CHAPTER -1

INTRODUCTION
Background of the study:
“Survivors are not defined by their trauma. They are defined by their fight to
reclaim their lives.”
– Jessica Harper
Sexual abuse, referred to as molestation, is usually undesired sexual behavior by one
person upon another. It is often perpetrated using or by taking advantage of another
when force is immediate of short duration or infrequent, it is called sexual assault. The
offender is referred to as a sexual abuser or molester. Sexual abuse is any sort of non-
consensual sexual1.

Childhood is an important stage in human life and the best time to develop spiritual,
intellectual and emotional traits. Children must be treated well and properly fed,
because they are the future assets of society and can give full play to the role of human
beings. School-age development describes the anticipated physical, emotional, and
intellectual skills of kids among the age period of 6 and 12. The behaviour of school-
age children is an important indicator of adaptation at this stage of development;
however, not all children are successful, and externalized or internalized behavioural
problems may occur in the family and/or school. children and adolescents who are
victims of domestic violence have possible risk factors for psychopathology,
namely family conflicts, mental health problems within the family, gender-based
violence between parents, family links with drug trafficking and criminal behaviour,
and abuse of consumption Alcohol from parents or legal guardians, etc.2

The World Health Organization (WHO) states that one fourth of girls sexually abused.
There is a large child population in India and large percentage of this population is
vulnerable to exploitation. There is also inadequate information about the extent of
child abuse in the country. The present study was supported by Ms. Yaiphabee
Abujamand, Prof. A. Santham Lillypel., (2017) who conducted a quasi-experimental
study to compare effectiveness of structured teaching programme on knowledge
regarding good touch and bad touch among children they found significant
improvement in knowledge of subjects regarding good touch and bad touch.3
India is home to 19% of the world's children. As per the 2001 census, about 440 million
individuals in India were below 18 years of age and constitute 42% of total population.
A total of 33,098 cases of sexual abuse in children were reported in the nation during
the year 2011 when compared to 26,694 reported in 2010 which increased by 24%. A
total of 7,112 cases of child rape were reported during 2011 as equated to 5,484 in 2010
depicting a growth by 29.7%. India has the world's largest number of CSA cases: For
every 155th minute a child, less than 16 years is raped, for every 13th hour child under
10, and one in every 10 children sexually Studies propose that over 7,200 children,
including infants, are raped every year and it is believed that several cases go
unreported. It is estimated by the government that 40% of India's children are
susceptible to threats like being homeless, trafficking, drug abuse, forced labor, and
crime In India, every second child is being exposed to one or the other form of sexual
abuse and every fifth child faces critical forms of it. 4

Sexual abuse is a from of exploitation in which an adult or older adolescent engages

with a youngster for personal sexual satisfaction. Various forms of sexual abuse
encompass involving children in sexual behaviours by pressure, solicitation, indecent
exposure , or compelling them to display their genitalia or breasts, as well as child
pornography. Sexual abuse encompass anal or vaginal penetration, classified as contact
offenses, while non-contact offenses comprise the sexual exploitation of children.
Sexual abuse extents detrimental, extensive effects on victims. A child is legally
referred to as a minor, denoting an individual who has not attained the age of majority.
Sexual assault constitutes a particularly hideous from of trauma, engendering profound
shame in the victim. Victims of sexual assault at this period are typically too immature
to articulate their experiences and hesitate to ask for assistance. 5

This study is conducted to check the effectiveness of video-assisted teaching program

among adolescent knowledge and perception regarding mental health conditions at
selected school of Bhopal. It has been observed that the number of cases related to
mental health issues is rapidly increasing amongst youths, thus necessitating focused
interventions in terms of awareness, understanding, and positive perceptions regarding
mental health. A quantitative study design was employed in the research whereby 40
adolescent participants were purposively selected to be evaluated on their knowledge
and perceptions both before and after the intervention. Initial appraisal revealed that
87.5% of the participants have moderate knowledge, while 10% have inadequate
knowledge, and only 2.5% have adequate knowledge. Additionally, compared to 45%
of students who have favorable views on mental health, 55% of them have negative
views. Significant progress was seen following the video-assisted instruction program:
the mean increase.6

The researcher report that researching sexual abuse among school children in Tripura
is crucial due to the alarming prevalence rates and long-term consequences for victims.
Here's why this topic warrants attention. Studies indicate that 18.1% of children in
Tripura experience sexual violence, with female children being more likely to be
victims. Children in Tripura, especially girls, are at risk due to various factors, including
family dynamics, poverty, and lack of awareness. Sexual abuse can lead to physical,
emotional, and psychological trauma, affecting victims' self-esteem, relationships, and
overall well-being. Educating children, parents, and teachers about appropriate
boundaries, good touch, and bad touch is essential for prevention. Strengthening
support systems, such as counseling services and video assisted teaching programme
can help victims receive the help they need.

NEED OF THE STUDY

“Our children are our greatest treasure. They are our future. Those
who abuse them tear at the fabric of our society and weaken our
nation”

Nelson Mandela

child sexual abuse (CSA) is recognized as a serious violation of human well-being and
of the law, no community has yet developed mechanisms that ensure that none of their
youth will be sexually abused. CSA is, sadly, an international problem of great
magnitude that can affect children of all ages, sexes, races, ethnicities, and
socioeconomic classes. Upon invitation, this current publication aims at providing a
brief overview of a few lessons we have learned from CSA scholarly research as to
heighten awareness of mental health professionals on this utmost important and
widespread social problem. This overview will focus on the prevalence of CSA, the
associated mental health outcomes, and the preventive strategies to prevent CSA from
happening in the first place.7

Sexual abuse is common among all the age groups, cultural and socio-economic strata’s
of society. It occurs in homes, schools, the workplace and other public places by family
members, neighbours, teachers, supervisors, and schoolmates and, on occasion,
strangers. As a taboo subject, sexual abuse is rarely reported or studied. Hence it is
difficult to estimate how many adolescents and young people suffer from sexual abuse,
violence, coercion, incest, rape or sexual trafficking. Nevertheless, evidence suggests
that a disturbingly large number of adolescent girls and boys are subjected to coercion
in South Asia Sexual abuse and exploitation of adolescent and youth occurs when an
adolescent or adult takes advantage for sexual purposes, including for participation in
prostitution, pornographic performances and in the production of pornography. Sexual
abuse and exploitation is perpetrated on adolescence.8

According to WHO an estimate of 40 million children worldwide are victims of child

abuse every year. The WHO (2007) estimated that 150 millions girls and 73 million
boys under 18 have forced of sexual violence. Statistics shows there are many occurred
incidence on sexual abuse among children and it mainly due to ignorance regarding
good touch and bad touch and also out of fear the children's are not revealing the truth
and hence the aim of the study to assess knowledge on prevention of child sexual abuse
among school children.9

The World Health Organization estimates that up to 1 billion children aged 2-17 years
have experienced physical, sexual, or emotional violence or neglect in the past year. In
the USA, 1 in 5 girls and 1 in 20 boys are victims of child sexual abuse. In the US, 28%
of youth aged 14-17 have been sexually victimized. In India, the prevalence of all forms
of child abuse is extremely high, with 66% of physical abuse, 50% of sexual abuse, and
50% of emotional abuse. In 2021, 4,469 cases were filed under the Protection of
Children from Sexual Offences Act (POCSO) Act in Tamil Nadu, ranking fourth in the
country for crimes against children, particularly girls. To prevent sexual abuse against
female children, it is crucial for parents to have adequate knowledge of types of abuse,
reporting personnel, and ways to protect children from sexual abuse.10

Child abuse in India is focused with regards to abuse has generally been in the more
public domain such as child labour, prostitution, marriage etc. Intra-family abuse or
abuse that takes place in institutions such as schools or government homes has received
minimal attention. Numbers of cases of child abuse in the home are hard to attain
because most of these crimes goes to unreported. Societal abuse that are a result of
poverty such as malnutrition, lack of education, poor health, neglect are recognized in
various forms by the Indian legal system. But India does not have a law that protects
children against abuse in the home. Mal-treatment of care givers has the potential to
emotionally and mentally harm children to a very different degree. Studies in intra
familial child abuse in the US have shown correlation to delinquency, crime, teenage
pregnancy and other psychosocial problems.11

PROBLEM STATEMENT

A Study to evaluate the effectiveness of video assisted teaching programme on

knowledge regarding sexual abuse among the school children of selected Higher
Secondary schools, Agartala West Tripura.

AIM OF THE STUDY

To assess the effectiveness of video assisted Teaching Programme on sexual abuse,

among the School Children of selected schools, Agartala West Tripura.

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

The objectives of the Study are:

[Link] assess the existing knowledge score regarding sexual abuse among school
children.

[Link] assess the effectiveness of video assisted teaching programme on knowledge

regarding sexual abuse among school children of selected school Agartala west
Tripura.

[Link] find out the association between pre test knowledge of children regarding sexual
abuse with selected demographic variables.

OPERATIONAL DEFINITION:
Sexual Abuse: Actual or threatened physical intrusion of a sexual nature, whether

by force or under unequal or coercive conditions.

Effectiveness: In this study effectiveness refers to the extent to which the video

assisted teaching will achieve the desire result in increasing knowledge on sexual abuse

among school children in terms of post test knowledge score

School Children: School children who refers in these content are the individual

between the age of who are 11- 18 years if puberty and proper age attending

educational institutions and who are legally recognized as minors.

Knowledge: It refers to information collected by researcher from the subjects by

administrating structured questionnaire

Video assisted teaching programme: It is a strategic teaching approach using

video to prepare school children (11-18 years) regarding sexual abuse

VARRIABLES

a) Dependent variables: Knowledge on sexual abuse among school children

b) Independent variables: Video assisted teaching programme

c) Demographic variables: Age, gender, class , previous experience about

sexual abuse , source of information than if yes , attended any sexual abuse
among school children programme.
ASSUMPTIONS

1. School children will not have adequate knowledge regarding sexual abuse.

2. Video assisted teaching programme may help to increase knowledge regarding

sexually abuse.

3. Demographic variables may influence the knowledge regarding Sexual abuse

among school children

RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

H1: : There will be a significant difference between the mean pre test knowledge

scores and mean post test knowledge score regarding sexually abuse among school

children

H2: There will be a significant association between the level of pre test knowledge
score on sexually abuse among school children with their selected demographic
Variables.

DELIMITATIONS

1. Sexual abuse between the age group of 11-18 years of selected higher

secondary school

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

The Conceptual framework includes one or more formal theories ( in Part of Whole )
as well as other concepts and empirical findings from the literature. So researcher using
general theory as a unifying theoretical framework for science and technology
education for all . A broad research agenda for exploring and drawing out the
educational implication of system thinking and simulated is outline. The Study of both
real and simulated learning environment is advocated
The conceptual model developed for the study is based on Ludwig Von Bertalanffy
General System Model (1968). It provides a comprehensive, systemic and continuously
ongoing frame work for programme evaluation. General System model explain about
the programme development, utilization and programme evaluation.

General System Theory is useful in breaking the whole process in parts to ensure goal
realization. The number of parts of the system is totally dependent on what is needed
to accomplish the goal. Purpose or goal or aim is essential for any system to function.
The aim of the study is to improve the knowledge regarding sexual abuse among school
children.

SUMMURY

This Chapter i.e Chapter -1 , is an introductory chapter of the research proposal. Which

has outlined the background , need, problem statement , objectives, operational

definitions, assumptions, research hypothesis, delimitations, Conceptual framework

etc. In Short , this chapter will have in understanding the rationale , philosophy and

thematic aspect behind the research.

 CHAPTER -II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

A literature review is an evaluative report of information found in the literature related

to selected area of study. The review describes, Summarizes, evaluates and Clarifies

this literature. It gives a theoretical base for the research and helps to determine the

nature of research.

-(Queensland University),1999

- S.K Sharma

A. Hina (2024) Conducted a study to assess the effectiveness of structured teaching

programme on knowledge regarding sexual abuse and its prevention among adolescent
girls studying in selected higher secondary School Kalol city, Gandhinagar. In this,
majority 52(86.66%.) of the sample were in the age group of 14-16 years, 8(13.33%)
of the sample were in the age group of 12-14 years, 60(100%) sample were female,
majority 56(93.33%) of the sample were Hindu. In pre-test of sexual abuse result was
subject highest percentage 15% were poor,73.33% were good, 11.66% were very good,
0% were excellent and post test result was subject highest percentage 55% were
excellent;30% were very good; 15% were very good; 0% were poor. The mean score
of pre-tests was 6.67 and mean score of post- tests was 17.21 it indicates that the 10.54
knowledge in these students.12

Jasmine K.P.&, Dr. A. Hameed (2013) conducted a study of childhood abuse

experiences among 1277 students of high schools and universities indicates that a
high reported prevalence of physical abuse (21%), emotional abuse (10.8%), sexual
abuse (12.6%), physical neglect (20%) and emotional neglect (30.6%). Both male and
female affected sexual abuse. A study of child abuse awareness conducted by Usha &
Remitha (2009) reveals that boys and girls significantly differ in their awareness
about child abuse. Girls have more awareness than boys. Rural and Urban students
also differ significantly in the awareness of child abuse. Gafoor & Gifty (2013)
conducted a study Child Abuse in relation to Anxiety in Idukki District indicates that
97.7% children undergo severe or mild form of abuses. Teacher is the most frequent
abusers in the total Child Abuse. The study reveals that the majority of abuses take
place also within the family environment except sexual abuse from neighbours. All
types of child abuses except sexual abuse and child labour ,more among in boys than
girls. There is significant and positive relation between child abuses of all types,
except child labour, and student’s Anxiety13

[Link] Ozcevik , S. Aylin Akca et al. (2024) Conducted a study to assess the
effectiveness of school-based interventions on child sexual abuse knowledge in
children with disabilities: Systematic review and meta-analysis . This systematic
review and meta-analysis aimed to identify and evaluate the effectiveness of school-
based interventions in enhancing child sexual abuse (CSA) knowledge among CWDs.
The school-based intervention greatly impacted CWDs' CSA knowledge scores
(Hedges's g = 1.026 [95% CI: 0.845; 1.208], z = 11.074, p = 0.000). The findings of
this meta-analysis demonstrate that Questionnaire/scale-based knowledge
measurement (Hedges's g = 2.586 [95% CI: 0.920; 4.252], z = 3.043, P = 0.002) and
Vignette-based knowledge measurement (Hedges's g = 1.065 [95% CI: 0.655; 1.474],
z = 5.100, p = 0.000) are effective in assessing CWDs' knowledge of CSA.14

M. Sharmila Conducted a study for the awareness of child sexual abuse among
secondary School Students in Kathmandu District explores the awareness among
community and institutional school students on child sexual abuse (CSA). The study
population was 120 students studying in class 8 and 9 from two institutional and two
community schools. The numbers of male respondents were slightly higher than female
respondents in both institutional and community schools (51.5% in institutional and
52.1% in community schools). 66% in community and 86.3% in community schools
answered that raping the child and exposing abuser’s body parts to a child is sexual
abuse of the child. Children perceive only serious forms or rape as sexual abuse while
they are mostly ignorant that less serious types are also sexual abuse. 15

[Link] Che, [Link] Noor [Link] (2022) Conducted a study to assess the
effectiveness of school-based child sexual abuse intervention among school children in
the new millennium era: Systematic review and meta-analyses . School-based child
sexual abuse intervention programs were developed to educate the school children to
protect them from sexual abuse. A total of 29 studies from randomized control trial and
quasi-experimental from several countries was analyzed. Comparisons within group of
pre-post intervention for knowledge, skills, and attitude were measured by standardized
mean difference (SMD) and 95% CI of −1.06 (95% CI: −1.29, −0.84), −0.91 (95% CI:
−1.2, −0.61), and −0.51 (95% CI: −3.61, 0.58), respectively. Meanwhile for between
intervention and control group comparisons, the SMD of knowledge was 0.9 (95% CI:
0.63, 1.18), skills was 0.39 (95% CI: 0.07, 0.71), and attitude was 1.76 (95% CI: 0.46,
3.07).16

N Jojo P Nattala [Link] (2023) conducted a study to assess the effectiveness of

Knowledge of sexual abuse and resistance ability among children with intellectual
disability. This study aimed to investigate the knowledge of sexual abuse and
resistance ability among children with intellectual disabilities The study was
conducted among 120 children with mild or moderate intellectual disabilities
attending twelve schools for specific purposes.. Current study suggests that children
with intellectual disabilities have average knowledge (M = 6.6, SD = 1.6) regarding
sexual abuse. More than 90 % of children demonstrated poor reporting skills.
Although children exhibited good knowledge in differentiating appropriate from
inappropriate touch requests, most children reported they would not disclose this
incident to anyone. 17
K J Zwi 1, S R Woolfenden, et al( 2007) Conducted a study to assess the
effectiveness of School-based education programmes for the prevention of child
sexual abuse To assess school-based programmes are effective in improving
knowledge about sexual abuse and self-protective behaviours; whether participation
results in an increase in disclosure of sexual abuse and/or produces any harm;
knowledge retention and the effect of programme type or setting. Fifteen trials
measuring knowledge and behaviour change as a result of school-based child sexual
abuse intervention programmes were included. Over half the studies in each initial
meta-analysis contained unit of analysis errors. For behaviour change, two studies had
data suitable for meta-analysis; results favoured intervention (OR 6.76, 95% CI 1.44,
31.84) with moderate heterogeneity (I(2)=56.0%) and did not change significantly
when adjustments using intraclass coefficients were made. Nine studies were included
in a meta-analysis evaluating questionnaire-based knowledge. An increase in
knowledge was found (SMD 0.59; 0.44, 0.74, heterogeneity (I2=66.4%). When
adjusted for an ICC of 0.1 and 0.2 the results were SMD 0.6 (0.45, 0.75) and 0.57
(0.44, 0.71) respectively. Heterogeneity decreased with increasing ICC. A meta-
analysis of four studies evaluating vignette-based knowledge favoured intervention
(SMD 0.37 (0.18, 0.55)) with low heterogeneity (I(2)=0.0%) and no significant
change when ICC adjustments were made.18
Dr Karen Zwi PhD, Dr Sue Woolfenden et al (2007) Conducted a study to assess
School-Based Education Programmes for the Prevention of Child Sexual Abuse . To
assess school-based programmes are effective in improving knowledge about sexual
abuse and self-protective behaviours; whether participation results in an increase in
disclosure of sexual abuse and/or produces any harm; knowledge retention and the
effect of programme type or setting. Fifteen trials measuring knowledge and
behaviour change as a result of school-based child sexual abuse intervention
programmes were included. Over half the studies in each initial meta-analysis
contained unit of analysis errors. For behaviour change, two studies had data suitable
for meta-analysis; results favoured intervention (OR 6.76, 95% CI 1.44, 31.84) with
moderate heterogeneity (I2=56.0%) and did not change significantly when
adjustments using intraclass coefficients were made. Nine studies were included in a
meta-analysis evaluating questionnaire-based knowledge. An increase in knowledge
was found (SMD 0.59; 0.44, 0.74, heterogeneity (I2=66.4%). When adjusted for an
ICC of 0.1 and 0.2 the results were SMD 0.6 (0.45, 0.75) and 0.57 (0.44, 0.71)
respectively. Heterogeneity decreased with increasing ICC. A meta-analysis of four
studies evaluating vignette-based knowledge favoured intervention (SMD 0.37 (0.18,
0.55)) with low heterogeneity (I2=0.0%) and no significant change when ICC
adjustments were made. Meta-analysis of between-group differences of reported
disclosures did not show a statistically significant difference.
Summary:
This Chapter i.e , chapter -II is the second chapter of this synopsis which summarizes

all the previous and contemporary research related to the problem statement. Indeed

all the previous findings and experiences will help in structuring the research and the

pool of resource e will also help is suitably concluding the research findings.
 CHAPTER -III

METHODOLOGY

FRAMEWORK OF RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Statement of Problem- A Study to evaluate the effectiveness of video assisted teaching programme
on sexual abuse among the school children of selected schools, Agartala West Tripura.

Research Approach -Quantative research Approach

Research Design-Pre experimental one group pretest post test research design

Pilot Study- Research Setting Main Study-Pallimangal

Higher Secondary School

,,kkmmm

Target population: The school children between the age group of under 18 years at Pallimangal Higher
Secondary School

Sampling technique: ,,,llll

SAMPLE
simple random sampling Sample Size: 60children

Tools for data collection: Section A socio demographic data and section B knowledge
questionnaire for assess the level of knowledge

Method of data collection---

Pre test---→ Video assisted -→Post test

Analysis – descriptive statistics and inferential statistics

Findings and conclusion

This chapter covers the research design and methodology, including sampling,
Population, establishing rigour during and after data collection, ethical considerations
and data analysis. The research methodology involves a systematic Procedure by
which the research methodology involves a systematic Procedure by which the
researcher had a start from the initial identification of the problem to its final
conclusion.

The present study deals with the steps taken by investigator to assess the effectiveness
of video assisted teaching programme on sexual abuse among the school children of
selected schools, Agartala West Tripura.

RESEARCH APPROACH

The research approach is quantitive research approach

RESEARCH DESIGN
The research design selected for this study is Pre experimental research one group
pretest post test

GROUP PRE TEST INTERVENTION POST TEST

Study Group O1 X O2

Keys
O1- Pre test
O2- Post test
X - video assisted teaching programme on sexual abuse

A single test group was selected and the dependent Variable school children was
measured. Independent Variable video assisted teaching programme intervention was
introduced and again dependent variable school children was measured. The effect of
treatment independent variable would be equal to the level of phenomena mean value
after the nursing intervention.
SETTING OF THE STUDY

Pilot Study

The pilot study will be conducted at at Agartala

Final Study

Final study will be conducted at Pallimangal Higher secondary School at khayerpur

POPULATION

The study population included school children refers to female subjects who are in
age group under 11-18 years at Pallimangal Higher secondary School at khayerpur

Sample

The school children between the age group of 11-18 years above at Pallimangal
Higher secondary School at khayerpur

Sample Size- 60 children

SAMPLING TECHNIQUE

Convenient sampling techniques will be used to select the sample.

CRITERIA FOR SAMPLE SELECTION

Inclusion criteria

>School children With age group under 11-18 years

>School children who are willing to participate in the study

>Student who are able to read and write in Bengali

Exclusion criteria

>Student who are not present on the day of data collection.

>Students who are not having smart phones

Development of research tools

The following tool will be developed and utilized for data collection

Tool 1- Semi-Structured questionnaire for demographic variables

Tool 2 – Structured questionnaire will be prepared to assess the effectiveness of

video assisted teaching programme on sexual abuse among the school children

Validity of tool- The tools will be validated by consultation with various experts

Reliability of tool- Reliability will be tested with appropriate statistics

Data collection method- Questionnaire method

Data collection technique- Paper and pencil technique

Data collection Procedure

• Consent of the participants will be obtained to involve to the study

• Explain the procedure to the subject sample
• Demographic variables will be assessed by structured demographic performa
• Structured knowledge questionnaire will be administered to assess the
effectiveness of video assisted teaching programme on sexual abuse among
the school children
• Video assisted teaching Programme will be conducted on the same day
• Post test will be conducted will same questionnaire after 7 days

Ethical Consideration

Ethical permission will be taken from the principal of the institution

Ethical permission will be taken from institutional ethical committee

Ethical permission will be taken from HOD of Community Health Nursing

Ethical permission will be taken from a selected School

Informed consent will be taken from each participant before collection the data
Plan of data analysis

Frequency and percentage distribution of selected demographic variable

Frequency and percentage distribution of students according to level of knowledge

Evaluate of effectiveness of video assisted teaching programme in terms of

knowledge score of the students
 TIME FRAMEWORK

Research activity Jun jul sep oct nov Dec jan Fab Mar Apr May Jun Jul

Synopsis
preparation

Ethical clearance &

permission

Preparation of the
tools variation

Try out &

reliability,
methodology
presentation

Pilot study, piloy

study presentation,
chapter I,

Chapter II

submission

Data collection

Data analysis and

presentation,
chapter III,IV,V
submission

Correction of the
chapter and final
submission
BUDGET :

Stationary : Approx Rs 8000

Printing : Approx Rs.3000

Convenience : Approx Rs . 1500

Others : Approx Rs. 1500

TOTAL : 15000
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