The principal value for inverse trigonometric functions is determined based on the range of each function. For \( \sin^{-1}(-\frac{1}{2}) \), the principal value is \( -\frac{\pi}{6} \) because the range is \([-\frac{\pi}{2}, \frac{\pi}{2}]\). For \( \cos^{-1}(\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}) \), the principal value is \( \frac{\pi}{6} \), given the range is \([0, \pi]\). For \( \tan^{-1}(-1) \), the principal value is \( -\frac{\pi}{4} \), considering its range is \((-\frac{\pi}{2}, \frac{\pi}{2})\). Similarly, \( \text{cosec}^{-1}(-2) \) can be deduced based on the function's properties and corresponding range.

Solving \(\sin 2x - \sin 4x + \sin 6x = 0\) involves using sum-to-product identities. Apply the identity \(\sin C - \sin D = 2 \cos \left( \frac{C+D}{2} \right) \sin \left( \frac{C-D}{2} \right)\) to \(\sin 2x - \sin 4x\) giving \(-2 \sin\left(3x\right) \cos (x)\), then combine with \(\sin 6x\), and further application leads to simplified expressions of each sine function shifting the problem entirely to cosine solutions . Identifying and equating the trigonometric terms systematically yields multiple solutions that represent intersections of periodic function graphs.

The modulus of the complex number \(1+i\sqrt{3}\) is calculated by \(\sqrt{a^2 + b^2}\) where \(a\) is the real part and \(b\) is the imaginary part. Thus, the modulus is \(\sqrt{1^2 + (\sqrt{3})^2} = \sqrt{4} = 2\). The argument is found by \(\tan^{-1}\left(\frac{b}{a}\right)\), thus \(\tan^{-1}(\sqrt{3}/1)\), which equals \(\frac{\pi}{3}\). Understanding involves recognizing the geometrical representation of complex numbers in the Argand plane and associate it with trigonometric identities and polar coordinates .

We start by considering the identity for the sine of angles and subsequent transformation. Given \(\sin^{-1} x + \sin^{-1} y + \sin^{-1} z = \pi\), it's implied that \(x, y, z\) are bound within specific trigonometric trident formula parameters. These transform into convolution of \(x, y, z\) and cosine identity squared components, \(\cos(\sin^{-1}t) = \sqrt{1-t^2}\). Upon expression rearrangement, the result \(x\sqrt{1-x^2} + y\sqrt{1-y^2} + z\sqrt{1-z^2} - 2xyz = 0\), arises naturally from consistent trigonometric degrees mixture or utilizing half-angle identities from sine integral . Recognize that the relationship fulfills polynomial symmetries entirely dependent on unit circle chord properties.

Angles of elevation and depression are used to form right triangles with known distances, allowing trigonometric functions to solve for unknown heights. For instance, when given an angle of elevation to the top of a cable tower, and its angle of depression from a building, height calculations use \(\tan \theta = \frac{\text{Opposite}}{\text{Adjacent}}\). For example, given a building height of 7 m and an elevation angle of \(60^\circ\) and depression angle of \(45^\circ\), we apply \(\tan \theta\) to set up equations \(\tan 60^\circ = \frac{h-7}{d}\) and \(\tan 45^\circ = \frac{7}{d}\) (where \(h\) is the height from the ground to the tower top, and \(d\) is the horizontal distance) to solve for \(h\). This method illustrates using trigonometry to navigate practical problems.

To solve the equation \(2\tan^2 x + \sec^2 x = 2\), observe that \(\sec^2 x = 1 + \tan^2 x\). Substitute this into the equation to obtain \(2\tan^2 x + 1 + \tan^2 x = 2\). Simplifying gives \(3\tan^2 x = 1\), leading to \(\tan^2 x = \frac{1}{3}\). Thus, \(\tan x = \pm\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}\), which corresponds to solutions \(x = n\pi \pm \frac{\pi}{6}, n \in \mathbb{Z}\). This analysis uses trigonometric identities and algebraic manipulation to find solutions.

The proof of \(\tan^{-1} \left( \frac{\cos x - \sin x}{\cos x + \sin x} \right) = \frac{\pi}{4} - x\) requires manipulating the tangent ratio and sum/difference formulas. Set \(t = \tan x\) and transform \(\frac{\cos x - \sin x}{\cos x + \sin x}\) using trigonometric identities to obtain \(\tan\left(\frac{\pi}{4} - x\right)\). Recognizing this expression as equivalent to \(\tan^{-1} \tan\left(\frac{\pi}{4} - x\right)\), we conclude that \(\tan^{-1} \left( \frac{\cos x - \sin x}{\cos x + \sin x} \right)\) simplifies directly to \(\frac{\pi}{4} - x\) under proper transformation, demonstrating equivalent function inverses in this restricted domain .

De Moivre's theorem states that for a complex number in polar form \((r(\cos \theta + i\sin \theta))^n = r^n (\cos(n\theta) + i\sin(n\theta)) \). To derive \((1+\cos\theta + i\sin\theta)^n\), recognize that \(1+\cos\theta + i\sin\theta\) can be rewritten as \(2\cos\frac{\theta}{2}(\cos \frac{\theta}{2} + i \sin \frac{\theta}{2})\). Applying De Moivre’s theorem to \((2\cos\frac{\theta}{2})^n(\cos \frac{n\theta}{2} + i\sin \frac{n\theta}{2})\), we obtain \(2^n\cos^n\frac{\theta}{2}(\cos \frac{n\theta}{2} + i\sin \frac{n\theta}{2})\). This manipulation shows how exponential expansions in complex numbers can be simplified using trigonometric identities.

The condition \(xy < 1\) is necessary for \( \tan^{-1} x + \tan^{-1} y = \tan^{-1} \left( \frac{x+y}{1-xy} \right) \) because it ensures that the angle sum lies within the principal range of \( \tan^{-1} \). The tangent function has a principal range of \((-\frac{\pi}{2}, \frac{\pi}{2})\), and if \(xy \geq 1\), the sum of the angles could potentially be undefined or fall outside this range, making the result invalid. Thus, maintaining \(xy < 1\) constrains the angles so that their sum is still representable by the inverse tangent function .

The property \(\sin^{-1} x + \cos^{-1} x = \frac{\pi}{2}\) can be proved by considering the definition of inverse functions. If \( y = \sin^{-1} x \), then \( \sin y = x \) and \( y \in \left[ -\frac{\pi}{2}, \frac{\pi}{2} \right] \). Therefore, \( \cos y = \sqrt{1-x^2} \), and consequently, \( \cos^{-1}(\sqrt{1-x^2}) = \frac{\pi}{2} - y \). Thus, adding the two equations gives \( y + \cos^{-1}x = \frac{\pi}{2} \). This property underscores the complementary nature of the sin and cos functions over a common angle.