t,. .

,
l'k)~la!!c qamp "-l'pt l)l'lmv a tcc1
2. A coin is pl:imi :n the 1'0111' 01
013 • h (1 1 clll
I ·'
~ -:ikl'l ('l)lll:1111111~
•
'
l) I n·fr:icti\'C' index 1·5 when vi·
a
' llgu1a,
e,vcd r g1
31 3 1 01 al)(wc 11. appears to be raised b 11\)111 a11 t
water (refrnrtivc indc, = 43\ dl·r ,
Ix' r:it,('11 11 1ll n . i· ' Y 7-o "~ ,
By whal he1gh1 lhr l'<'ln 3 11
~ ' :lP:'
' I the thdnc~~ n t 1c glass slab. 11111,. C~1ct

---- ~
Ileen from vertK·:111' :itxirc

\ \~\\I·•R,,. :- '

, "'l _Jdl ~-{h). H d). 7-(b). 8-(d), 9-(c)

1-<d 2-~:il. ' -(I' · 4' . .
<\ l \ 1ultiple Choi<'t T,p<
·...,,, . t 4 m 2. 4 cm 3. 2·1 cm
ff umrm., • ·
1D 1 Lon,c Qu~tton~ 5. Talk·
'

(0) cRmCAL ANGLE ANDTOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION

normal when it suffers refraction
4.13 TRANSMISSION OF LIGHT FROM A
DENSER MEDIUM (GLASS OR WATER) ,. . glass 1r
air. therefore the angle of refracti·onrorn
than the angle of incidence i. is grea~
TO A RARER MEDIUM (AIR) AT
DIFFERENT ANGLES OF INCIDENCE Now if the angle of incidence I· IS • g
Consider the refraction of Lij!ht from a denser increased. the angle of refraction r al .tncreractualf,
.
- h . . Of so
medium to a rarer medium When a light ray but t e mtenstty refracted ra k ~
travelling in a denser medium falls on the surface decreasing. Finally the angle of yre fracr eeps 01
10
separating it from a rarer medium. it is partly reaches its. maximum possible value equa1 to n90·,
1 f . .
reflccted bad . into the denser medium and panlv at a certain ang e o mc1dence ; == c H ·
refracled in the rarer medmm. The refracted ra)' c l ed the critical angle*. . ere Cii
bends away from lf1e normal on the surface at the Case (ii) when the angle of inc,·d
· f· • ence i5
pomt o mc1dence obeymg the laws of refraction. I to the critical angle (i == C) : 1 a
Now we s~all consider this process of reflection incidence equal to the critical angle ( = ~le or
and refracuon at different angles of incidence. \ angle of refraction becomes 90° as sho ' t~e
1
r O . r..... .
~s~ (a) ~en th~ angle of incidence is '.1g. 4.43. Th~ r~fracted ray is along the glass-air
wn rn

sm _(, <_C) : ln Fig 4.42. a light ray AO interface and It IS very weak.
~avelhng m glass is incident at the glass-air N'

interface at a small angle of incidence i. It i~

partly reflected and partly refracted. We gel a
weak ~eflected ray OC and a strong refracted ray AIR r = 90• REFRACTED RAY
OB. Smee the incident ray bend!. away from th~ B
[Link] -1. I ~
N' <1 . ~
B
-;
J I I / i,>,
~

I '
~'I ?& I= C:: i 1yJ. )

l
I 1
I I.
A N C
AIR <(-~
hg. 4.43 llefral'tion from 1:lass w air when i = C

~
GLASS
In Fig. 4.43. for the incident ray AO at i = C.
the refracted ray is OB and the reflected ray is QC.
f
" \ ( Case (iii) when the angle of incidenc~ )ls
A C
g~cr than the critical angle (i > l)
Fig. 4.42 Refraction from glass [Link] -,,.•J,e11 ; < l
• ~) III/JIJ/ I / \ 11 / 111
, //led 111 ,1,,11111,• tlll' , , i11u 1I 011g /1'·

100
 hows i at for the incident ray . AO
. I an Thu'I, knew 111° the re fr ,,c t"v 1 e Jndex.. o
f the
4,4A s . t,1t ; greater than the cnt1
;\l
edium.
fig - of incidence is obtained and the 1.:a angle de11c..er mccl1u111 with r~c. pcct to the r<u er m
f that pajr
1 incident f<IY ,, c [Link] r.;<tl l ulat1.: the c.n l,cul anPle C or
,,,g c ,t'r,•actl'd royted as oc such tha
. ,,,, t L1\ 0 N -
reflec . of media .
( · 0 1nllY
iS I 11..! 'fhUS, the boundaryfl surface separating F.'<nmpll'S :
· t f0 1"· ., behaves as a re cct. rf
::: ,ncd1a mg su ace. 1
1hC t\'10 (I) 1--m glass refrachve m<lex "µ 1: = 2
,N'
o:
IA _~ ;,k --- -:- --- -

l f
/..
~~·
cP .
:
1?~~
(~c
':~o1
~ >-
But sin 1-io
~"' =
.,..
3·
C = 42°

(2) For water. refractive index "µw 4

\ "-c = 3
A !
:N . C 3
Sin = -I aµ,. = -4
,nection wlien i > C (110 refraction)
. 4·4-1 Tota I reJ'
Fig. ~
But sin 49° = 1 .
CRITICAL ANGLE 4 \.r -- 490
The table below giv . es cnt. . al anoles for some
eh~e read that when a ray of light passes lc 0
. a denser medium to a_rarer me .
horn . le of incidence 1 = C, the angle
dium, at a
substances with respect to air)
certain ang of Critical angle for ~ome subStance ·th
refraction becomes 90o , i.e. . . C 900 s wi
,. ~t lL = l, rTh= . respec t to air
The angle c is called the cr1t1ca ang
e. us, f Sub~tance__ J µ Critical angle C I
Critical angle is the angle of incide \ Water
nce_in the \ l-33 48 45' "' 49°
enser l""ed
" ium cor res pon din g to which tht Turpentine t .➔7 42" s,r "" 43°
angle of refraction in the rarer mediu \
m is 90°. ) Gla ss l·S 41° 48' "" 42~
Flint glass 1-58 39° 28' "" 39°
/ 4.15 RELATIONSHIP BETWEE
~ ANGLE AND REFRACTIVE IND
N CRITICAL Dia mond
J 2-41
-- --24° --30'--- --:!5°
-
EX 'Factors affecting the cri
(µ. = 1/sin C) tical angle
\ The critical angle for a g1v
In Fig. 4.43, AO is a ray incide en pai r of media
nt at the depe nds on their- ref
glass-air interface at an angle rac tive indice s. Bu t the
of incidence refractive index of
i = C (critical angle) for wh a medium is affected by the
ich the angle of following rwo
refraction r is 90°. Therefore, the ref fac tors :
of air with respect to glass is rac tive index l l'1 the colour ~or wavelength) of
light, and
sin (' (2) temperature.
µ = --
g n sin90°
Th erefore. the critical angle
But, sin 90° = I . 'l - s:n C also depends
. • gr a - "' on these two fac tors : ( l) the col
our of light and
But, refractive index of glass wit (2) temperature.
h respect to air is
(l) Depenck m:e on the col
r,µ ,,., = - ,I-l our of light : The
!: t
(I refractive index of a transparent
medium
decreases with the increase of wa
I velength
µ = -, in =coscc C of light (it is the mo st for vio
II I: (' 0
...H.16) let light
or sin C = and the least for red light) ,
the ref or e
.,11~ the critical angle for a pair of
media is
the least for violet light and
the mo st
10 I
 tN ttcl h~hl , < rl,t cnhml m1gll' i11cn.•nsr., ( 1)The hght ,111"1 trm ·,·1 from a denser rn 0
"'t:h 1hr in,•m,~ in wnl'rk11,erh of lighr. mc,llum.
t: 1 Or~l'ndtn«' on trmp('rat m <' : On (2) Th<' angle of incidence 111 11.\I he greater
~~~Ilg thc [Link] of a medium.
Jt\ re~, e inde\ dt'l.·reas~s. therefore the
crit1ml mr1?l1 incrMse~ " ·irh rhr incffase
th<' cn"th·al angle fo, the pair of "1<'ch,r
-~
Note : In rhe pro cess of to ta l i11te ma/ ref/ec,,
/ 00% energy ( or i111e11sity) of light i s reflecred &
ir lrffl{l('m'rurr ~ ~ No other device such as plane mi rro1; etc. /Jlndu
I 4 i6 TOTr\L INTERNAL REFLECTIO JOO% rejlec1ion (du e to abso ,ption and refrar,
\...,.,'" When light travel, from a rarer to a denser of some part of lig ht). Due to this p roper,3,, I
Jua!n:.m. at all angle-" of incidence a part of it is phenomenon of to ta l i11te r11a/ rejlec tio11 is //.fed
rcBected and the rest of it is refracted at the the construc tion ofp e riscope, binocularand ce
. . nc~
.);)ut~:-.1') sumre. Thus. both reflection andl types of cam era 111 w hrch a total reflecring Pntt.
rtt,....[Link] [Link] simultaneously. On the other replaces a plane mirro r for reflection of light. ,
1wA ,.Jitti !ight trm-·d s from a denser to a rarer
~ under cenain conditions (when the angle
Refraction and total internal reflectio
cf [Link] ts greater 1/um the crirical m1gle), no light rays at different angles of incidenc/
ifsl.t is refracted, buJ the enrire light is
'l)t/11 -.cf Fig 4.46 shows refraction of light rays fro
r.;fJtCJed b-..ck iii 'the same medium. 1n Fig. 4.45, point source A kept in a denser medium to a Ill
. . . I ra.1
tm= 1ight ra~ AO getJ enrirely rcjlecred as OC medium at different mcreasmg ang es of incide~
~r.:i~ the laws of reflection and it does not for the ray AO, the angle of incidence is [Link]
s::!fel rehction. This phenomenon is called rota/ and it is refracted as OA' at an angle of refraC!Jo
~n..J refttetion. r = 0.
N'
For the ray AP, the angle of incidence i is 1
than the critical angle C (i.e., i < C), thus it~
[Link] (RARER )

(
partly reflected as PB and partly refracted as ~
GlASS (OeNSER/ ~"
~ Ir,~ at an angle of refraction r > i.
~ : ~{}.~
For the ray AQ, the angle of incidence 1
: ~).
A I> C
I
I C equal to the criticaJ angle for the pair of med
N (i.e., ; = C), so it is partly reflected as Q :
fig. 4.45 Total 1111erna/ reflection when i > C
and partly refracted as QC' at an angle~
Thus. refraction r equal to 90°.
A'
( ; When a ray [Link] tm, elling in a denser 1 C

/ ,nediwn, is incident at the surface of a rarer

RARER
medium at an angle of inddence greater than MEDIUM
the critical angle for the pair of media, the ray
is totally reflected back inro the denser medium.
This phenomenon is called rota/ internal
reflection. )

( ~sse~tial conditions for total Internal A

B
~eflect,on Fig 4.46 Hefractio11 mu/ totnl internal reflection
There are two necessary conditions for total For the ray AR, the angle of incidence ii
internal reflection :
greater than the critical angle (i.e., i > C), so ii
102
 the
reate r than
of 1nnd encc is g ~he prism
fl ee te d as RB " nt nn ,,ngl c of h~uuc:c the ,mgle c ' ·ocid e nt
. L<'udl Y re . and 110 refraction nffw t . critic,d ,IIH'lc... Tile rc'lc cled bcvmrein(,td it is I
- f BC whe
,~ . n r == ,. ' then (,f, ikec. the ,ice . s unde v iated . As a
rcncc110 . The above phenomenon of refructmn h ah 900
r .yofe : ,., reflec tion can ea<:ily be demo n..,- [Link] y and th~re hre p,1s-.e roua
TI I h d l b m gets devi ated t
~ 1·11 1111c m u resu t, l c me, "n e.i 4 47 -;hows
,1nd to ' . t ti1e lie lp of a lase r pen source. 1e while cmcrgin2~· out of the pn~m . Fig. · h the
., P'Q' th rouo
' d w1t 1 t'on to be taken is that the laser sour<.:e
1r11te
,11n I
1
·111 prcca ud"rec tly as 1t• may damage the eyes. J the [Link] of two rays PO anu
pn..,m .ind then out of 1t.
0

.
. 11ot seen I t rcve rs ibtht y
15
- - INTERNA L REFLECTION IN A (, "vme . ( 1) By the pnnc ,p ~ o
TAL ll ,
4.
1
7 TO
pAISM . r path of light , ,f ltght ss rncid ent norm ~.g~>
NoW we shall con~ider the ~hen omen_o n of on the fa<.:e BC o f the pns m. &t w1l~ eme
I internal reflec tion 111 rhr~e diffe rent _prisms : out from the face AB after suff erin g tota
. h f e AC
toW O 900 450 prism (i.e., nght angled 1,;;osceles intern al refle ction at t e ac beha ves as
45 ,
(l ). · total reflecting prism),. (2)) prism
. d (
of each
(11) The face AC of the pnsm
nsm or 3 30
0
\ - -
~ngle 600 (i. e., ~quil at~rahl pnslmd. a~ ) ) . a retlec trng surfa ce. in a
-ri=_ . . ..,ed
' o 600 prism (1.e., a n g t-ang e pn
sm .
r;~ , Tota l int erna l refl ect io n thro ugh a \...:'.::'"'e : This actio n of n~
,cop e whe re a total re t ec trn
m is
_
g
lJ pris m is

~ ) 45 0, 90° , 45 ° pris m (o r r igh t-an gl ed pert

isosc eles prism ) } prefe rred o ver a plane mirr or. J ))
Total reflecting prism : A prism havin g an ~ To
d_eviate a rav of light thr u r:h 180 /
of 90° between its two refra cting surfa ces ln Fig. ➔.-+8 . a ( 6
angle of I ight
and, the other two angles each equa l to 45°. is beam
m the obje ct
called a total reflec ting prism beca use the light fro -i; 45 ,
falls norm ally ;:} )
incident normally on any of its f aces, suffers total PQ • - ·
the face A C /
internal reflec tion inside the p rism. Due to this on ;~ - - -- ; T_ _.:::~ c
hy pote nuse A .1.:4:::::___
5
behaviour, a total reflecting prism is used for the . (i.e., I "
fac e ) of the • •
following three purposes : P'L a·
(a) to devia te a ray of light through 90°, prism . so it enter s O
_ P

viate d inside oBJecr tMAGE

(b) to devia te a ray of light through 180°, and unde Fig . .J . .JS Devia tion throu gh /80~
· vert e d imag · · h o u t the pnsm and
( c) to e rec t an ' in e wlt
.
produ cing devia tion in its path. strik es the o}ass -air inter face AB of the pris m
s
Sinc e the b;am o f light is trave lli ng fro m glas
V!!) To deviate a ray of light throu gh 90° )
to air at a n angle of incid ence equa l to 4 5 ° whic h
In Fig . 4.47 , (. A

ABC is a to ta l
is greate r than the critic al angle (= 42 ° for g lass-
air) . the refor e the beam of ligh t suffe rs tota
l
refl ectin g pris m. P- .--=- +---11-- ...~ the
A beam of light is internal refle ction . The re flecte d be am insid e
· incident 11ot mally p • prism strikes the face BC at an ang le o f incid e nce
at the face AB . It
eq ual to 45° . so it agai n suffe rs tota l inte rnal
n ow
passes unde viate d so· N' c~ reflection. T he bean1 of lig ht ins ide the pris m
into the prism and
8 ,/ fa lls no rma lly o n t he face AC a nd t h e re fo re
strikes at the face pass es u nde v iate d o ut o f the p r is m, fo rmi n o
AC at an angle of Fig . .J.-17 De,·iatiou throug h 90 the imag e P'Q' o f the obje c t PQ . The be am th u~
de viate d by 90° at each refle ction and the
in~i_dence equa l to 45°. For glass-air interface, the gets
deviation due to two re fl ectio ns beco m e s
c_nticaJ angle is about 42°, there fore the beam of total
18 0° ·
light sii/Je rs total imen wl rejlec tio11 a l the face AC
10 3

Onc ff
 , , .... , 11'-l'd , n :1 p asses nut u ndevi ated throug h the face B(
Thi • :i,11<'!1' 1 11 11 1
, . ,., , ·•rt1 1.' < 11 ·,rl,ou r ST i, t h e e 111crgent 1-ay. Fron, Fiu. 4 50 . ~
' l ''
:i:-1 1 ' ..., • r, l • • - . • I 11,

~ ~
that the inc ident ray PQ has ll1n,ed th "
: ; : -" '
11
.-: . . ... , " ,.. • .., ;r1 , , , " ~,
dr,·iatrn a n ~ lc of 60 ° tow ards the base from .rotrr
~ (""('{'; (! > ,._ --- ~ 1l 1 ~ . •L~ rr
direction and 1l c1ncrgcs out a s ST. Furth
•
i- • ',)
l.. , \ ' 1
i' I,
,,
' '
lt•·ht
::-
m,m the (lhJL'CI ~im ila1· 1na nn e r. 1·ay s in c ident on the lo er.'
- Jr h .. " ,'
11
, th-:- t:i,Y -\C ~1 t
hypotenuse) •
- cc AB . suc h a s P'Q,..,Wet ,
, ..n• "",... h . po r tion of th e ta
., ,:,_-,, . •, th,' fa...' c -\R ot t t' pn.sn1.
1,- r--,m R!l, , tn._t ·1. intc nrnlly reflect ed as R'T' by the face BC ·
' .... ,,, :u k'I &In,, nnd sn,i(es
• "' "t''l'!<d tl l' ' " 1· air 1nte11-a c e). Thus. it also tuni s throuoh (&1;,
, , _.~ .\~- <' _ th, pn ,1.. - travel
, · thc--:e r:-iY,
" "'"" _ 1ng emerge perpendicul~u· to the face AC. <> OCJ
f!X "-' tnls • :it .., ta,, :ur mtcr1 ace at
I- 1h-· £1;1,, . ' ' • :::- . l
tfm"w:--
3-: •-~
~, ..i- :-c !!rt':tter than the ~nllcal ang e
t0nt1l, <'' 1n..: KtdK ,
.
.
i.. ~ he-<1m ..:uffen- tflffll mlerna
/ (
;1" t,erf'f('lfc:' trn. ' .
"' - \.,.am m~dc the prism now stnktles
-n..~
r('iWl''{l('tl I '1' il<C<
' an anck of incidence Je<;S than 1e
nr
th: '"-'c ~ ai.. ·n '" ti' , uffen- refraction
· fro-m g Iass
~
3.'l~I' l " ' ' •
~,:a " d aw~I\ from the normal. The beam
w :1..1· ~ hen// ) ·, he race AC. A~ a result of
~ e, n,:rra ,t'r 11 ''
· ercrence the mys arc invened and
rt~"'fl{'lll on em ::- . ~Q'
ttl :he J0\1~rt
ed ohiect

.;ailed an erccrm!! pn m1
.
PQ. the

.
erect

.
.
image
A pn, m when used in rhis manner i s
1' ("'1_at!1e(.I "'
.

Fig. -[Link] Deviation through 60° by a11 equilateral

l
Pru~
f l ',l Tius acnon of a prism is used m a slide (_ Thus we find that a parallel beam of Ii°'
incident normally on face AB, after refraction, />-
B
in to two equal beams -travellil)g in d'ff s~
. . o . I ere:
90 directtons making an angle of 120 with each
~~
p ~ ----::o· f (3) To tal internal reflection and refracr .
P' ) ~ light through a 30°, 90°, 60° prism (o:o~
l
, ,..~
~ /4~ ..... c rMAGE angled prism) \ ngt
[Link].,. A
1,.i:. 4.49 Erecting pnsm
• oJ
A 30°, 90°, 60 prism A

(1 Toralinternalreflectionthrougbaprisn_iwhere can be used to d e viate T

/ each angle is 60 (i.e., equilateral prism) ) a tight ray through an
A pnsm of each angle 60° can be ~[Link] angle less than 60 ° _ by
de\'lale a l!glzr ra.r 1hrough 60° by total mtenwl total internal reflecfl_on.
rejleciion. Fig. 4.50 shows a prism ABC of each Fig. 4.51 shows a pnsm
angle 60°. A light ray PQ incident normally on ABC <?f angles 30°, 90°
the face AB oftbe prism passes undeviated as QR and 60°. A light ray PQ 90°
into the prism and it strikes the face AC at an incident normally on the
anole of incjdence 60° at the point R. Now the face BC of the prism . P

light ray QR suffers total internal reflection at the (opposite to the refracting Fig. 4·51 Deviaiion tlrro~~
.., less than 60° by a JO ,9ti
glass-air interface, since the angle of incidence angle 30°) passes undeviated 60° prism
( (= 60°) is greater than the critical angle whkh is as QR into the prism and it strikes the face AC J
42°, such that LQRS is 120°. The ray RS an angle of incidence 60° at the point R. No IN
11
obtained after total internal reflection falls Jioht ray QR suffers total intenwl reflectionat!Ir
nonnally on the face BC of the prism and so it glass-air interface since the angle of incideiK~
104
 m ,n the
1 ol the pn-. .. t·
•. ,r 111.1n 1h1..' 1.. n !l1..,1I ,111ck ,, h1d1
,, I.'. 11te I Ill' V I hv1l 11lc r111'>t' ._ ilw ftJ<)t o
nt f) I
~ n .,t 1l
111,1I 1elk...:1111n p11r1111n f ,, ' ..,,, ·h th ti the p111 p . 1 .... .., t! ....
, .. (•<I l , .. KS (lbt:11 nccl ai rer tn t.11 1111t~ tro m B on }\ C JI h.
1h • pcrpt'11 rl1c 1il,1 r <l tnk c"' t co
• r,t\ I •ti tl1C f •,c:c ,\ B of the pn, m ,II
,Ill clll l!k
111 '
I Il( till 1de11u· t11H ll·• 1.11c.:d "" <JR m..:, 1dt·
the pn'> Tll • (.;t: 60
1<. ,del l •. l·ciual 10 \0 rhi , ,ml.!le nl O f 10
,ocn
11 lc ~ • ( = --l.2 )
, .. fC llll
111c1t r ,11 tcrt ·ic:c ,.., le,._ •than the lnl1 c,ll ,lll!! k I t<.:c H( · o f th1..· pn- .m ,\t ,111 .in~
1,;,1I ,ing k
,,1 . • \\ h1d1 1, g,c. trl'r 1h in the (.;nt1
c;-•11
,,r gh1~ ' KS 1, re frac ted Imm g l,1
" lo .111 .i s S r
· · r, row / tt1f1 •rtl(t rt'fl t •<
·1·1 1c r·ty , utte / r,,,,1 in<.1dc the
..n 1hC '_)' ,,le o l rcf r,1c t1o n grc ,ltcrh
11 th,tn JO' l'hu, R e-"> th c·n
._tn k~'- . _the
,, ,t11 •111'
, lilt:'
r·ty ST h,,, rum. ecl t rough ,in ,111 ..glc JJll 'im ,1, RS nic rdk c.:t ed ra:y. ..;c
. ~,>
" • . . ,0
,t -.ut ter, _
11crg c11 1 '
• le-.,, than (,0 ) trom the dmx.11011
or l.i<.:t: 1\ B at an ,in!. !k ul rnc1dcn1
•mc rt'C " o ut ot
111c ct 'c 1l 1'1 ,intJ \;
rel r.i<.:t1nn Irom :!I,,._.., to ,11r
c-
() ("" 11 I J
. t the nor ma l
.··•c nt r:•Y I Q. I • the pn..,m ,1, ~ r hcn drn g awa y rom
111c1u
occ urr cnt·c of tota mtc rna l refl
ecti on
.it the ta<.:c A 8 . Th u, the
1nc 1de nt ray PQ ge t,
1
90 , 60 pris m : /11 Fi~ . 4.52 fa) th,m 60 ·
r-1°'
ug1I •
, JO
1 • ' dc v1,1tcd through an ang le g rea ter
on thl' foc e AB NA L RE FL EC TIN G
1hr_o ,-av PQ is inciden t nom wlly
t1 ligh t . f .
• site to the re meting ang e
(op r whi le in Fig . 4.5 2 (b) a lig h t
I 60 ~ ) o f the pris m 4.~8 US E OF A TO TAL INT ER
my PQ is '(_ PR ISM IN PL AC E OF A PL AN E MIR RO
R )
~B· den t no rm a ll y o n the u ppe r par t of' the CA
tota l u ttl!r nul re/ leu m ,1, pn. ,m
t, u~e d in
t ray by
,net enuse fac e A C OJ.r I I1e pris . m A BC. In bot h the plo ce of a pla ne mir ror to dev wie a ligh
,co pe and h\ J80° in a bin ocu
lar
/lypol s stif fer to/a l in!e ma l 90° in a pen
the ligh t ray doe 1w 1
t due
cas e, S .
and gets refr acte d as RS a.\ wel l a.\ in a cam era .\ The rca ~on i~ tha
,nection insi de the ,rprts,r.m . pn!-)m. the ent ire
r el'
s c tt011 . In eac h cas e. the to tota l mte ma l refl ecti on' in the
obeying 1he law OJ re J rci
ect ed bac k int o the
inc ide 1~ce H
~ the oth er face in~idc the inc ide nt ligh t ( 100%) 1~ refl
angle of ina ry ref lec tio n
<:ntical ang le den~er me diu m. wh ere a~ in ord
pris m is 30° w hich 1s less than lhc refr act ed and
from a pla ne 1111tT0r . ~om e ligh t is
) i.e.. 42;. abs orb ed, ~o the refl ecti on i~ not
LOO %. T hus the
lec tin g
ge obt: :une<l by the U!:)e of a tota l ref
( ~. 0 p
ima
pri s m. is mu ch bng hte r tha n tha
t obt ain ed b y
bri ght nes s of
u~ing a pla ne mir ror. Fur the r the
pris m a lwa ys
image form ed by a total refl ect ing
ne mir ror due
s rem ain s unc han ged . wh ile in a pla
90• go• r a lon g use , the
(a) J B ......__ _--L~ C
(bJ
\ to det erio rati on of silv erin g afte
) ima ge form ed by it bec om es fain
t.
1
Fig. -1.52 No tollll i111er na/ rejle ctiu1
th roug h a 30°, 90°, 60° pris m l ref lec tion
(!!__ istin ctiv u betl~·ee n tvta l mte rna
( Exc ept ion : A ray of and rejlect wn fro m a pla ne mir ror
1'/g;u inc ide nt n orm ally
on the hyp oten use -fa ce of
A
r Total internal
reOection
Ref lect ion from a
pla ne mir ror
the pris m belo w the foo t I. It t:ik.c::. place- only whe n I . It take s plac e whe n
of the pe1pe11dic 1tla r 0 11 light passl!s from a den ser ligh t is inci dem on
i I f ro I'll its opp osi te T mcui um to a rare r med ium a plane mir ro r from
p al ~m angl e of inci J enc c any med ium at any
~or net; s uffe rs t o tal 90 D
cal
---s ~o •.,.--····· . o~ grea ter than the criti ang le o f inci de nce .
uue rna / rej1ect ion a nd ··· '60._ . a
I ,.
ang e ,or that pai.r of med ia.
B. "--!">---->OLu
gets deviated by an ang le A C .., The entire ligh t is rdle cted . 2 . A maj o r part o f ligh t ic;
g rea te r tha n 60 0. l ll Fig. -1.53 Total inte rnal refle cted while the rest is
F 4 reflectio11 thro ugh a ) 1
. ig_. .53, a light ray PQ refr ac ted a nd abs orb ed.

- - - - . '. _ _ - - ~
1
30°. 90.,, 60., pris m
. inc,'de nt no rma lly o n
IS

105
 pool 01 water (or '"et
, Th<'ff'"'°''i'l
. ~ ,·nN}.."
him at some d' t\)tlll) .
~stance ,,,
r~"' t\\'11\l lt'.tm 1~
th(
phenomenon of ,n,,. . It fl'ti..
l'I' ' I\' ~-
•\\a'' k"' 11....
1h111
obsen·ed m · a dcse,t age '"Ili1;: h .i~ :"flt ~
: ,~ 1'11.'1~
1i,rr~m '2) An empty test htbe pl 1~ 11
' t,nght \ . aced . 111,'
~ 1•
1 .
i ~ t ~ t!- !m',dl ~ :nr
..... The ,m:1r-i>e k<'' bea...er w,t11 its moutll 0 111 " ·
f'('l'll31'"
1 hl' t1i h~
&n1 t ~ I ~urface. th . Utsitl" ~1
shines like a •••trr
'V
~t
- · "....~~·
_ . ..... a.....;..I,~
. ;-.
~ , ~'!ta'() c., • '- t" t~
~~ r,'t'l1 afu, I,~ th<' "1'~~ 00 [Link] ) certain angles. 0 r \'vhe ~ \. 1
e:!' t'l! * r.u ~ -w he>.~ old and ~~hJ (3) A crack in a glass vess n~~
~ ..'t . eI Oft '
ES OF TOTAL a mirror. en ~hi
I' 4.19 SOME CONSEQUENC (4) A piece of diamond spark} , n~sliL
, ,n..iAL
ILi~ REFLECTION · d' es ~ I ~
'" , ~"" from certam trections vle11 .
\._, ln oor dail~ hfe. \Ve ob~.erveSo:;n~~~ (5) An optical fibre is use~ t vie~.~
c o t ~ of total intctn:il reflection. signal over a Jng dista~c:anslllit a .
. Olca" are gt\'[Link] belo" loss of energy. Withau It~
0 l On 3 hot Stmm da~. a driver may set a t ¾i

{ EXAMPLES l
· · ul:irf A'
I. r1:. ,t 54 ,.hou tht' "tc1ton of a ..em1-c1rc
~las.-. ~b tuni~ il\ rentrt at O. Thrtt.111!'S 0
u...bt A R c d C of th<' samr colour arr mciden1
~•• ' XV l the
on the- slab and strikt on the ed~e ' s
point 0 . The 1~ ra~ B ~1lffm refraction along C
on'.
A

Fig. 4.55
(d) The ray A suffers refraction from gl
ass 1 .
while the ray C suffers total intemal ren 0. a1
A ectton
fig. 4.54 Note : The partially reflected rays for A a d ·
have not been shown m. F'1g. 4.55. n B
(BJ On tht diagram. mark tilt' critical angle b) C.
(bl The ra~~ eoter the blab undt>, iated. GiH•
2. Show with the aid of a ray diagram, how a righ
reason.
angled isosceles prism can be used to invert lhi
(cJ Ora" the path of ni)~ A and C after they rays. (a) How should the rays fall on the prisrn ,
strike the edge X\'.
(b) Which phenomenon is responsible for. thi
(d) Name the phenomenon ,,bkb the rays Aand action of prism ? (c) What is the nature of th
C t >.iubit. image in relation t.o the object ?
(a) In Fig. 4.55, the critical angle bas been marked The use of a right-angled isosceles prism to inve1
as C which is the angle of incidence for the Lhe rays is shown in Fig. 4.56.
ray B. (a) The light rays must fall normally on th
(b) Each of the rays A. 8 and C is incident nonnally hypotenuse of the prism.
on the slab along its radius, so ii enters tJie slab (b) II is based on the phenomenon of total intern,
undeviated. reflection.
(c) Fig. 4.55 shows the path of the rays A and C (c) In Fig. 4.56, for 1he inverted object PQ, ih
after they strike the edge XY as 0A' and OC' image P'Q' is upright.
respectively.
IM