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What is a computer?
 A computer is a machine that can be programmed to carry out
sequences of arithmetic or logical operations automatically.

 A computer is an electronic device that manipulates information, or

INTRODUCTION TO data. It can store, retrieve, and process data.

COMPUTER  A computer is a programmable electronic device that accepts raw data

as input and processes it with a set of instructions (a program) to
produce the result as output.

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What is Data?
 Data is defined as a stream of raw facts.
 Data can come in the form of text, observations, figures,
images, numbers, graphs, or symbols. For example, data
might include individual prices, weights, addresses, ages,
names, temperatures, dates, or distances.
 Data is a raw form of knowledge and, on its own, doesn’t
carry any meaning or significance or purpose. In other
words, you have to interpret data for it to have meaning.
 Data can be simple—and may even seem useless until it is
analyzed, organized, and interpreted (processed).

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Types of Data What is information?

There are two main types of data:  Information is a meaningful and useful processed data to
Quantitative data human being
Data in numerical form, like the weight, volume, or cost of  Information is the result of analyzing and interpreting
an item. pieces of data. For example, a set of data could include
temperature readings in a location over several years.
Without any additional context, those temperatures have
Qualitative data no meaning.
Descriptive data, but non-numerical, like the name, sex, or  However, when you analyze and organize that information,
eye color of a person, True, False, Good, Excellent. you could determine seasonal temperature patterns or
even broader climate trends.

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Differences Between Data vs Information Main Functions of a Computer

 Data is a collection of raw facts, while information puts those facts into  Taking data and instructions from a user (Input), Processing the
context. data as per instructions, and displaying (Output) or storing (Save)
 While data is raw and unorganized, information is organized. the processed data, are the four major functions of a computer.
 Data points are individual and sometimes unrelated. Information maps out IPOS
that data to provide a big-picture view of how it all fits together.  These functions are also known as the input function, process
 Data, on its own, is meaningless. When it’s analyzed and interpreted, it function, output function, and storage or save function,
becomes meaningful information. respectively.
 Data does not depend on information; however, information depends on
data.
 Data typically comes in the form of graphs, numbers, figures, or statistics.
Information is typically presented through words, language, thoughts, and
ideas.
 Data isn’t sufficient for decision-making, but you can make decisions based
on information.

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Computer Applications Business

Application of computers in various fields such as: -  A computer has high speed of calculation, diligence, accuracy, reliability,
 Business or versatility which has made it an integrated part in all business
 Banking organizations
 Insurance  Computer is used in business organizations for −
 Entertainments Payroll calculations
 Military Budgeting
 Education Sales analysis
Financial forecasting
 Communications
Managing employee database
 Advertisements
Maintenance of stocks, etc.
 Medicine
 Hospitals etc.

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Banking Advantages of Computer

 Today, banking is almost totally dependent on computers. 1. High speed
 Banks provide the following facilities −  Computer is a very fast device.
Online accounting facility, which includes checking current balance,  It has capability of performing addition of very big data.
making deposits and overdrafts, checking interest charges, shares,  The computer has units of speed in microsecond, nanosecond and even the
and trustee records. picoseconds.
ATM machines which are completely automated are making it even  It can perform millions of calculations in a few seconds as compared to man,
easier for customers to deal with banks. who can spend many months for doing the same task.

2. Accuracy
 In addition to being very fast, computers are very accurate.
 The computer has performed calculations 100% error-free.
 Computers perform all jobs with 100% accuracy.

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3. Storage capability 5. Reliability

 Memory is a very important characteristic of computers. • A computer is a reliable machine.
 The computer has much more storage capacity than human beings. • Modern electronic components have failure-free long lives.
 It can store large amount of data. • Computers are designed to make maintenance easy.
 It can store any type of data such as images, videos, text, audio and any
other type.
6. Automation
• Computer is an automatic machine.
4. Diligence
• Automation means ability to perform the task automatically.
 Unlike human beings, a computer is free from monotony, tiredness and lack
of concentration. • Once a program is given to computer, i.e., stored in computer memory, the
 It can work continuously without creating any error and boredom. program and instructions can control the program execution without
 It can do repeated work with same speed and accuracy. human interaction.

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7. Reduction in paper work Disadvantages of Computer

• The use of computers for data processing in an organization leads to
reduction in paper work and speeds up the process. 1. Dependency
• As data in electronic files can be retrieved as and when required, the  It can perform function as instructed by user, so it is fully dependent on human being.
problem of maintenance of large number of files gets reduced.
2. Environment
8. Reduction in cost  The operating environment of computer should be dust-free and suitable to it. When
computers are discarded in landfills, they release toxic materials and potentially
• Though the initial investment for installing a computer is high but it dangerous of lead, mercury, and flame retardants which effect on global warming.
substantially reduces the cost of each of its transaction.

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3. No feeling 6. Public Safety

 Computer has no feeling or emotions. • People around the world are using computers to share their photos, videos, and other
 It cannot make judgments based on feeling, taste, experience and knowledge unlike a personal information to the public. Some of these unsuspecting, innocent computer
human being. users have fallen victim to crimes committed by dangerous strangers.
4. Increase greater complexity of life • To protect yourself from these criminals, you should not share information that would
aloe other to identify or locate you.
 Everyone now has to learn a lot of skills even to use computers at a simple level. They
also generate a lot of extra work such as answering emails, and producing high quality
documents for all occasions. 7. Impact on Labor Force
 Some people think we are becoming deskilled - forgetting how to do simple things like • Apart from many industries using electronic machine to produce product or work in
mental arithmetic, and also the availability of so much knowledge doesn't necessarily many process of producing, human labor are replaced by computers.
mean that we, individually, know more.
8. Health Risk
5. Violation of Privacy
• Using computers for a long period of time and improperly can lead to injuries or
 Most of our life event is store in a computer somewhere such as in credit reports, taxes disorders of the hands, wrists, elbows, eyes, neck, and back.
records, medical reports and so on. In many cases, where personal and confidential
records were not properly protected, individual have found their privacy violated and • Another health risk called computer addiction which occurs when someone become
identities stolen. obsessed with using the computer.

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Types of a computer Types of a computer …

 Computers can be classified, or typed, in many ways. Some  Computers classified according to physical size.
common classifications of computers are given as follows.
 On the basis of physical size there are four types of computer.
 Computers classified according to functionality (performance) Super computers
Super computers Mainframe computers
Mainframe computers Mini Computers
Workstation Computers Micro Computers
Personal Computers (PC)
Personal Digital Assistant (PDA)

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What is a super computers?

 A supercomputer is a computer with a high level of performance as
compared to a general-purpose computer.
 A supercomputer is a computer that performs at or near the highest
operational rate for computers.
 The performance of a supercomputer is commonly measured in floating-
point operations per second instead of million instructions per second.
 Traditionally, supercomputers have been used for scientific and engineering
applications that must handle massive databases, do a great amount of
computation or both.

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What is a mainframe computers?

 A mainframe computer, informally called a mainframe or big iron, is a
computer used primarily by large organizations for critical applications like
bulk data processing for tasks such as censuses, industry and consumer
statistics, enterprise resource planning, and large-scale transaction
processing.
 At their core, mainframes are high-performance computers with large
amounts of memory and processors that process billions of simple
calculations and transactions in real time.
 The mainframe is critical to commercial databases, transaction servers, and
applications that require high resiliency, security and agility.

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What is a minicomputer? What is a workstation computers?

 A minicomputer, computer that was smaller, less expensive, and less  Workstation, a high-performance computer system that is basically
powerful than a mainframe or supercomputer but more expensive and more designed for a single user and has advanced graphics capabilities, large
powerful than a personal computer. storage capacity, and a powerful central processing unit.
 Minicomputers were used for scientific and engineering computations,  A workstation is more capable than a personal computer (PC) but is less
business transaction processing, file handling, and database management. advanced than a server (which can manage a large network
of peripheral pcs or workstations and handle immense data-processing and
reporting tasks).
 The term workstation was also sometimes ascribed to dumb terminals (i.e.,
Those without any processing capacity) that were connected
to mainframe computers.

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What is a personal computer (PC)? What is a personal digital assistant (PDA)?

 A personal computer is a multi-purpose microcomputer whose size,  A personal digital assistant, also known as a handheld PC, is a variety
capabilities, and price make it feasible for individual use. Personal mobile device which functions as a personal information manager.
computers are intended to be operated directly by an end user, rather than  PDAs have been mostly displaced by the widespread adoption of highly
by a computer expert or technician. capable smartphones, in particular those based on iOS and Android. A PDA
 A personal computer (PC), a digital computer designed for use by only one has an electronic visual display.
person at a time. A typical personal computer assemblage consists of  Personal digital assistant is a term for a small, mobile, handheld device that
a central processing unit (CPU), which contains the computer’s arithmetic, provides computing and information storage and retrieval capabilities for
logic, and control circuitry on an integrated circuit. personal or business use, often for keeping schedules, calendars and
 Two types of computer memory, main memory, such as digital random- address book information handy.
access memory (RAM), and auxiliary memory, such as magnetic hard disks
and special optical compact discs, or read-only memory (ROM) discs (CD-
ROMs and DVD-ROMs); and various peripheral devices, including a display
screen, keyboard and mouse, and printer.

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Parts of a Computer
 Computer systems consist of two different parts.
Computer Hardware
Computer Software

 Hardware is the physical components of the computer, such as the

central processing unit (CPU) , hard disk , monitor , keyboard and
mouse etc.

 Software is the programs that run on a computer such as word

processor, spreadsheet, presentation program etc.

 A computer system requires both hardware and software in order to function.

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Computer Hardware
 Computer hardware (usually simply called hardware when a computing
context is concerned) is the collection of physical elements that
constitutes a computer system.

 Computer hardware is the physical parts or components of a computer,

such as the monitor, mouse, keyboard, computer data storage, hard disk
drive (HDD), graphic cards, sound cards, memory, motherboard, and so
on, all of which are physical objects that are tangible.

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Examples of Computer Hardware Categories of a Computer Hardware

Mouse  There are four types of computer hardware that can be found in
Keyboard most computer systems, from smart phones to desktop
System Unit computers:
Monitor Input Devices
Motherboard Processing Devices
Power supply Output Devices
Storage Devices

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Input Devices
 In computing, an input device used to provide data and control
signals to an information processing system, such as a computer
or information appliance.
 Examples of input devices include:-
Keyboards,
Mouse,
Scanners,
Cameras,
Joysticks,
Microphones

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What is a Mouse? What is a Keyboard?

 The mouse is a small, movable device that lets you control a range of  A keyboard is for putting information including letters, words and numbers
things on a computer . into your computer.
 Most types of mouse have two buttons, and some will have a wheel in  You press the individual buttons on the keyboard when you type. The
between the buttons. Most types of mouse connect to the computer with a number keys across the top of the keyboard are also found on the right of
cable and use the computer's power to work. the keyboard
 Some types of mouse are wireless.

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Processing Devices
 A processing device is any component in a computer that manages
the storage and retrieval of information.
 Processing devices are the components responsible for the
processing of information within the computer system.
 Typical examples of processing devices include:-
Central Processing Units,
Computer Motherboards,
Network Cards,
Graphics Processing Units
Sound Cards.

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What is a CPU? What is a Motherboard?

 A central processing unit (CPU), also called a central  A motherboard is the main printed circuit board (PCB) in a computer. The
processor, main processor or just processor, is the electronic motherboard is a computer's central communications backbone connectivity
circuitry that executes instructions comprising a computer program point, through which all components and external peripherals connect.
 A central processing unit (CPU), principal part of any digital computer
system, generally composed of the main memory, control unit, and
arithmetic-logic unit.

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Output Devices
 An output device is essentially a piece of instrument or computer
hardware that retrieves data from a computer system and further
translates the received data int a form understandable to humans.
 The most common understandable forms typically includes text,
visual, audio or a hard copy (printed on paper).
 Examples of output devices
 Monitor
 Speaker
 Printer
 Projector

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What is a Monitor? What is a Printer?

 A monitor is an electronic output device that is also known as a video  A printer is a device that accepts text and graphic output from a computer
display terminal (VDT) or a video display unit (VDU). and transfers the information to paper, usually to standard-size, 8.5" by 11"
 It is used to display images, text, video, and graphics information generated sheets of paper.
by a connected computer via a computer's video card.  Printers vary in size, speed, sophistication and cost.

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Storage Devices Storage Devices …

 A storage device is any type of computing hardware that is used for storing,  Storage devices are available in different forms, depending on the
porting or extracting data files and objects. Storage devices can hold and type of underlying device. For example, a standard computer has
store information both temporarily and permanently. multiple storage devices including RAM, a cache, and a hard disk.
 They may be internal or external to a computer, server or computing
device. A storage device may also be known as a storage medium or storage  The same device may also have optical disk drives and externally
media depending on whether it is seen as discrete in nature (for example, connected USB drives.
“a hard drive” versus “some hard drive space.”)
 Storage devices are one of the core components of any computing device.
They store virtually all of the data and applications on a computer, except
for hardware firmware which is generally managed through separate read-
only memory or ROM.

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Types of Storage Devices

 There are two different types of storage devices:
Primary memory:
 Generally smaller in size, primary storage devices are designed to hold
data temporarily and are internal to the computer.
 They have the fastest data access speed. These types of devices
includes RAM, ROM and cache memory.

Secondary storage devices:

 Secondary storage devices usually have larger storage capacity, and
they store data permanently.
 They can be either internal or external to the computer. These types of
devices include the hard disk, the optical disk drive and USB storage
device.

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What is a RAM? What is HDD?

 RAM stands for random access memory, and it's one of the most  A computer Hard Disk Drive (HDD) is a non-volatile data storage device.
fundamental elements of computing. Non-volatile refers to storage devices that maintain stored data when turned
 RAM is a temporary memory bank where your computer stores data it needs off. All computers need a storage device, and HDDs are just one example of a
to retrieve quickly. type of storage device

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Data Storage Technology in HDD What is SSD?

In HDD devices the binary data is stored on the
magnetized surface in a circular pattern on the  A Solid-State Drive (SSD) is a non-volatile data storage device that uses flash
surface of flat, circular plates called platters. memory to store data.
 Storage technology: It uses integrated circuits to store data persistently.
These plates rotate at very high speed and a
 SSD reads and writes data to underlying interconnected flash memory chips
read/write head moves from side to side to load made from silicon.
and save data.
Circular plate

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Comparison of HDD and SSD Advantages of HDD

When comparing any storage media (not just HDD The following are the advantages of HDD:
and SSD) you should compare: Relatively cheap in terms of capacity per unit price.
• Capacity Very reliable, lasting for many years in typical use.
• Speed Very large capacity, significantly larger than any other form
• Portability of secondary storage.
• Durability
• Reliability

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Disadvantages of HDD Advantages of SSD

The following are the disadvantages of HDD: The following are the advantages of SSD:
Vulnerable to damage if moved too violently, particularly Offer faster read or write times than either magnetic or
while reading/writing data which can damage the optical storage devices.
read/write head They are also silent and resistant to physical shock which
Slower read or write than SSDs makes them ideal as portable storage devices.

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Disadvantages of SSD Optical Storage

The following are the disadvantages of SSD: Examples of optical storage are CDs, DVDs, and Blu-rays.
Generally, there three types of storage technologies:
Limited storage capacity compared to the modern hard
drives.
Relatively expensive compared to magnetic media in terms Optical storage (CDs and DVDs)
of data capacity per unit price so they tend to be smaller Magnetic Storage (HDD and Magnetic Tapes)
capacity than magnetic storage devices. Solid State Storage (SSD and Flash drive)
They can only be written to a limited number of times
END OF PRESENTATION!
THANK YOU!
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