Strength of Materials I
GEC224
WELCOME TO A REWARDING AND
FULFILLING OMEGA SEMESTER
COURSE INTRODUCTION
Ro t i m i O l o f i n n a d e ( E n g r. )
De par tment of Civil Engineering
C ov e n a n t U n i v e r s i t y
Why do we study Strength of materials?
Anyone concerned with the strength and physical performance
of both natural and man-made structures should study
strength of Materials
Why do we study Strength of materials?
Safety and Cost
Structural integrity of materials is important
Course goal
This course has two specific goals:
(i) To introduce students to different load classification and
concepts of stresses and strain; shear force and bending
moment; and deflection of different structural elements.
(ii) To develop theoretical and analytical skills relevant to the
areas mentioned in (i) above
Objectives
Upon successful completion of this course, students
should be able to:
Understand the various load classification
Understand and solve simple problems involving
stresses and strain under different load conditions.
Understand the difference between statically
determinate and indeterminate structures.
Draw shear force and bending moment diagrams
of simple beams and understand the relationships
between loading intensity, shearing force and
bending moment.
Calculate the deflection of beams
Course Outline
Forces,
Moments
General concept; Hooke’s law, Compression and
Tension stresses and strains due to loading and
temperature change, stress – strain relationship
Shear stress, Poisson ratio, Principles of
superposition and Composite Materials
Shear forces and bending moments.
Deflection of beams,
Equilibrium of simple structures and machine parts
Assessment
Continuous assessment =15marks
Mid semester Test = 15marks
End of semester examination = 70%
To sit for the final examination, 75% attendance
record will be required
Text: Relevant texts are available at the library, please make
use of them,….
You are expected to attend classes and participate actively in
all class assignments, quizzes, class works, and tests
Personal study is very important for you as a student
Lateness to class is not allowed, and distraction of any kinds
when class lectures is on is also not allowed
Late submission is not accepted
Introduction
Engineering Mechanics is usually subdivided into a
number of topics such as;
1. Solid Mechanics
2. Fluid Mechanics
3. Heat Transfer
4. Properties of materials
Introduction
The solid mechanics as a subject may be defined as
a branch of applied mechanics that deals with
behaviours of solid bodies subjected to various types
of loads. This is usually subdivided into further two
aspects i.e.
Mechanics of rigid bodies and
Mechanics of deformable solids ( also refers to as
strength of materials)
Introduction
Mechanics of rigid bodies:
The mechanics of rigid bodies is primarily
concerned with the static and dynamic behaviour
under external forces of engineering components
and systems which are treated as infinitely strong
and undeformable. Primarily we deal here with the
forces and motions associated with particles and
rigid bodies.
Introduction
Mechanics of deformable solids:
The mechanics of deformable solids is more
concerned with the internal forces and associated
changes in the geometry of the components
involved. The subject of strength of materials is
central to the whole activity of engineering design.
Usually the objectives in analysis here will be the
determination of the stresses, strains, and
deflections produced by
loads.
Engineering Mechanics
Rigid Body Deformable Body Fluid
Mechanics Mechanics Mechanics
Strength of
Statics Materials
GEC224
Dynamics
What is Strength of Materials?
Study of “internal” effects (stresses and strains) caused by
external loads (forces and moments) acting on a
deformable body/structure
Also known as: mechanics of Materials or Mechanics of Solids
or Mechanics of Deformable Bodies
Determines:
[Link] of members (determined by stress at failure)
[Link] of components (determined by strain)
[Link] (or rigidity) (i.e. ability to resist deformation; load
needed to cause a specific deformation; determined by the
stress-strain relationship)
[Link] of members (i.e. ability to avoid rapidly growing
deformations caused by an initial disturbance; e.g.,
buckling)
Strength of Materials deals with the behaviour of solid
bodies subjected to various types of loading.
Compression Tension Bending Torsion Shearing
(stretched) (twisted)
Fundamental Concepts
• stress and strain
• deformation and
displacement
• elasticity and
inelasticity
• load-carrying
capacity
Design and analysis of
mechanical and structural
systems
Concepts
• Examination of stresses
and strains inside real
bodies of finite dimensions
that deform under loads
• In order to determine
stresses and strains we
use:
1. Physical properties of
materials
2. Theoretical laws and
concepts
Strength of Materials
External Loads produce Internal Loads
Internal Loads cause a body to deform
Internal Loads cause stress
How much does body deform?
How much stress?
Is it Safe at this stress?
How big should it be so stress is low enough?
Concept
Stresses in an object are governed by the “internal
loading,” which are determined from “equilibrium
equations” with external loading. Stresses are a
determining factor of the “strength” of the object.
Strains caused by loading are directly related to the
“deflection” or “deformation” of the object.
The stress-strains relations (or “constitutive
relations”) determine the “stiffness” of an object.
In addition to strength, deformation, and stiffness, the
subject of strength of Materials also concerns
“stability” which studies the possibility of deformations
that can grow suddenly without limit.
Useful Terms
Force: A rectilinear load; has a magnitude and a
direction (i.e., vector); Units: Newton (N),
1 kN = 1000 N
Normal Force: Force normal (perpendicular) to a
considered area; tends to push/pull the body
Shear Force: Force along the plane of a considered
area; causes a shearing (or sliding deformation
along the plane)
Torque: A rotational (angular) load; Torsional
moment; tends to “twist” the object to which it is
applied; has a magnitude and a direction (i.e., a
vector); Units: Newton-meter (N.m)
Useful Terms
Bending Moment: A bending load; tends to “bend”
the object to which it is applied; has a magnitude
and a direction (i.e., a vector); Units: Newton-
meter (N.m)
Stress: Force per unit area; not a vector but a
tensor (because same force will cause different
stresses at a point depending on the area element
that is considered) — it is a tensor; Units: N/m2 (=
Pascal or Pa), 1 N/mm2 = 1 MPa;
normal stress is caused by a normal force
component, shear stress is caused by a shear force
component
Useful Term
Strain: Deflection per unit length; dimensionless
Free-Body Diagram: “Virtually” separate the
part of interest from the rest of the object and
mark the loads at the interface
Statics Review: Classification of Loads
A load can be defined as the combined effect of
external forces acting on a body. The loads may be
classified as;
Dead loads
Live loads
Inertia load or forces
Wind loads
Centrifugal loads or forces
Impact loads
Hydrostatic and Soil pressures
Thermal effect
Loads
A load may also be a
Point (concentrated) load; which is considered to act
at a point.
Distributed load; which is distributed or spread in
some manner over the length of the body. If the
spread is uniform (i.e. w kN or N/metre run), it is said
to be uniformly distributed (udl).
otherwise it said to be a non-uniformly distributed
load (e.g. triangular distributed load)
External Loads
Small contact area;
treat as a point
FR is One body
resultant of acting on
w(s) = area another
under curve,
acts at
centroid
One body
Acting on acting on
narrow area another w/o
contact
Internal Reactions
Internal reactions are
necessary to hold body
together under loading.
Method of sections - make a
cut through body to find
internal reactions at the point
of the cut.
FBD After Cut
Separate the two parts and
draw a FBD of either side
Use equations of equilibrium
to relate the external loading
to the internal reactions.
Resultant Force and Moment
• Point O is taken at the
centroid of the section.
• If the member (body) is
long and slender, like a
rod or beam, the
section is generally
taken perpendicular to
the longitudinal axis.
• Section is called the
cross section.
External Loads:
External loads can be Reaction Loads or Applied
Loads!
Must solve for all unknown external loads (reaction
loads) so that internal loads can be solved for!
Internal loads produce stress, strain, deformation –
SofM concepts!
STATICS: You need to be able to…
Draw free-body diagrams,
Know support types and their corresponding
reactions,
Write and solve equilibrium equations so that
unknown forces can be solved for,
Solve for appropriate internal loads by taking
cuts of inspection,
Determine the centroid of an area,
Determine the moment of inertia about an
axis through the centroid of an area.
Free Body Diagram (FBD)
FBD
Key to Success
Ask questions and seek help if you feel like it…
Text
Mechanics of Materials by R.C. Hibbeler,
Mechanic of Materials by T.A. Philpot
Strength of Materials by Er. R. K. Rajput
Reference notes; Strength of materials by
Dr. Konstantinos A. Sierros
Bob Michael, P.E
Assignment
Highlight and comment on the various mechanical
properties of materials.
Discuss briefly following with examples;
a) Isotropic materials
b) Homogeneous materials
c) Orthotropic materials
d) Anisotropic materials
e) composite fibre