. As, – 1 ≤ x ≤ 1 ⇒ – ≤ sin –1 x ≤ ⇒ – ≤y≤ l Ex. 29 Sketch the graph for y = sin –1 (sin x ) .
2 2 2 2
sin –1 x is the reflection of sin x about y = x (as a mirror) Sol. As, y = sin –1(sin x ) is periodic with period 2π.
 π π ∴ To draw this graph we should draw the graph for one
when x ∈ – , .
 2 2 interval of length 2π and repeat it for entire values of x. As we
know,
x
sin –1

Y
 –π π
π y=x ( x ), ≤x≤

y=

2 2 2
 π 3π π 3π
1
f(x) = 
sin x sin (sin x ) = ( π − x ),
–1
≤ x ≤ or π – ≥ π – x ≥ π –
(–π) (–π/2,0) (–1,0) (1,0)(π/2,0) (π/0) 2 2 2 2
X′ X 
O  π π
or – ≤ π – x ≤
 2 2
–1
π –π 3π
–
2 Thus, it has been defined for ≤ x ≤ , that has length
2 2
Y′
2π. So, its graph could be plotted as;
l Ex. 27 Sketch the graph for y = cos –1 x , ∀ x ∈[–1, 1 ]. Y
π/2
Sol. As, –1 ≤ x ≤ 1 y = sin–1(sin x)
⇒ 0 ≤ cos x ≤ π
–1
⇒ 0≤ y ≤ π π
X
–2π –3π/2 –π –π/2 0 π/2 3π/2 2π 5π/2 3π
∴ cos –1 x is reflection of the graph of cos x , 0 ≤ x ≤ π in –π/2
y = x line as a mirror.
 Chap 04 Graphical Transformations 229

l Ex. 30 Sketch the graph for y = cos –1 (cos x ) . Thus, to find the points for which f ( x ) = x 2 is less than or
equal to g ( x ) = | x – 1|.
Sol. As, we have that y = cos –1(cos x ) is periodic with
period 2π. Where the two functions f ( x ) and g ( x ) could be plotted as;
Y f(x) = x2
∴ To draw this graph we should draw the graph for one A g(x) = |x–1|
interval of length 2π and repeat it for entire values of x of
length 2π.
As we know, 1 B
x , 0≤ x ≤ π
cos –1(cos x ) =  X
(2π – x ), π < x ≤ 2π or 0 < 2π – x < π –1–√5 0 1
–1+√5
2
Thus, it has been defined for 0 < x < 2π, that has length 2π. 2
So, its graph could be plotted as;
Thus, from the graph f ( x ) ≤ g ( x ), when x ∈[ A , B ]. So that,
Y A and B are point of intersection of x 2 and 1– x.
π –1 – 5
∴ Solving x 2 = 1 – x , we get x = =A
2
y=cos–1(cos x) –1 + 5
and x= = B.
X 2
–2π –π 0 π 2π 3π 4π
x2 – 1 – 5 – 1 + 5 
∴ ≤ 1 is satisfied, ∀ x ∈  , .
x –1  2 2 

l Ex. 33 Find the values of x graphically satisfying

l Ex. 31 Sketch the graph for y = tan –1 (tan x ) .
[ x ] – 1 + x 2 ≥ 0 ; where [⋅] denotes the greatest integer
Sol. As, we have that y = tan –1(tan x ) is periodic with period π.
function.
∴ To draw this graph we should draw the graph for one
Sol. We have, [ x ]– 1 + x 2 ≥ 0 ⇒ x 2 – 1 ≥ – [ x ]
interval of length π and repeat for entire values of x.
Thus, to find the points for which f ( x ) = x 2 – 1 is greater
 –π π
As we know, tan –1(tan x ) =  x , <x< than or equal to g ( x ) = – [ x ].
 2 2
Where the two functions f ( x ) and g ( x ) could be plotted as;
–π π Y
Thus, it has been defined for < x < that has length π. f (x) = x2 – 1
2 2
So, its graph could be plotted as; 3
Y
2
–1 A
π/2 y = tan (tan x)
1

X
–2π –3π/2 –π –π/2 0 π/2 π 3π/2 2π 5π/2 X
–4 –3 –2 – √3 –1 1 2
–π/2
g (x) = –[x]
B
Finally.
Y
l Ex. 32 Find the values of x graphically which satisfy
x2
≤ 1.
x –1
2
x2
Sol. We have, ≤1 – Ö3 0 1
X
x –1
⇒ | x 2 | ≤ | x – 1|, ∀ x ∈ R – { 1 }
or x 2 ≤ | x – 1|, ∀ x ∈ R – { 1 }
230 Textbook of Differential Calculus

Thus, from the above graph f ( x ) ≥ g ( x ) when

x ∈ (–∞, A ] ∪ [ B, ∞ ), where A is point of intersection of
x 2 – 1 and – [ x ] when – [ x ] = + 2.
f (x) = 2 cos x
∴ x 2 – 1 = + 2, i.e. x = – 3 = A and B = 1 2

∴ [ x ]– 1 + x 2 ≥ 0 is satisfied, ∀ x ∈ (–∞, – 3 ] ∪ [1, ∞ ). 1 g (x) = |sin x|

l Ex. 34 Find the values of x graphically which satisfy;

0 π/2 π 3π/2 2π
–1 ≤ [ x ] – x 2 + 4 ≤ 2, where [.] denotes the greatest integer
–1
function.
Sol. We have, –1 ≤ [ x ]– x 2 + 4 ≤ 2 ⇒ x 2 – 5 ≤ [x ] ≤ x 2 – 2 –2

Thus, to find the points for which f ( x ) = x 2 – 5 is less than

or equal to g ( x ) = [ x ] and g ( x ) = [ x ] is less than or equal to Thus, from the above graph the two functions intersect at
two points between [0, 2π ] and we know that cos x is
h ( x ) = x 2 – 2.
periodic with period 2π, so it has same number of solutions
Where the three functions f ( x ), g ( x ) and h ( x ) could be for the interval [2π, 4 π ].
plotted as; ∴ Total number of solutions of 2cos x = |sin x | when
x2 – 5 x ∈[0, 4π ] is 4.
4
l Ex. 36 Sketch the curves
3
x2 – 2 (i) y = x – [ x ] (ii) y = [ x ] + x – [ x ]
(iii) y = |[ x ] + x – [ x ]|
2
(where [⋅] denotes the greatest integer function).
1 Sol. (i) Here, 0 ≤ x – [ x ] < 1,∀ x ∈ R and
–√2 √2 2 √7
x 2 ≤ x ≤ x , ∀x ∈ [0,1)
–3 –√5 –2 –1 1 √3 √5
3 ∴ x – [x ] ≤ x – [x ]
–1  x – 1, 1 ≤ x < 2

⇒ y = x – [x ] =  x, 0≤ x < 1
–2
 x + 1, – 1 ≤ x < 0

–3
and so on.
–4 In general,y = x – [ x ] = x , when 0 ≤ x < 1
y = x – [ x ] = x – 1, when 1 ≤ x < 2
–5
i.e. Shifting x by 1 unit on right side of X -axis
y = x – [ x ] = x – 2, when 2 ≤ x < 3,
Thus, from the above graph; x 2 – 5 ≤ [ x ] ≤ x 2 – 2, when
x ∈ [ A , B ] ∪ [C , D ]. then graph of y = x – [ x ] .
Where A and D is point of intersection of x 2 – 5 = ± 2 i.e. Shifting x – 1 by 1 unit on right side of X -axis
⇒ x = – 3, 7 B and C is point of intersection of x 2 –2 = ± 1 and so on. Thus, the graph for y = x – [ x ] is shown
⇒x = 3
as in figure, which is periodic with period 1.
∴ –1 ≤ [ x ]– x 2 + 4 ≤ 2 is satisfied, x ∈ [– 3, – 1] ∪ [ 3, 7 ].
Y

lEx. 35 Find the number of solutions of 2 cos x = | sin x |

when x ∈[0, 4π ] .
Sol. As we know, the graph of both f ( x ) = 2 cos x and
1
2

3
2
x+

x
x+

x–

x–
x–

g ( x ) = |sin x | X
–2 –1 0 1 2 3 4
∴ Their point of intersection are number of solutions.
 Chap 04 Graphical Transformations 231

(ii) Again, y = [ x ] + x – [ x ] ⇒ y = k + x – k , (iii) Graph for y = |[ x ] + x – [ x ]| is obtained by

k ≤ x < k + 1 ; k ∈ integer −1 + x + 1,−1 ≤ x < 0 reflecting the portion lying below X -axis of the graph
 x, 0≤ x < 1 of y = [ x ] + x – [ x ]. About X -axis and keeping the

⇒ y =  1 + x – 1, 1 ≤ x < 2 portion lying above the X -axis (as it is).
 Thus, the graph for y = [ x ] + x − [ x ] is shown
2 + x – 2, 2 ≤ x < 3 and so on.
below.
Thus, the graph for y = [ x ] + x − [ x ] is obtained by
Y
the graph of y = x − [ x ] by translating it by [ x ] units
4
in upward or downward directions according as
[ x ] > 0 or [ x ] < 0. The graph is shown as 3
Y
2
4
x–3
3+ 1
3
x–2
2+ –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3
X
2
x–1
1+
1
x
X
–1 10 1 2 3
x+
+
–1
232 Textbook of Differential Calculus

Graphical Transformations Exercise 1 :

Single Option Correct Type Questions
1. The number of real solutions of the equation 5. The equation e x = m (m + 1), m < − 1 has
e | x | − | x | = 0 is (a) no real root
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) None of these (b) exactly one real root
(c) two real roots
2. The number of real solutions of the equation
(d) None of the above
3 − | x | − 2 | x | = 0 is
6. The number of real solutions of the equation
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3 1 − x = [cos x ] is
3. The number of solutions of 3 | x | = | 2 − | x | | is (a) 1 (b) 2
(c) 3 (d) 4
(a) 0 (b) 2 (c) 4 (d) infinite
7. The number of roots of the equation 1 + 3 x / 2 = 2 x is
4. The total number of solutions of the equation
(a) 0
| x − x 2 − 1 | = | 2x − 3 − x 2 | is (b) 1
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2
(c) 2 (d) infinitly many (d) None of the above

Graphical Transformations Exercise 2 :

More than One Option Correct Type Questions
8. The equation x 2 − 2 = [sin x ], where [⋅] denotes the (a) x 2, − 2 ≤ x ≤ − 1
greatest integer function, has 1
(b) 1 − x, − 1 < x ≤ −
(a) infinity many roots 4
1 1
(b) exactly one integer root (c) + x, − < x < 0
2 4
(c) exactly one irrational root
(d) 1 + x, 0 ≤ x < 1
(d) exactly two roots
 1 10. If f ( x ) is defined on [− 2, 2] and is given by
9. Consider the functionf ( x ) =  x − [x ] − 2 , if x ∉ I , f (x ) = 
 − 1, − 2 ≤ x < 0
and g ( x ) = f | x | + | f ( x )| , then
 0, if x ∈ I  x − 1, 0 < x ≤ 2
where [⋅] denotes greatest integer function and I is the g ( x ) is defined as
set of integers, then g ( x ) = max{x 2 , f ( x ), | x | }, − 2 ≤ x ≤ 2 (a) − x, − 2 ≤ x ≤ 0 (b) x, − 2 ≤ x ≤ 0
is defined as (c) 0, 0 < x ≤ 1 (d) 2( x − 1 ), 1 < x ≤ 2

Graphical Transformations Exercise 3 :

Statements I and II Type Questions
n
Directions (Q. Nos. 11 to 12) This section is based on 11. Statement I The graph of y = sec 2 x is symmetrical
Statement I and Statement II. Select the correct answer about the Y -axis.
from the code given below.
Statement II The graph of y = tan x is symmetrical
(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct and Statement
about the origin.
II is the correct explanation of Statement I
12. Statement I The equation |( x − 2) + a | = 4 can have four
(b) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct but Statement II
distinct real solutions for x if a belongs to the interval
is not the correct explanation of Statement I
( − ∞, − 4 ).
(c) Statement I is correct but Statement II is incorrect
Statement II The number of point of intersection of the
(d) Statement II is correct but Statement I is incorrect curve represent the solution of the equation.
 Chap 04 Graphical Transformations 233

Graphical Transformations Exercise 4 :

Passage Based Questions
Passage I (Q. Nos. 13 to 14) Passage II (Q. Nos. 15 to 16)
Let f ( x ) = f 1 ( x ) − 2 f 2 ( x ), where  x − 1, − 1 ≤ x ≤ 0
Consider the functions f ( x ) =  2
 min {x 2 , | x | }, | x | ≤ 1  x , 0≤ x ≤ 1
f 1( x ) = 
 max {x , | x | }, | x | > 1
2
and g ( x ) = sin x .
 min {x 2 , | x | }, | x | > 1 If h 1 ( x ) = f (| g ( x )| )
f 2 (x ) =  ,
 max {x , | x | }, | x | ≤ 1
2
and h 2 ( x ) = | f ( g ( x ))|.
 min{ f (t ), − 3 ≤ t ≤ x , − 3 ≤ x < 0} 15. Which of the following is not true about h 1 ( x )?
and let g ( x ) = 
 max{ f (t ), 0 ≤ t < x , 0 ≤ x ≤ 3}. (a) It is a periodic function with period π
(b) The range is [0, 1]
13. For x ∈ ( − 1, 0), f ( x ) + g ( x ) is
(c) Domain R
(a) x 2 − 2 x + 1 (b) x 2 + 2 x − 1
(d) None of the above
(c) x + 2 x + 1
2
(d) x 2 − 2 x − 1
16. Which of the following is not true about h 2 ( x )?
14. The graph of y = g ( x ) in its domain is broken at (a) The domain is R (b) It is periodic with period 2π
(a) 1 point (b) 2 points (c) 3 points (d) None of these (c) The range is [0, 1] (d) None of these

Graphical Transformations Exercise 5 :

Matching Type Questions
n
Directions ([Link]. 17) Choices for the correct combination of elements from Column I and Column II are given as option
(a), (b), (c) and (d) out of which are correct.

17. Column I Column II

(Equation) (Number of Roots)
A. x 2 tan x = 1, x ∈[ 0, 2π ] p. 5
B. 2 cos x = |sin x|, x ∈[ 0, 2π ] q. 2
C. If f ( x ) is a polynomial of degree 5 with real coefficient such that r. 3
f ( x ) = 0 has 8 real roots, then the number of roots of f ( x ) = 0
D. 7| x| (5 − | x| ) = 1 s. 4

Codes
A B C D A B C D
(a) p q r s (b) q s p s
(c) q p s r (d) s p q r
234 Textbook of Differential Calculus

Graphical Transformations Exercise 6 :

Single Integer Answer Type Questions
18. Let f ( x ) = x + 2 | x + 1 | + 2 | x − 1|. If f ( x ) = k has exactly one real solution, then the value of k is
19. The number of roots of the equation x sin x = 1, x ∈ [− 2π, 0] ∪ (0, 2π ) is
π π
20. The number of solutions of tan x − mx = 0, m > 1 in  − ,  is
 2 2

Graphical Transformations Exercise 7 :

Subjective Type Questions
21. Find the number of solutions of the equation 27. Find a formula for the function f graphed as
x2
= 1, graphically.
1 − | x − 2| Y

22. Find the number of solutions for tan 4x = cos x , when (1, 1)
1
x ∈(0, π ).
23. Find number of solutions for equation [sin −1 x ] = x − [x ], 0 1 2 3 4
X
where [ ⋅ ] denotes the greatest integer function.
24. If x and y satisfy the equations 1
28. Find the domain for f ( x ) = ,
max (| x +y|,| x −y| ) = 1 and | y| = x −[x ] , the number of [ x −1 ]+[ 5− x ]− 4
ordered pairs ( x , y ). graphically.
25. Find the area enclosed by | x + y − 1 |+|2x + y + 1| = 1. 29. Draw the graph for y = {x } and y = {x }.
26. Find f ( x ) when it is given by
30. Draw the graph for y = − [x ] + {x }.
 1
f ( x ) = max  x 3 , x 2 ,  , ∀x ∈ [0, ∞ ).
 64 
 Answers
Exercise for Session 1 5. Y
1.
2 y=sin x+1
Y
1
y=x2+1 X
5 –π 0 π 2π 3π
4 y=x2 –1 y=sin x
3
2
1
6. Y

X′ X 2
–7 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1
–1 y=sin x
0 X
–2
–1 y=sin x–1
–3
–4 –2
–5
7. Y
Y′ y=loge x+1
y=log x
2. Y
5 y=x2 –1
X
0 1
4
3
2
1 8. Y
y=loge x
X′ X
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5
–1 X
0 1
–2
–3 y=loge x–1

–4
–5
Y′
Exercise for Session 2
3. Y y=x3+1 1. (i) f (x + 1) is shown as
y=x3 Y
1
1 1
X X
0 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2
–1

4. (ii) f (x − 1) is shown as
Y y=x3
Y
y=x3–1

X 1
1 0 X
–1 –2 –1 0 1 2 3
–1
236 Textbook of Differential Calculus

(iii) − f (x) is shown as Exercise for Session 3

Y
1. Graph for f (x)
1 Y
1 2 2
X
–2 –1 0
–1
1

0
(iv) f (− x) is shown as –1 –1 1 2 X
— 1
2 —
Y 2
–1
1
(i) | f (x)| is shown as
X Y
–2 –1 0 1 2
–1 2

(v) 2 f (x) is shown as 1

Y
X
2 –1 –1
—
0 1 1
—
2
2 2
1
X
–1 0 1 2 (ii) f (| x |) is shown as
–1 Y
–2 2

1
1
(vi) f (x) is shown as X
2 –2 –1 O 1/2 1 2
Y –1

–2
1
1/2 (iii) Y Y
X 1 1
–2 –1 0 1 2
–1/2
0 X X
–2 –1 1 2 –2 –1 0 1 2
–1
–1
Graph for f (| x |) − 1 Graph for | f (| x |) − 1 |
(vii) f (2x) is shown as
Y 2. (i) y = | x2 − 2x − 3| = |(x − 3)(x + 1)|
1 Y
X
–1 –1/2 0 1/2 1
–1
X
–1 0 3

(viii) f   is shown as
x
 2 (ii) y = (x + 1)(x − 3 ) = x2 − 2x − 3, y = x2 − 2| x|−3
Y
Y

1
X X
–4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 –3 0 3
–1

–3
 Chap 04 Graphical Transformations 237

(iii) y =|log2 x| (x) y = cos | x |

Y Y

1
–π/2 π/2
X
–3π/2 0 3π/2
1 X
0
y = log 2 x

(iv) y =| log2 | x|| 3. (i) | f (x)| = log 2 x

Y Y

X
X 0 1
–1 0 1

(v) y = log2 (1 − x) ⇒ y = log2 |1 − x |

(ii) | f (x)| = log2 (− x)
Y
Y

0 X
1
X
–1 0

(vi) y = log2 (2 − x)2= 2 log2 | 2 − x |

4. sin πx = |log e | x||
Y
Y

y= loge x

X
0 1 2 3 X
–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5
y=sin px

∴ Number of solutions is 6.
5. (i) 2 | x | = sin x2
(vii) y =|cos| x ||
Y
1 Y
|x|
2 =y

π π 3π X
–3π –— 0 — —
— 2 2 2 1
2
X
–√π 0 √π

(viii) y = 2 − 2x ⇒ y = |2 − 2x |
Y
2 ∴No solution
1 (ii) sin x = x2 + x + 1
0 X
1
Y
(ix) y = sin| x |
y=x2+x+1
Y

1 1
y=sin x
X X
–2π –π 0 π 2π 0
–1 –1

∴No solution
238 Textbook of Differential Calculus

Exercise for Session 4 (v) y = sin −1 (sin | x|)

1. (i) Here, f (x) = [ x2 ]

Y
π
y=
2
3

2 y=0
3π –π – π
–
π
π 3π
2 2 2 2
1 π
y =–
X′ X 2
–
√3 – √2 –1 O 1 √2 √3

(vi) y = [cos−1 x]
Y
Y′
π
(ii) Here, f (x) = [| x|] –2
Y
1

X′ X
–1 O 1

X′ X
O

Y′
Y′ (vii) f (x) = cos (x − [ x])

(iii) f (x) = [(x − 2)] Y

y = cos (x –[x])
Y

X′ X
2 –π O 1 π2
2 2
1
y = cos x
X′ X Y′
O 1 2

(viii) f (x) = [sin −1 (sin x)]

Y
Y′
π
(iv) f (x) = [| x|−2] y=2
Y 1
X′ X
–π –π
– 3π –π π 3π
0
2 2 2 2
π
X′ X y =–2
O

Y′

Y′
 Chap 04 Graphical Transformations 239

2. Here, f (x)= min(x – [x],–x–[–x]) 6. (b) 7. (b) 8. (b, c, d) 9. (a, b, c, d)

Y 10. (a, c, d) 11. (a) 12. (a) 13. (b)
–2 14. (a) 15. (d) 16. (c) 17. (b) 18. (3)
19. (4) 20. (3) 21. 0 22. 5 23. 1
1  1 , 0 < x≤ 1
 64 8
X′ X 
24. 0 25. 4 sq units 26. f (x) =  2 1
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4 x , < x≤ 1
–1  8

–2  x3 , x > 1
Y′ x, 0≤ x≤ 1

3. (i) 4 sq units (ii) 1 sq unit (iii) 2 sq units 27. f (x) = 2 − x, 1 < x ≤ 2
 0, x> 2

Chapter Exercises
28. D = R / {(0,1], 2, 3, 4, [ 5, 6}.
1. (a) 2. (b) 3. (b) 4. (b) 5. (b)

= 2− x
x
3. Given, 3

Solutions The graph of y = 3 x

and y = 2 − x
Y 3
x
is shown below

2– x

− x =0 ⇒e = x
x x
1. Given, e X′ X
–2 O 2
Now, the number of solution will be the point of intersection
of y = e and y = x .
x
Y′
Both of the curves shown below Clearly, both the curve intersect of two points.
e–x ex ∴ Number of solutions is 2.
Y
4. Given, x − x 2 − 1 = 2x − 3 − x 2
y=x
Let f ( x ) = x − x 2 − 1 and g( x ) = 2 x − 3 − x 2
)
(0 ,1
First we draw the graph of f ( x ) and g ( x )
X′ X
(0, 0) then, transforms it into | f ( x )| and | g( x )|.
2
 1  3
Here, f ( x ) = x − x 2 − 1 = y ⇒  x −  = − y + 
 2  4
Y′  1 3
Clearly, it represents a parabola having vertex  − , −  .
Clearly, from the graph we see that the both curves do not  2 4
intersect. Also, g( x ) = 2 x − 3 − x 2 = y ⇒ ( x − 1 ) 2 = − (y + 2 )
∴ No solution.
It also represent a parabola having vertex (1, − 2 ).
2. Given, 3 − x
−2
x
=0 ⇒3
− x
=2
x

− x
The graph of both curve is given below
Now, we plot the graph y = 3 Y
and y = 2
x
as shown below 3

Y x 2
2
1
X′ X
–3 –2 –1 1 2 3
–1
X′ X 1 , –3
O –x 2 4
3 x – x2–1 –2
(1, –2)

–3 2x– 3– x2

Y′
Y′
Clearly, the two curves intersect at one points. Clearly, both the curves intersect at only one point.
Hence, the number of solutions is 1. ∴ Number of solutions is 1.
240 Textbook of Differential Calculus

5. Given, e x = m (m + 1) Clearly, the curve y = x 2 − 2 intersect the curves y = [sin x ] at

two points ( 2, 0 ) and ( − 1, − 1 ).
ex
Y ∴ Therefore, the solution has exactly one integer root and one
irrational root.
 1
X′ X 9. Given, f ( x ) = x − [ x ] − 2 , x ∉ I
 0, x ∈I
Y′ and g( x ) = max{ x , f ( x ), | x| }
2

Clearly, for m < − 1, it will represent a straight line parallel to First we draw the graph of x 2, f ( x ) and | x| as shown below
X -axis which intersect the e x at only one point. Y
x2 x
Hence, exactly one real root.
6. Given, 1 − x = [cos x ]
The graph of both the curves is given below
Y
y =1–x f(x)
X′ 1 2 X
–3 –2 –1 O 3
1
y =–
2

X′ X
3π π π 3π 2π
–2π – 2 – 2 2 2
Y′

Clearly, from the graph

Y′
 x 2, −2 ≤ x ≤ −1
y = 1 − x intersect the graph of y = [cos x ] at exactly two  1
points.  1 − x, − 1 < x ≤ −
 4
∴ Number of solutions is 2. g( x ) = 1 + x, − 1 < x < 0
7. Given, 1 + 3 x /2 = 2 x 2 4
The graph is shown below 1 + x, 0 ≤ x <1
 2
x/2
3 +1  x , 1 ≤ x ≤2
2x
Y  −1 −2 ≤ x < 0
10. f ( x ) = 
) x − 1, 0 < x ≤ 2
(0, 2
g( x ) = f (| x| ) + | f ( x )|
(0, 1) The graph of f ( x ) is shown below
X′ X Y
O
1
Y′ X′ X
–2 –1 0 1 2
Clearly, both the curves intersect at one point. y = –1
–1
8. Given, x 2 − 2 = [sin x ]
The graph of two curves is given below Y′
Y ∴ g( x ) = | f ( x )| + f (| x| ) is shown below
Y
1

X′ X
–2π
O π π 3π 2π X′
0 1
X
–2 –1 2
2 2
–1

(0, –2)

Y′ Y′
 Chap 04 Graphical Transformations 241

Clearly, from the graph  f ( x ), − 3 ≤ x < − 1

 − x, −2 ≤ x ≤ 0  − 1, −1 ≤ x < 0

 Now, g( x ) = 
g( x ) =  0, 0 < x <1 0 ≤ x ≤2
 0,
2( x − 1 ) 1 < x ≤ 2  f ( x ), 2 < x ≤3

11. We have the graph of y = tan x as shown below The graph of g( x ) is shown below
Y
y = tan x

X′ –2 –1 X

–π O π
2 2 –1
Y′
x 2 + 2 x , − 3 ≤ x < − 1

 − 1, −1 ≤ x < 0
Clearly, from the graph it is symmetrical about the origin. g( x ) = 
 0, 0 ≤ x ≤2
Also, derivative of an odd function is an even function and
 x 2 − 2 x, 2 < x <3
sec 2 x is derivative of tan x.
Hence, both the statements are true and Statement II is a 13. For x ∈ ( − 1, 0), f ( x ) + g( x ) = x 2 + 2x − 1
correct explanation of Statement I. 14. Obviously, the graph is broken at x = 0, i.e. in one point.
12. We know that, the number of point of intersection of two 15. Clearly, h1( x ) = f (| g( x )| ) = sin 2 x has period π, range [ 0, 1] and
curve is the real solutions of the equation involving these
functions. domain R.
Also, || x − 2| + a| = 4 16. h2( x ) = | f ( g( x ))|
⇒ | x − 2| = ± 4 − a The graph for h2( x ) is
Y x–2 Y

y = f(x)

X
X′ O 2

X′ X
O π π 2π 3π
Y′ 2
For four real roots 4 − a > 0 and − 4 − a > 0
Y′
⇒ a ∈ ( − ∞, − 4 )
It is clear from the graph that the function is periodic with
Both Statement I and Statement II are correct and Statement II
period 2π and has range [0, 2].
is the correct explanation of Statement I
1
Sol. ([Link]. 13 to 14) 17. Let y = tan x = 2
x
Here, f1( x ) = x 2 1
We plot the graph for tan x and 2 as shown below
f 2( x ) = | x | x
or f ( x ) = f1( x ) − 2 f 2( x )
Y
= x 2 − 2| x|
2
Graph for f ( x ) 0.5
Y 1
f(x) = 1/x2
0.5
X′ π 3π/2 X
π/2 2π
–0.5
–1
O –1.5
X′ X
–2 –1 1 2 –2
Y′

Y′ From the graph, it is clear that, it will have two real roots.
(b) 2 cos x = |sin x|, x ∈[ 0, 2π ]
242 Textbook of Differential Calculus

Plotting the graph ofy = 2 cos x andy = |sin x |, as shown below 1

19. Here, x sin x = 1 or y = sin x =
x
Y
The roots of Eq. (i) will be given by the points of intersection
y = 2cos x 1
2 of the graphs y = sin x and y = , which is shown below.
x
Y
y = 1/x
1
y = sin x 3
2
2
X
1
O π/2 π 3π/2 2π
X′ π/2 π/2 π X
–2π –3π–2–π 3π/2 2π
–1
y = sin x
–2
From the graph we see that the two curve meet at four
points for x ∈[ 0, 2π ]. –3
So, the equation 2 cos x = |sin x| has four solutions. Y′

(c) Given, f (| x| ) = 0 has a real root or f ( x ) = 0 has four Graphically, it is clear that the given equation has four roots.
positive roots. Since, f ( x ) is a polynomial of degree 5,
 π 
f ( x ) cannot have even number of real roots. Hence, f ( x ) 20. In  − , 0 , the graph of y = tan x lies below the line y = x,
 2 
has all the five roots real and one root is negative.
 π
(d) Here, 7| x| (|5 − | x|| ) = 1 or |5 − | x|| = 7 −| x| which is the tangent at x = 0 and in  0,  , it lies above the
 2
Draw the graph of y = 7 −| x| and y = |5 − | x|| line y = x.
Y y = tan x
Y y = mx
y=x
5
y=5–x (–π/2, 0)
X′ X
O (π/2, 0)

1
Y′
X
–5 5  π 
For m > 1, the line y = mx lie, below y = x in  − , 0 and
y =7– x  2 
From the graph, the number of real roots is 4.  π
above y = x in  0,  .
Hence, a → q; b → s; c → p; d → s.  2
18. Let f ( x ) = x + 2| x + 1| + 2| x − 1| Thus, graph of y = tan x and y = mx, m > 1, meet at three
 x − 2( x + 1 ) − 2( x − 1 ), x < −1  − 3 x, x < −1  π π
  points including x = 0 in  − ,  independent of m.
=  x + 2( x + 1 ) − 2( x − 1 ), − 1 ≤ x ≤ 1 = x + 4, − 1 ≤ x ≤ 1  2 2
x + 2( x + 1 ) + 2( x − 1 ), x >1  5 x, x >1 x2
  21. We have, =1
The graph of f ( x ) is shown below 1 −| x − 2|
Y x2 x2
(i) When x ≥ 2, =1⇒ =1
1 − (x − 2) 3−x
Y
7
6 4
5
3
4
3 2
2 1
1 X
X′ X 3 2 1 1 2 3 4
–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3

Y′
Clearly, from the graph, y = k can intersect y = f ( x ) at exactly ⇒ x 2 = 3 − x, x ≠ 3
one point only if k = 3.
No point of intersection.
 Chap 04 Graphical Transformations 243

x2 x2 24. Now, | x + y | = 1
(ii) When x < 2, =1⇒ =1
1 − (2 − x ) −1 + x ⇒ x + y = ±1 …(i)
⇒ x 2 = −1 + x , x ≠ 1 and | x − y| = 1
Y ⇒ x − y = ±1 …(ii)
Also, |y | = x − [x ]
4 ⇒ ± y = x − [x ]
Here, we see that there is no point of intersection between the
3 two curves.
2 Here, no ordered pair of ( x, y ) satisfy the given equations.

1
Y max (|x+y|,|x–y|=1
X 3
–4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4
–1 2
y=x–[x]

X′ X
–3 –2 –1 1 2 3
No point of intersection. –y=x–[x]
–1
Here, the number of solution is zero. –2
22. Given, tan 4x = cos x –3
The number of solutions will be the point of intersection of Y′
curves y = tan 4 x and cos x
The graph of y = tan 4 x and y = cos x is given below. 25. We have, | x + y − 1| +|2x + y + 1| = 1
Y ⇒ ± ( x + y − 1 ) ± (2 x + y + 1 ) = 1
(i) ( x + y − 1 ) + (2 x + y + 1 ) = 1
tan 4x 1
⇒ 3 x + 2y = 1 …(i)
(ii) + ( x + y − 1 ) − (2 x + y + 1 ) = 1
X′ X
⇒ −x = 3 …(ii)
0 π π 3π π 5π 3π 7π π
8 4 8 2 8 4 8 cos x
(iii) −( x + y − 1 ) + (2 x + y + 1 ) = 1
–1 ⇒ x = −1 …(iii)
(iv) −( x + y − 1 ) − ( +2 x + y + 1 ) = 1
Y′ ⇒ −3 x − 2y = 1 …(iv)

3x+2y=1
From the graph, it is clear that both curve intersect at five points.
Y
∴Number of solutions is 5.
3x+2y=–1
23. Given, [sin − 1 x ] = x − [ x ] 4

The number of solution will be the point of intersection of 3

y = [sin − 1 x ] and y = x − [ x ] = { x }
2
The graph is shown below
1
π X′ X
2 sin–1x –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5
1 –1

–2

–3 –2 –1 1 2 3 x=–3 x=–1 –3
[sin–1x] –4
–1
–π –π
2 Y′
−3
∴ Area of shaded region = ∫ [(3 x + 2y − 1 ) − (3 x + 2y + 1 )]dx
−1
Clearly, the two graphs intersect at only one point. −3
= ∫ − 2 dx = −2 [ x ]−−31 = −2 [ −3 + 1 ] = 4 sq units
∴ Number of solutions is 1. −1
244 Textbook of Differential Calculus

 1 Y
26. Given, f ( x ) = max x 3, x 2, , ∀ x ∈ ( 0, ∞ ) 6
 64 
5
1
Now, we draw the graph for the curves y = x 3, y = x 2 and y = 4
64
3 2 3
Y y =x y =x
2
1
X
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
1
y=
64
X′ X We see that the value of (graph A + graph B) is 4 for the
O 1,1,1
84 following values of x : ( 0, 1 ], {2, 3, 4 }, [5, 6 ).
Hence, domain D = R / {( 0, 1 ], 2, 3, 4, [5, 6 )}.
29. Let us first draw the graph for y = { x }. Now, { x } is the same
Y′ as x for 0 ≤ x < 1. In this interval, { x } will be the same as x .
Y
1 1
,0<x≤ 1
64 8
 1 X′ X
Clearly, from the graph f ( x ) =  x 2, < x < 1 0 1
 8
 x 3, x > 1 Y′
 We can easily see that this same curve will be repeated in every
27. The line through ( 0, 0) and (1, 1) has slope m = 1 and y-intercept previous and subsequent unit interval, since { x } is the same in all
such intervals. Hence, we obtain the graph of y = { x }.
b = 0, so its equation is y = x. Thus, for the part of the graph f
that joins ( 0, 0 ) to (1, 1 ), we have f ( x ) = x, if 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 Y
The line through (1, 1 ) and (2, 0 ) has slope m = − 1, so its point 1
slope form is y − 0 = ( − 1 ) ( x − 2 ) or y = 2 − x.
So, we have f ( x ) = 2 − x, if 1 < x ≤ 2
X
We also see that the graph of f coincides with the X -axis for –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4
x >2. Putting this information together, we have the following
 x, if 0 ≤ x ≤ 1
 Now, we can easily draw y = { x } by taking a reflection in
three-piece formula for f ( x ) = 2 − x, if 1 < x ≤ 2
 0, if x > 2 the X -axis.

Y
28. The denominator is a bit complicated and we need to analyse it
in detail to determine, where it can become zero. 1
The fastest and easiest way would be to visualise the graph.
Draw the graphs for x − 1 and 5 − x , apply the greatest X′ X
integer function of these graphs separately, then add them and –2 –1 0 1 2 3
find the values of x for which this sum becomes 4. For these
–1
values of x, the denominator of f ( x ) becomes 0. Y′
Y
Y 30. In any interval n ≤ x < n + 1 , (where n is an integer) [x] has
x–1 the value n. In any interval, therefore the graph of
1 (Graph A)
X Þ X y = − [ x ] + { x } will be the graph of { x } − integer n.
1 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5
e.g. 0 ≤ x < 1 ⇒ y = { x } ; 1 ≤ x < 2 ⇒ y = −1 + { x } ;

Y
−1 ≤ x < 0 ⇒ y = 1 + { x }. The graph is drawn below
4
(Graph B) Y
Y 3
2
5 2
5–x 1
XÞ X
5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 X
–1 O 1 2

Now, add the graphs of A and B point by point –1