Instruments
Formalin
Use –
• The most commonly used
fixative.
• It is prepared by mixing 40 %
Formaldehyde gas in 100 w/v of
distilled water.
• Routinely, 10 % formalin is used
• Used as a preservative for small
and large biopsies
Bouin’s Fluid
• Made up of picric acid +
formalin + glacial acetic
acid.
• Fixative for testicular and
intestinal biopsy.
• Good fixative for soft and
delicate tissue.
• Fixation of lymphnode,
prostate and kidney
biopsies.
Zenker’s fluid
Use –
• Used for good nuclear
preservation in small
biopsies of –
a. Lymph node
b. Spleen
c. Congested tissues
d. Bone marrow
e. Thymus
Automatic tissue processor
• Use- Needed for tissue
processing
• Steps of tissue processing like
fixation, dehydration, clearing
and impregnation can be done
automatically in a single,
unmanned instrument
Tissue cassette
Use – For holding tissue
samples during tissue
processing
Leuckhart’s mould
Uses –
• Tissue is embedded in L
mould to prepare paraffin
blocks.
Paraffin Block
Use-
•Paraffin wax makes the
tissue hard so cutting is
easier.
Rotary Microtome:
The blocks which have been
prepared are cut or sectioned
and thin strips of varying
thickness are prepared with the
help of rotary microtome.
Freezing microtome
Uses – For rapid microscopic diagnosis
during surgery
•Involvement of resection margins by
malignancy
Syringe and Needle
Uses-
1) blood sample collection
2) Fine Needle Aspiration
procedure
( FNAC)
EDTA Bulb
• Ethylene Diamine
Tetraacetic Acid
•MOA: chelating effect on
calcium molecule in blood
• Uses: Used for routine
hematological work
• TLC
• DLC
• ESR (by wintrobe method)
• CBC
• Reticulocyte count
• Platelet count
Citrate Bulb
• MOA: Acts by chelating calcium in blood
• Used as 3.2%
• It is used in a concentration of :-
• 1 part sodium citrate to 4 parts whole blood (1:4) for
ESR (by westergren)
• 1 part sodium citrate to 9 parts whole blood (1:9) for
coagulation profile ( PT, APTT, D-DIMER)
Fluoride Bulb
• Grey top
• It contains 2 main contents
1. Sodium Fluoride- Act as antiglycolytic
agent to prevent break down of glucose
2. Double oxalate- Act as anticoagulant
• Use- For determination of blood
glucose level.
Heparin bulb
Green top
• MOA- Heparin accelerates the action
of Antithrombin III, neutralising
thrombin and prevents formation of
fibrin
•Uses-
• Blood gas analysis
• Osmotic Fragility Test
• HLA typing
•Ammonia estimation
Plain bulb
Uses –
• Used for collection of
blood for –
a) Serology
b) Liver function tests
c) Renal function test
d) Lipid profile
CPDA Blood Bag
• Used for collection of
blood
•Storage of whole blood
and components of blood
Neubauer's Chamber
WBC Pipette
Uses of WBC pipette:
[Link] count
2 Cell count in C.S.F.
3 Sperm count
4 Absolute Eosnophil count
RBC Pipette
Use- Quantitative estimation of RBC
Count and
Platelet count
Use- Determination of PCV and ESR
Use- Determination of ESR
Westergreen Tube
Sahli’s haemoglobinometer
Use- For estimation of Hb
Disadvantage :
[Link] develops slowly(in 1 hr)
[Link] unstable and starts fading
[Link] variations
Urinometer
Use –
• To measure specific
gravity of urine.
• Specific gravity depends
on the concentration of
various solutes in the
urine.
Esbach’s Albuminometer
Use –
• For quantitative
estimation of albumin
in the urine.
Lumbar Puncture Needle
Use –
• For collection of
cerebrospinal fluid.
• Spinal anesthesia
• Therapeutic lumbar
puncture.
Bone marrow aspiration needle
Use –
• To obtain sample of bone
marrow from sites like -
a) Sternum
b) Anterior or posterior iliac
crest or
c) Tibia
Liver biopsy Needle
(Vim Silverman)
Use –
• To obtain a tissue sample
from liver in cases like
a) Liver cirrhosis
b) Glycogen storage
disorders
c) TB or sarcoidosis
d) Infections – Herpes,
CMV
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