The symbols for elements 104-109 used in this table

are those proposed by the American Chemical

Society and 110-112 proposed by IUPAC

IUPAC designations of groups of elements are given in brackets

 IMPORTANT FACTS TO REMEMBER

1. Lowest electronegativity : Cs
2. Highest electronegativity : F
3. Highest ionisation potential : He
4. Lowest ionisation potential : Cs
5. Lowest electron affinity : Noble gases
6. Highest electron affinity : Chlorine
7. Least electropositive element : F
8. Lowest m. pt. metal : Hg
9. Highest m. pt. and b. pt. metal : W (Tungsten)
10. Lowest m. pt. and b. pt. non metal : He
11. Notorious element : Hydrogen
12. Lightest element : Hydrogen
13. Smallest atomic size : H
14. Largest atomic size : Cs
15. Largest anionic size : I–
16. Smallest cation : H+
17. Most electropositive element : Cs
18. Element with electronegativity
next to Fluorine : Oxygen
19. Group containing maximum no.
of gaseous elements in periodic table : Zero group
20. Total number of gaseous elements
in periodic table : 11 (H, N, O, F, Cl, He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn)
21. Total number of liquid elements in
periodic table : 6 (Ga, Br, Cs, Hg, Fr, Uub)
22. Smallest anion : H–
23. Liquid element of radioactive nature : Fr
24. Total number of radioactive elements in
periodic table : 25
25. Volatile d-block elements : Zn, Cd, Hg, Uub
26. Element containing no neutron : H
27. Most aboundant element on earth : Oxygen
28. Rarest element on earth : At (astatine)
29. Most aboundant metal on earth : Al
30. Element having maximum tendency
for catenation : Carbon
31. Non metal having highest m. pt., b. pt. : Carbon (diamond)
32. Metals showing highest oxidation number : Os (+8)

4
33. Most electrovalent compound : CsF
34. Most stable carbonate : Cs2CO3
35. Strongest alkali : CsOH
36. Strongest basic oxide : Cs2O
37. Best electricity conductor among metals : Ag
38. Best electricity conductor among non metals : graphite
39. Most poisonous element : Pu (Plutonium)
40. Liquid non metals : Br
41. Element kept in water : Phosphorous
42. Elements kept in kerosene : IA group element (except Li)
43. Elements sublime on heating : I2
44. Noble metals : Au, Pt. etc.
45. Amphoteric metal : Be, Zn, Al, Sn, Pb
46. Amphoteric non metal : Si
47. Metalloids elements : B, Si, As, Te, At, Ge, Sb
48. Non metals having metallic lusture : Graphite, Iodine
49. Heaviest naturally occuring element : Uranium
50. Poorest conductor of electricity : Diamond
51. Hardest naturally occuring element : Diamond
52. Lightest solid metal : Li
53. Amphoteric oxides : BeO, Al2O3, ZnO, PbO, PbO2, SnO, SnO2,
Sb2O3, As3O3 etc.
54. Neutral oxides of non metals : NO, CO, H2O, N2O
55. Dry bleacher : H2O2
56. Dry ice : Solid CO2
57. First man made element : Tc43 (Technicium)
58. Smallest period : Ist (2 elements)
59. Largest period in periodic table : 6th (32 elements)
60. Largest group in periodic table : IIIB (32 elements)
61. Most abundant d-block metal : Fe
62. Most abundant s-block metal : Ca
63. Highest density (Metals) : Os, Ir
64. Highest density (Non Metals) : Boron
65. Most abundant gas in atmosphere : Nitrogen
66. Most abundant element in the universe : Hydrogen

5
 PERIODIC TABLE

1. INTRODUCTION
The arrangement of all the known elements according to their properties in such a way that the elements of similar
properties are grouped together in a tabular form is called periodic table.

2. DEVELOPMENT OF PERIODIC TABLE

2.1 DOBEREINER TRIAD RULE [1817]
(i) He made groups of three elements having similar chemical properties called TRIAD.
(ii) In Dobereiner triad, at. wt. of middle element is equal to the average atomic weight of first and third element.

e.g. Cl Br I

35.5 + 127
35.5 80.0 127 = 81.2
2
Ca Sr Ba

40 + 137
40 87.5 137 = 88.5
2
Li Na K

7 + 39
7 23 39 At. wt of Na = = 23
2

(iii) Other examples – (K, Rb, Cs), (P, As, Sb), (S, Se, Te), (H, F, Cl), (Sc, Y, La)

Examples
based on Dobereiner's Law of Triads
Ex.1 The law of triads is applicable to -
(A) C, N, O (B) H, O, N (C) Na, K, Rb (D) Cl, Br, I
Sol. (D)

Ex.2 The law of triads is not applicable on -

(A) Cl, Br, I (B) Na, K, Rb (C) S, Se, Te (D) Ca, Sr, Ba
Sol. (B)

2.2 NEWLAND OCTAVE RULE [1865]

(i) He arranged the elements in the increasing order of their atomic mass and observe that properties of every 8 th element
was similar to the 1st one. like in the case of musical vowels notation.
Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Dha Ne Sa
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
(ii) At that time inert gases were not known.
H

Li Be B C N O F

Na Mg Al Si P S Cl

K Ca
(iii) The properties of Li are similar to 8th element i.e. Na, Be are similar to Mg and so on.
Drawback or Limitation :
(a) This rule is valid only upto Ca. because after Ca due to presence of d-block element there is difference of 18
elements instead of 8 element.
(b) After the discovery of Inert gas and included in the periodic table it becomes the 8 th element from Alkali metal so
this law had to be dropped out.
(c) He failed in the case of heavier metals as Fe has been placed atoms with O and S.

2.3 LOTHER MEYER’S CURVE [1869]

(i) He plotted a curve between atomic wt. and atomic volume of different elements.
(ii) The following observation can be made from the curve -
(a) Most electropositive elements i.e. alkali metals (Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs etc.) occupy the peak positions on the curve.
(b) Less electropositive i.e. alkaline earth metal (Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba) occupy the descending position of the curve.
(c) Metalloids (B, Se, As, Te, At etc.) and transition metals occupy bottom part of the curve.
Note : Elements having similar properties occupy similar position on the curve.
Conclusion : On the basis of this curve Lother Meyer proposed that the physical properties of the elements are
periodic function of their atomic wt. and become the base of Mendelef’s periodic table.

Cs
Rb
K
Br
Atomic Volume

Na Ca
Li Cl
Sr I
Ba
F
Be
Mg

Metalloid and transition metals

Atomic Weight

2.4 MENDELEEV’S PERIODIC TABLE [1869]

(i) Mendeleev’s Periodic Law - The physical and chemical properties of elements are the periodic function of their
atomic wt.
(ii) Characteristic of Mendeleev’s Periodic Table -
(a) It is based on atomic wt.
(b) 63 elements were known, noble gases were not discovered.
(c) He was the first scientist to classify the elements in a systamatic manner i.e. in horizontal rows and in vertical
columns.
(d) Horizontal rows are called periods and there were 7 periods in mendeleev’s Periodic table.
(e) Vertical columns are called groups and there were 8 groups in mendeleev’s Periodic table.
(f) Each group upto VIIth is divided into A & B subgroups. ‘A’ sub groups element are called normal elements and ‘B’
sub groups elements are called transition elements.
(g) The VIIIth group was consists of 9 elements in three rows (Transitional metals group).
(h) The elements belonging to same group exhibit similar properties.

7
(iii) Merits or advantages of Mendeleev’s periodic table -
(a) Study of elements - First time all known elements were classified in groups according to their similar properties.
So study of the properties become easier of elements.
(b) Prediction of new elements - It gave encouragement to the discovery of new elements as some gaps were left
in it.
Sc (Scandium), Ga (Gallium), Ge (Germanium), Tc(Technetium)
were the elements for whom position and properties were defined by Mendeleev even before their discoverties
and he left the blank spaces for them in his table.
e.g.- Blank space at atomic wt. 72 in silicon group was called Eka silicon (means properties like silicon) and element
discovetred later was named Germanium.
Similarly other elements discovered after mendeleev periodic table were.
Eka aluminium - Gallium (Ga) Eka Boron - Scandium (Sc)
Eka Silicon - Germanium (Ge) Eka Mangense - Technetium (Tc)

(c) Correction of doubtful atomic weights - Correction were done in atomic wt. of some elements.
At. Wt. = Valency × Equivalent weight.
Initially, it was found that equivalent wt. of Be is 4.5 and it is trivalent (V = 3), so the weight of Be was 13.5 and there
is no space in Mendeleev’s table for this element. So, after correction, it was found that Be is actually divalent (V
= 2). So, the weight of Be became 2 × 4.5 = 9 and there was a space between Li and B for this element in
Mendeleev’s table.
– Corrections were done in at. wt. of elements are – U, Be, ln, Au, Pt.

(iv) Demerits of Mendeleev’s periodic table -

(a) Position of hydrogen - Hydrogen resembles both, the alkali metals (IA) and the halogens (VIIA) in properties so
Mendeleev could not decide where to place it.

(b) Position of isotopes - As atomic wt. of isotopes differs, they should have placed in different position in Mendeleev’s
periodic table. But there were no such places for isotopes in Mendeleev’s table.

(c) Anomalous pairs of elements - There were some pair of elements which did not follow the increasing order of
atomic wts.
eg. Ar and Co were placed before K and Ni respectively in the periodic table, but having higher atomid weights.
 Ar K   Te I 
   
 39.9 39.1 127.5 127 

 Co Ni   Th Pa 
   
 58.9 58.6   232 231

(d) Like elements were placed in different groups.

There were some elements like Platinum (Pt) and Gold (Au) which have similar properties but were placed in
different groups in mendeleev’s table.
Pt Au
VIII IB
 (e) Unlike elements were placed in same group.
st
I group

IA IB
Li
Na
More reactive K Cu Less reactive
Alkali metal Rb Ag Coin metal
Normal elements Cs Au Transition element
Fr

– Cu, Ag and Au placed in Ist group along with Na, K etc. While they differe in their properties (Only similar in
having ns1 electronic configuration)

3. MODERN PERIODIC TABLE (MODIFIED MENDELEEV PERIODIC TABLE)

(i) it was proposed by Moseley.
(ii) Modern periodic table is based on atomic number.
(iii) Moseley did an experiment in which he bombarded high speed electron on different metal surfaces and obtained
X-rays.

He found out that   Z where  = frequency of X-rays

from this experiement, Moseley concluded that the physical and chemical properties of the elements are periodic
function of their atomic numbr. It means that when the elements are arranged in the increasing order of their
atomic number elements having similar properties gets repeated after a regular interval. This is also known as
‘Modern Periodic Law’.
(iv) Modern Periodic Law - The physical & chemical propeties of elements are a periodic function of the atomic
nubmer.
(v) Characteristics of Modern Periodic Table -
(a) 9 vertical columns called groups.
(b) Ith to VIII group +0 group of inert gases.
(c) Inert gases were introduced in periodic table by Ramsay.
(d) 7 horizontal series called periods.
3.1 LONG FORM/PRESENT FORM OF MODERN PERIODIC TABLE
(i) It consist of 7 horizontal periods and 18 vertical columns (groups)
(ii) According to I.U.P.A.C. 18 vertical columns are named as Ist to 18th group.
(iii) The co-relation between the groups in long form of periodic table and in modern form of periodic table are given
below.

IA, IIIA, IIIB, IVB, VB, VIB, VIIB, VIII IB, IIB. IIIA, IVA, VA, VIA, VIIA 0
|— ————|
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

(iv) Elements belonging to same group having same no. of electrons in the outermost shell so their properties are similar.

9
 Description of periods:

Period n Sub shell No. of elements Element Name of Period

1- 1 1s 2 1H, 2He Shortest
2- 2 2s, 2p 8 3Li – 10Ne Short
3- 3 3s, 3p 8 11Na – 18Ar Short
4- 4 4s, 3d, 4p 18 19K – 36Kr Long
5- 5 5s, 4d, 5p 18 37Rb – 58Xe Long
6- 6 6s, 4f, 5d, 6p 32 55Cs – 86Rn Longest
7- 7 7s, 5f, 6d 26 87Fr – 112Uub Incomplete

DESCRIPTION OF GROUPS –

1st/IA/Alkali metals :
H = 1s1
Li = 1s2, 2s1
Na = 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s1
K = 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 4s1
General electronic configuration = ns1(n = Number of shell)
Number of valence shell e– = 1

2nd/IIA/Alkali earth metals :

Be = 1s2, 2s2
Mg = 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2
Ca = 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 4s2
General electronic configuration = ns2
Number of valence shell e– = 2

13th/IIIA/Boron Family :
B = 1s2, 2s2, 2p1
Al = 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p1
Ga = 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 4s2, 3d10, 4p1
General electronic configuration = ns2 np1
Number of valence shell e– = 3

14th/IVA/Carbon Family :
C = 1s2, 2s2, 2p2
Si = 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p2
Ge = 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 4s2, 3d10, 4p2
General electronic configuration = ns2 np2
Number of valence shell e– = 4

10
 15th/VA/Nitrogen family/Pnicogen : (Used in fertilizer as urea)
N = 1s2, 2s2, 2p3
P = 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p3
As = 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 4s2, 3d10, 4p3
General electronic configuration = ns2 np3
Number of valence shell e– = 5

16th/VIA/Oxygen family/Chalcogen : (Ore forming)

O = 1s2, 2s2, 2p4
S = 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p4
Se = 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 4s2, 3d10, 4p4
General electronic configuration = ns2 np4
Number of valence shell e– = 6

17th/VIIA/Halogen family/Halogens : (Salt forming)

F = 1s2, 2s2, 2p5
Cl = 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p5
Br = 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 4s2, 3d10, 4p5
General electronic configuration = ns2 np5
Number of valence shell e– = 7

18th/Zero group/Inert gases/Noble gases :

Ne = 1s2, 2s2, 2p6
Ar = 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6
Kr = 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 4s2, 3d10, 4p6
General electronic configuration = ns2 np6 (except. He)
Number of valence shell e– = 8

(v) Important Points :

(a) 2nd period elements (Li, Be, B) Shows diagonal relationship with 3rd period elements (Mg, Al, Si), so (Li, Be, B) are
called Bridge elements. Because of same ionic potential (Ionic potential = Charge/Radius) value they shows
similarity in properties.
Li Be B

Na Mg Al Si
(b) 3rd period elements (Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S, Cl) are called typical elements becuase they represent the properties of
other element of their respective group.
(c) In 6th period all types of elements are included (s, p, d & f)
(d) No inert gas in 7th period.
(e) Normal elements present in all periods.
(f) Atomic No. of last inert gas element is 86.
(g) Long form of modern periodic table can be divided into four portions.
1. Left portion – IA & IIA – s-block.
2. Right portion – IIIA to VIIA + O group – p-block.
3. Middle portion – IIIB to VIIB + VIII + IB IIB – d-block.
4. Bottom portion – IIIB – f-block elements

11
 (h) The group containing most electro positive elements – IA GROUP
(i) The group containing most electro negative elements – VIIA GROUP
(j) The group containing maximum number of gaseous elements – ZERO (18th) GROUP
(k) The group in which elements have generally ZERO valency – (18th) GROUP ZERO
(l) In the periodic table –
Number of Gaseous elements - 11 (H, N, O, F, Cl + Noble gases)
Number of Liquid elements - 6 (Cs, Fr, Ga, Hg, Br, Uub)
Bromine is the only non-metal which exists in liquid form.
Number of Solid elements - 89 (if discovered elements are 105)
- 95 (if discovered elements are 112)
(m) No p-block elements in 1st and 7th periods.
(n) Ist period has all the elements in gaseous form (H, He)
(o) 0/18 group have all the elements in gaseous form.
(p) 2nd period contains maximum number of gaseous elements. They are 4 : N, O, F, Ne
(q) IIIB/3rd group is called longest group having 32 elements including 14 Lanthanides and 14 Actinides
Sc
Y
La ............... Lanthanides (14)
Ac ............... Actinides (14)

(vi) Nomenclature of elements :

(a) IUPAC gave names to elements above atomic No. 100 as follows -
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
nil un bi tri quad pent hex sept oct enn

(b) In all the elements suffix is - ium

e.g.
Atomic No. IUPAC Name Symbol
101 Un nil Unium Unu
102 Un nil bium Unb
103 Un nil trium Unt
104 Un nil quadium Unq
105 Un nil pentium Unp
106 Un nil hexium Unh
107 Un nil septium Uns
108 Un nil octium Uno
109 Un nil ennium Une
110 Un un nilium Uun
(vii) Merits of long form of periodic table -
(a) Position of isotopes - Atomic No. of isotopes are similar, so different isotopes can be placed at same place in
periodic table.
(b) (Ar - K) (Co - Ni) (Te - I) are now in increasing order of atomic number.
(c) Lanthanides and actinides are in IIIB group.
(d) In modern periodic table diagonal line separates out metals, metalloids and non metals.
(e) Elements of same group have same general formula of electronic configuration of outer most shell.

(viii) Demerits of long form of periodic table -

(a) Position of hydrogen is still controversial.
(b) ‘He’ is a inert gas but it has different electronic configuration than other inert gas elements.
(c) Lanthanides and actinides are still not placed in main frame.
(d) Isotopes have different physical properties but have same place in periodic table.

4. CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS

(A) Bohr classification - Elements can be divided in four parts on the basis of electronic configuration.

(i) Inert gas elements -

(a) The elements in which ultimate orbit is completly filled up are called inert gas elements.
(b) General electronic configuration is ns2p6 (Except He = 1s2)
(c) Because of most stable configuration, they are very less reactive. Hence known as noble gas or inert gas.
(d) These elements are present in ‘0’ group or 18th group and 1 to 6th period of periodic table.
(e) Number of inert gas elements are 6(One in each period upto 6th) He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn

(ii) Normal or Representative elements -

(a) The elements in which ultimate orbit is incomplete, while penultimate orbits are complete are called normal elements.
(b) Their general electronic configuration is :
IA IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA
1 2 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 4
ns ns ns np ns np ns np ns np ns2np5
ns1–2 ns2np1–5
(c) These elements lies in group IA to VIIA and period Ist to 7th
(d) Elements of 2nd period known as bridge elements.
(e) Elements of 3rd period (Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S and Cl) are called typical elements. These are 7 in numbers.

(iii) Transition elements -

The elements in which both ultimate (n) as well as penultimate shells (n – 1) are incomplete either in atomic state or in
some oxidation state are called transition elements.
Note: According to this concept, Zn, Cd, Hg and Uub are not transition elements because they do not have incomplete
penultimate shell either in atomic state or in some oxidation state.
Zn = [Ar] 3d10 4s2
Zn+2 = [Ar] 3d10
(a) group – IIIB to VIIB + VIII + IB
Periods – 4th to 7th
(b) Electronic configuration (n – 1)d1–10 ns1 or 2
 (c) Total number of d-block elements = 40
Total number of transition elements = 36 (Except Zn, Cd, Hg and Uub)
Note : All transition elements are d-block elements but all d-block elements are not transition elments.

(iv) Inner transition elements -

(a) The elements in which all the three shells that is ultimate (n) penultimate (n – 1) and pre or antipenultimate (n – 2)
shell are incomplete are called inner transition elements.
2, 5d1, 4f1
58C = [Xe] 6s
(b) Electronic configuration -
(n – 2)f1 – 14 (n – 1)d0 or 1 ns2
(c) These are 28 in number.
(d) Group – IIIB
(e) Period – 6th & 7th
(f) Inner transition elements are divided into two series.
(A) Lanthanide series/Rare earth elements/Lanthenones (Ce58 – Lu71 14 elements)
The first element of this series is Cerium & not Lanthanum.
In these elements, last electron enters into 4f subshell.
They are present in IIIB group and 6th period of the periodic table.
Promethium (61Pm) is the only lanthanide which is synthetic and radioactive in nature.

(B) Actinide series/Man made elements/Actinones (Th90 – Lw103 14 elements)

The first element of this series is Thorium & not Actinium.
In these elements, last electron enters into 5f subshell.
they are present in IIIB group and 7th period of the periodic table.
All the actinides are radioactive in nature.
First three elements (Th, Pa, U) are found in nature while others are synthetic in nature.
After U92 i.e. from 93Np onwards elements are called transuranic elements because :
They are heavier than uranium.
They are derived from uranium by nuclear reactions.
5. CLASSIFICATION ON THE BASIS OF SUB SHELL IN WHICH LAST e– ENTERS

(i) s-block elements -

(a) In these elements last electron enters in s-subshell.
(b) Groups – IA, IIA + O group (He only)
(c) Period – 1 to 7th|
(d) Electronic configuration – ns1 – 2
IA group n = 1 to 7
IIA group n = 2 to 7
(e) Total s-block elements are (14) including H and He)
(f) Total s-block metals are (12) (excluding H), H is non-metal
General characteristics of s-block elements :
(a) s-block elements are soft metal, that is why these elements have low melting and boiling point.
(b) Their oxides and hydroxides are basic in nature.
(c) They act as reducing agent.
(d) They have very low ionisation energy and highly electropositive so, they form ionic compound.
(e) Flame of these elecments have the property of showing different colour.
(ii) p-block elements -
(a) Last e– enters in p-sub shell
(b) Group – IIIA (13) to VIIA(17) + 0 group (18) (except He)
(c) Period – 2nd to 6th
(d) Electronic configuration – ns2 np1 – 6
(e) Total p-block elements – (30)
Characteristic of p-block elements :
(a) p-block possesses all three kind to elements i.e. metals, non-metals and metalloids.
(b) Oxides of non-metals are acidic in nature.
(c) they form covalent compounds mostly.
(d) They are oxiding in nature.
(iii) d-block elements -
(a) Last e– enters in (n – 1)d subshell
(b) Group – IIIB – VIIB, VIII, IB, IIB or group 3 to 12 (IUPAC)
(c) Period – 4th to 7th
(d) Electronic configuration – (n – 1)d1 – 10 ns1 or 2
(e) Total d-block elements – (40)
Total transition elements – (36). If 112 elements are included in periodic table.
(f) IIB elements (Zn, Cd, Hg, Uub) are d-block elements but not transition elements.
General characteristics of d-block elemnets –
(a) They all are metals, which are very hard having high melting and boiling point.
(b) Elements of this block situated in between ‘s’ and p-block elements. So the character of this block elements lie
between s and p-block elements
(c) They show variable oxidation - state, eg. Mn = Mn+2, Mn+3, Mn+4, Mn+5, Mn+6, Mn+7
(d) They form ionic and covalent bond both.
(e) They are good conductor of heat and electricity and form complex compounds.
(f) Metals, which have unpaired electrons show paramagnetism.
(g) They form alloys and most of the elements act as catalyst.

(iv) f-block elements -

(a) Differentiating e– enters in (n – 2)f subshell.
(b) Group – IIIB
(c) Period – 6th and 7th
(d) From at. no. 58 - 71, 6th period ; Lanthanide series 4f1 – 14 5d0 or 1 6s2
90 - 103 7th period; Actinide series 5f1 – 14 6d0 or 1 7s2
(e) Total number of f-block elements – (28)
(f) All the actinides are radioactive elements.
(g) Transuranic actinides are man made elements (Np93 – Lw103)
(h) Lanthanides are found rarely on earth so these are called rare earth metals.
General characteristics of f-block elements -
(a) All the f-block elements are heavy metals.
(b) It shows high melting and boiling point.
(c) The most common oxidation state of these elements is +3.
(d) The elements of 5f series are radioactive in nature.

15
Determination of period, block and group of an element -

(i) Period No. - The period no. of the element can be predicted from the principal quantum no. (n) of the valence shell.
e.g. electronic configuration of iodine is :
1s22s22p6, 3s23p63d10, 4s24p64d10, 5s25p5. Therefore the period number of iodine is 5 as the valence shell configuration
is 5s25p5.
(ii) Block No. - The type of orbital which receives the last electron known as block no.
e.g. An element ‘X’ has its electronic configuration is 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d8. As the last electron enters in the
d-orbital, therefore it is a d-block element.
(iii) Group No. - It is predicted from the number of electrons in the valence shell and penultimate shell as follows.
(a) For s-block elements, group number is equal to the number of electrons in the valence shell after the noble gas
core.
e.g. An element ‘Y’ having electronic configuration 1s22s22p63s23p64s2 or [Ar] 4s2 has two electron in valence shell and it
is a s-block element. Therefore it belongs to group 2.
(b) For p-block element, the group number is equal to 10 + number of electrons in valence shell.
e.g. An element ‘Z’ with electronic configuration as 1s22s22p63s23p63p104s24p3 has five electrons in its valence shell and
belongs to p-block.
Therefore its group number is 10 + 5 = 15. It belongs to group VA of the Mendeleev’s periodic table.
(c) For d-block elements group number is equal to the number of elecrons in (n – 1)d sub-shell and valence
shell.
e.g. An elements ‘A’ having electronic configuration as.
1s22s22p63s23p63p104s1. So its group number will be 10 + 1 = 11.

Predicting atomic no. of the successive member in a group or family –

(i) Magic Numbers –
Knowing the at. no. of the first member of a group, we can write that at. no. of the subsequent elements by adding given
magic no. For example

Group 1 2 3 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 13, 14, 15, 16, 17 18

IA IIA IIIB IIIA IV V VI VII ‘0’gp
I+ 2 – 8
PERIOD

II+ 8 8 8 8
III+ 8 8 18 18
IV+ 18 18 18 18 18 18
V+ 18 18 18 32 32 32
VI+ 32 32 32 32 – –
VII

(ii) In group IA – Atomic no. of H is 1 at. no. of other element will be as follows –

H1 1  2  3 Li 3  8  11 Na 11  8  19 K 19  18  37 Rb 37  18  55
         
Magic no. 2 8 8 18 18