Module-2: Doors

A door is a structural element made from materials such as wood, steel, aluminum, glass, or a
combination of these, fitted into an opening in a wall. Its primary functions include allowing
access, providing ventilation and natural light, offering security, and facilitating vision.
Functional Requirements of Doors
●Access: The door should be wide and tall enough to provide comfortable and convenient
passage.
●Strength and Stability: It must have enough strength to support its own weight, withstand
minor impacts, and maintain its shape.
●Durability: The materials used should ensure longevity and durability.
●Ease of Operation: Doors should be easy to open and close, secure when fastened, and remain
closed when shut.
●Weather Protection: It should prevent the infiltration of wind and rain, particularly in areas with
harsh weather conditions.
●Sound Insulation: A door should effectively block noise transmission between rooms.
●Privacy: It should maintain the same level of privacy as the enclosing or partition walls.
●Fire Resistance: Doors, especially in fire exits, should resist the spread of fire and allow safe
egress during emergencies.
●Aesthetic Appeal: The design and appearance of the door should complement the overall look
of the building.
●Security: External doors should be robust enough to resist forced entry and provide security.
Definition of Technical Terms
●Frame: It is an assembly of horizontal and vertical
members, forming an enclosure to which the shutters are
fixed.
●Shutters: Openable parts of a door or window. It is an
assembly of styles, panel and rails.
●Head: This is the top or uppermost horizontal part of a
frame.
●Sill: This is the lowermost or bottom horizontal part of a
window frame. Sill are normally not provided in door.
●Horn: Horizontal projection of the head and sill of a frame
to facilitate fixing of frame. The length is kept about 10 to
15 cm.
●Style: Style is the vertical outside member of the shutter
of a door or window.
●Top rail: This is the top most horizontal member of a
shutter.
●Lock rail / middle rail: Middle horizontal member of a door
shutter to which locking arrangement is made.
●Bottom Rail: Lowermost horizontal member.
●Intermediate or crossRail: Additional horizontal
rails, fixed between top rail and bottom rail.
●Panel: Area of shutter enclosed in between rails.
●Transom: Horizontal member of a frame which is
employed to sub-divide a window opening
horizontally.
●Hold-fasts: These are mild steel flats (section
30mmX6mm) generally bent into Z-shape to
fix or hold the frame to the openings.
●Rebate: It is the depression made inside the door
frame to receive the door or window.
●Mullion: Vertical member running through a
shutter.
●Jamb: Vertical face of door or window opening
which supports the frame.
TYPES OF DOORS
Classification on the basis of arrangements of components
1. Battened and ledged door.
2. Battened, ledged and braced door.
3. Battened, ledged and frame door.
4. Battened, ledged, braced and framed door.
Classification on the basis of method or manner of construction
1. Framed and Panelled Doors.
2. Glazed and Sash Doors.
3. Flush Doors.
4. Louvered Doors.
5. Wire-gauged Doors.
Classification on the basis of working operation
1. Revolving Doors.
2. Sliding Doors. Based on materials
3. Swing Doors. 1. Timber,
4. Collapsible Doors. 2. Steel,
5. Rolling Shutter Doors. 3. Aluminum,
4. Others
Swinging Doors
Swinging door shutters are attached to the door frame using
hinges or butts fixed to one side, allowing them to swing on a
vertical axis.
Types of Swinging Doors: These doors can be categorized as
single swinging, double swinging, or double-acting doors.
Single Swinging Doors: In this type, if a person stands outside
facing the door and the hinges are on the left, the door is a
left-hand door; if the hinges are on the right, it is a right-hand
door.
Double Swinging Doors: In these doors, the shutters are
hinged on opposite sides of the opening. They are commonly
used at the entrances of buildings.
Double-Acting Doors: These doors feature special hinges that
ensure the door remains closed when not in use. The door
can be pushed open in either direction, making it convenient
for high-traffic areas.
TYPES OF DOORS
1. Battened and Ledged Doors
●Simplest type of door specially for narrow openings.
●Formed of vertical bands, known as battens which are
usually tongued and grooved and are fixed together by
horizontal supports known as ledges.
●Batten: 100 to 150mm wide and 20 to 30 mm thick.
●Ledged: 100 to 200mm and 25 to 30mm thick.
●Three ledges are generally provided at top, mid and bottom.
TYPES OF DOORS
2. Battened, Ledged and Braced Doors
●Improved versions of battened and ledged doors in which
additional inclined members are provided called brace to give
more rigidity.
●Used for wide openings.
●Batten 100 to 175mm wide and 20mm thick.
●Ledges 175 to 225mm wide and 25 to 30mm thick.
●Braces 125 to 175mm wide and have same thickness as of ledges.
TYPES OF DOORS
3. Battened, Ledged and Framed Doors
●Improved versions of battened and ledged doors in
which two additional vertical frame members called
styles.
●Styles generally 100mm wide and 40mm thick.
●Three ledges are generally provided.
●Total thickness of style is adjusted equal to
thickness of ledge plus the thickness of battens.
TYPES OF DOORS
4. Battened, Ledged, Braced and Framed Doors
●Modification over above three types of doors with provision
of addition of bracing.
●Provided diagonally between ledges.
●Purpose of bracing is to increase its strength, durability and
appearance.
●This door consists of battens, two vertical members
(styles), three ledges and two bracing.
●Battens are generally tongued, grooved and V-jointed.
Framed and Paneled Door
●Used in all types of buildings.
●Strong and gives better appearance than
battened doors.
●Door consists of a framework of vertical
members called styles and horizontal members
called rail which are grooved along the inner
edges of the frames to receive the panels.
●Panels are made from timber, plywood, block
board, AC sheet or of glasses.
●Framed and paneled door are made in several
designs to suit the functional as well as
architectural requirements.
●Door may be single, double, three, four or six
paneled and so on.
Glazed or Sash Doors
●Glazed or sash doors are installed in spaces
where extra light or visibility to the outside is
needed.
●They are frequently used in both residential
and public buildings such as hospitals,
schools, and colleges.
●These doors can be fully or partially glazed, or
a combination of glazing and paneling.
Typically, they are used for interior openings or
in public institutions like hospitals and
colleges.
●Glazed doors allow visibility into the room and
let light pass through the glazed section.
●These doors can be either completely glazed or
partially glazed with panels, with glass panels
used for the glazed portions.
Flush Doors
●Flush doors offer an attractive appearance,
simple construction, lower cost, enhanced
strength, and excellent durability.
●They are widely used in residential, public, and
commercial buildings.
●These doors consist of a solid or semi-solid
core, framed and covered on both sides with
materials like plywood or face veneers.
●Flush doors come in two types:
Solid core flush door or laminated core
flush door.
Hollow or cellular core flush door.
There are two types of flush doors:
A. Solid Core or Laminated Core Flush
Door:
●In a solid core flush door, the core is
made of timber strips that are glued
together under high pressure.
Similarly, in a laminated core flush
door, 25mm wide battens are glued
under high pressure.
●These doors have a wooden frame
with stiles and rails to support the
core.
●Plywood sheets or face veneers, along
with crossbands, are then glued under
pressure on both sides of the door to
complete the structure.
There are two types of flush doors:
B. Hollow Core and Cellular Core Flush
Door:
Similar to other flush doors, stiles and
rails are provided for the frame, but at
least two intermediate rails are required.
The interior of the door contains evenly
spaced battens, each 25mm wide. The
remaining area, known as void space,
makes up no more than 40% of the total
door area.
As with other types, face veneers and
crossbands are glued under high
pressure on both sides.
Louvered Doors:
● They allow for free ventilation.
● A drawback is that they tend to collect dust and
are difficult to clean.
● Commonly used in bathrooms and water
closets.
● Louvers can be provided along the full length
of the door or only partially.
● The louvers are angled in such a way that while
they allow air to pass through freely, they block
visibility.
● Louvers are fixed with the upper back part
positioned higher than the front lower part.
● Louvers can be either fixed or movable.
● They can be made of timber, glass, or plywood.
Wire-gauged Doors:
● Wire-gauged doors are used to prevent flies,
mosquitoes, and other insects from entering.
● A wire mesh panel allows free airflow through
the door.
● Commonly used in refreshment areas, hotels,
and food storage cupboards.
● The door consists of a wooden frame fitted
with a fine mesh made from galvanized wire
gauge.
SLIDING DOORS:
● Shutter slides with help of
runner and guide rails.
● May have 1 or 2 or 3 shutter,
depending upon the size of
opening.

SWING DOORS
●Leaf is attached to door frame by
special double action spring
hinge so shutter can move both
inward and outward as desired.
The mother art is architecture. Without an architecture of our own we
have no soul of our own civilization."- Frank Lloyd Wright

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