Digital Signal Processing
(CS202)
2024 – 2025
Lecture-7 & 8
Dr: Mary monir saied
Email: mmh04@[Link]
Course outlines
The main contents of the course are:
Introduction to Digital Signal processing
What are Signals?
What is DSP?
Importance of digital Signal Processing (Applications
of Digital processing)
Discrete-Time Signals
Introduction
Continuous time signal
Discrete time signal
Digital Signal
Analog to Digital conversion, The sampling theorem.
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Course outlines
The main contents of the course are:
Representations of Discrete Signals
Some important Discrete Signals
Classification of Discrete-Time Signals
Simple Manipulations of Discrete-Time Signals
Discrete-Time Systems
Input-Output Description of Systems
Block Diagram Representation of Discrete-Time
Systems
Classification of Discrete-Time Systems
Interconnection of Discrete-Time Systems
Linear time-invariant(LTI)systems and their
properties 3
Course outlines
The main contents of the course are:
The Z-transform
The direct z-transform
Properties of the z-transform
The inversion of the z transform
Discrete Fourier transform (DFT) and fast Fourier
transform(FFT)
Design of digital filters
FIR filter
IIR filter
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Inverse -Transform
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Inverse Z Transform
• To convert a function in the z domain into a function in the
time domain requires an inverse z transform.
• This conversion is necessary, for example, to find the time
domain functions like
x[n] that correspond to the z transforms X(z)
y[n] that correspond to the z transforms Y(z)
h[n] impulse response from a transfer function H(z)
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Inverse Z Transform
Example 1:
Ans.:
x(n) = δ(n) + 2δ(n-1)+ 3δ(n-2)+ 4δ(n-3)
x(n) = [1, 2, 3, 4]
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Inverse Z Transform
Simpler methods to obtain the inverse Z Transform
1- Using long division method
2- Using Partial Fraction Expansion
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1- Using long division method
This method is useful when it is difficult to obtain a closed
form expression for inverse z-transform, then we find only
the first several terms of x(n).
Example 2:
Find x(n) for n=0,1,2,3,4, when X(Z) is given by:
z 2 1
X ( z) 3
z 2z 4
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1- Using long division method
z 2 1
Ans. : X ( z) 3
z 2z 4
z3 2z 4 z 2 1
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1- Using long division method
Ans. :
z 1
z3 2z 4 z 2 1
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1- Using long division method
Ans. :
z 1
z3 2z 4 z 2 1
z 2 2 4 z 1
3 4 z 1
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1- Using long division method
Ans. :
z 1 3 z 3
z3 2z 4 z 2 1
z 2 2 4 z 1
3 4 z 1
3 6 z 2 12 z 3
4 z 1 6 z 2 12 z 3
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1- Using long division method
Ans. :
z 1 3 z 3 4 z 4
z3 2z 4 z 2 1
z 2 2 4 z 1
3 4 z 1
3 6 z 2 12 z 3
4 z 1 6 z 2 12 z 3
4 z 1 8 z 3 16 z 4
6 z 2 20 z 3 16 z 4
X ( z ) z 1 0 z 2 3z 3 4 z 4 ... 14
1- Using long division method
Ans. :
x(n) = δ(n-1) - 3δ(n-3) - 4δ(n-4)
x(n) = [0, 1, 0, -3, -4]
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1- Using long division method
Example 3:
Using long division method, determine the inverse z-transform of
Ans. :
H(z) = 1 – 0.5z-1 - 0.6z-2 + 0.64z-3 + … 16
1- Using long division method
Ans. :
H(z) = 1 – 0.5z-1 - 0.6z-2 + 0.64z-3 + …
The inverse Z transform is
h[n] = δ[n] – 0.5δ[n-1] – 0.6δ[n-2] + 0.64δ[n-3] + …
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1- Using long division method
Example 4:
Using long division method, determine the inverse z-transform of
Ans. :
X(z) = 5z-2 – z-3 + 0.2z-4 – 0.04z-5 + … 18
1- Using long division method
Ans. :
X(z) = 5z-2 – z-3 + 0.2z-4 – 0.04z-5 + …
The inverse Z transform is
x[n] = 5δ[n-2] – δ[n-3] + 0.2δ[n-4] – 0.04 δ[n-5] + …
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1- Using long division method
Example 5:
Using long division method, determine the inverse z-transform of
Ans. : First arranged in descending powers of Z
then dividing the numerator of 𝑋(𝑧) by its denominator we
obtain power series
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1- Using long division method
Ans. :
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1- Using long division method
Ans. :
The inverse Z transform is
x[n] = δ[n+2] + 3δ[n] + δ[n] + δ[n-2] + δ[n-3] + δ[n-4] + …
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2- Partial Fraction Method
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2- Partial Fraction Method
Example 5:
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2- Partial Fraction Method
Example 6:
Using partial fraction method find the inverse z-transform of the
signal
Ans. :
• Eliminating the negative power of 𝑧 by multiplying the numerator and
denominator by 𝑧2 yields
• Dividing both sides by 𝑧 leads to
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2- Partial Fraction Method
Ans. :
• Again, we write
• where A and B are constants found as
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2- Partial Fraction Method
Ans. :
• Thus
• Multiplying 𝑧 on both sides gives
• From table of z-transform pairs
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Digital filters
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Filters
Filter is a device or process that removes some
unwanted components or features from a signal (ex:
noise).
Extract useful parts of the signal.
A lowpass filter, for example, removes the high
frequency components of a signal, but passes low
frequency components.
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Filters types
Four types of filters - “Ideal”
lowpass highpass
bandpass bandstop
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Filters types
Realistic Filters:
lowpass highpass
bandpass bandstop
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Filters Bands
Any Filter is specified by 3
regions:
Passband: frequency band
where a filter does not attenuate
a signal
Stopband: frequency band
where a filter cancels a signal
Transition band: frequency
band between the passband and
the stopband (can be sometimes
included in the passpand)
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Filters types
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Filters
Filters may be classified as either digital or analog.
Analog filter uses analog electronic circuits made up from
components such as resistors, capacitors and op amps to
produce the required filtering effect. Such filter circuits are
widely used in such applications as noise reduction.
Digital filter uses a digital processor to perform numerical
calculations on sampled values of the signal.
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Filters
Digital Filters
Original Image Image After Image After
With Noise Averaging Filter Median Filter
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Advantages of using digital filters
Analog filters are defined in hardware, while digital
filters are defined in software.
A digital filter is programmable, i.e. its operation is
determined by a program stored in the processor's
memory. This means the digital filter can easily be
changed without affecting the circuitry (hardware).
An analog filter can only be changed by redesigning
the filter circuit.
Digital filters are easily designed, tested and
implemented on a general-purpose computer or
workstation.
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Digital Filter
The analog input signal must first be sampled and digitized using
an ADC (analog to digital converter).
The resulting sampled values of the input signal, are transferred to
the processor, which carries out numerical calculations on them.
These calculations typically involve multiplying the input values
by constants and adding the products together.
The results of these calculations, which now represent sampled
values of the filtered signal, are output through a DAC (digital to
analog converter) to convert the signal back to analog form.
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Digital Filter
Definition:
The Digital filter difference equation:
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Digital Filter
Difference Equation:
Z-Transform
Z-Transform:
Transfer Function:
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Filters
Filter
Analog Digital
Filter Filter
FIR IIR
Filter Filter
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Classification of Digital filters
FIR Filter IIR Filter
The output is determined from the The output is determined from the
current and previous input values. input values and the previous
output values.
It is non-recursive filter
It is recursive filter
Transfer function
Transfer function
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Discrete Time System Components
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Discrete Time System
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Discrete Time System
Example 7:
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Realization of Discrete Time systems
A realization is a hardware or software configuration
that implements the system.
Digital filters described by the transfer function 𝐻(𝑧)
may be generally realized into the following forms:
• Forms of realization:
- Direct form (for FIR and IIR)
(Called transversal filter for FIR)
- Canonical realization (IIR)
- Cascaded realization (IIR)
- Parallel realization (IIR)
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Direct Form I for FIR
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Direct Form I for IIR
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Direct Form I
Example 8:
Draw a Direct-Form realization of a second-order transfer
function H(z) given by
Ans. :
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Thank You
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