Integration (Indefinite Integrals)

Q.1)
1 − √𝑥
𝐼 = ∫√ 𝑑𝑥
1 + √𝑥
Sol.1)
1 − √𝑥
𝐼 = ∫√ 𝑑𝑥
1 + √𝑥
put 𝑥 = 𝑡 2
𝑑𝑥 = 2 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
1−𝑡
... = 2∫ √ . 𝑡𝑑𝑡
1+𝑡
rationalize
1−𝑡 1−𝑡
= 2∫ √ × . 𝑡𝑑𝑡
1+𝑡 1−𝑡
(1−𝑡)
= 2∫ . 𝑡𝑑𝑡
√1−𝑡 2
𝑡−𝑡 2
= 2∫ 𝑑𝑡
√1−𝑡 2
𝑡
= 2∫ 𝑑𝑡 − 2∫ 𝑡 2 √1 − 𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡
√1−𝑡 2
2
put 1 − 𝑡 = 𝑧 in (I)
−2𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑑𝑧
𝑑𝑧
𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = −
2
. 2 𝑑𝑧 𝑡2
. .𝐼 = − ∫ + 2∫ − 𝑑𝑡
2 √𝑧 √1−𝑡 2
2
1−𝑡 −1
= −2√𝑧 + 2∫ 𝑑𝑡
√1−𝑡 2
1
= −2√1 − 𝑡 2 + 2∫ √1 − 𝑡 2 − 𝑑𝑡
√1−𝑡 2
𝑡 1
= −2√1 − 𝑡 2 + 2 [ √1 − 𝑡 2 + sin (𝑡) − sin−1 (𝑡)] + 𝑐 −1
2 2
𝑡 1
= −2√1 − 𝑡 2 + 2 [ √1 − 𝑡 2 − sin−1 𝑡] + 𝑐
2 2
= −2√1 − 𝑡 2 + 𝑡√1 − 𝑡 2 − sin−1 𝑡 + 𝑐
replacing t by √𝑥
= 𝐼 = −2√1 − 𝑥 + √𝑥√1 − 𝑥 − sin−1 √𝑥 + 𝑐 ans.
→ Partial Fraction (Total : Types)
Type : 1 all are linear factors (ax + b)
Q.2) 2x−1 𝑥3
(a)𝐼 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 (b)𝐼 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥−1)(𝑥+2)(𝑥−3) (𝑥−1)(𝑥−2)
𝑥2 3+4x−𝑥 2
(c)𝐼 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 (d)𝐼 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥−1)(𝑥−2)(𝑥−3) (𝑥+2)(𝑥−1)
Sol.2) 2x−1
(a)𝐼 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥−1)(𝑥+2)(𝑥−3)
2x−1 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
let = + +
(𝑥−1)(𝑥+2)(𝑥−3) 𝑥−1 𝑥+2 𝑥−3
⇒ 2x − 1 = 𝐴(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 3) + 𝐵(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 3) + 𝐶(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 2)
 ⇒ 2x − 1 = 𝐴(𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 6) + 𝐵(𝑥 2 − 4x + 3) + 𝐶(𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 2)
Comp. the coefficients of 𝑥 2 , 𝑥 and constant term
0 = 𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐶 ⇒ 𝐶 = –𝐴 – 𝐵
2 = – 𝐴 – 4𝐵 + 𝐶 ⇒ 2 = – 2𝐴 – 5𝐵
– 1 = – 6𝐴 + 3𝐵 – 2𝐶 ⇒ – 1 = – 4𝐴 – 𝐵
solving these two equation we get
−1 −1 1
𝐴= ,𝐵 = and 𝐶 =
6 3 2
. −1 1 1
..𝐼 = ∫ − + 𝑑𝑥
6(𝑥−1) 3(𝑥+2) 2(𝑥−3)
−1 1 1
= log ∣ 𝑥 − 1 ∣ − log ∣ 𝑥 + 2 ∣ + log ∣ 𝑥 − 3 ∣ +𝑐 ans.
6 3 2

𝑥3
(b)𝐼 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥−1)(𝑥−2)
Since degree of Nr > degree of Dr we have to divide
7x−6
... 𝐼 = ∫ (𝑥 + 3) + 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥−1)(𝑥−2)
𝑥2 7x−6
= + 3x + ∫ 𝑑𝑥
2 (𝑥−1)(𝑥−2)
7x−6 𝐴
let = + 𝐵𝑥 − 2
(𝑥−1)(𝑥−2) 𝑥−1
⇒ 7x − 6 = 𝐴(𝑥 − 2) + 𝐵(𝑥 − 1)
Comp. the coefficient of 𝑥 and constant term
7 = 𝑎 + 𝑏
– 6 = – 2𝐴 – 𝐵
1 = –𝐴
∴ 𝐵 = 8
𝐴 = – 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 = 8
𝑥2 −1 8
... 𝐼 = + 3x + ∫ + 𝑑𝑥
2 𝑥−1 𝑥−2
𝑥2
𝐼= + 3x − log ∣ 𝑥 − 1 ∣ +8log ∣ 𝑥 − 2 ∣ +𝑐 ans.
2
𝑥
Q.3) 𝐼=∫ 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥 2 +1)(𝑥 2 +2)
Sol.3) 𝑥
𝐼=∫ 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥 2
+ 1)(𝑥 2 + 2)
put 𝑥 2 = 𝑡
𝑡
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =
2
1 𝑑𝑡
... 𝐼 = ∫
2 (𝑡+1)(𝑡+2)
1 𝐴 𝐵
let = +
(𝑡+1)(𝑡+2) 𝑡+1 𝑡+2
Proceed Yourself
1
[log ∣ 𝑥 2 + 1 ∣ −log ∣ 𝑥 2 + 2 ∣] + 𝑐 ans.
2
Q.4) 1
(a)𝐼 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
sin 𝑥−sin(2x)
Sol.4) 1
(a)𝐼 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
sin 𝑥−sin(2x)
1
= ∫ 𝑑𝑥
sin 𝑥2 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥
1
= ∫ 𝑑𝑥
sin 𝑥(1−2cos𝑥)
multiply and divide by 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
sin 𝑥
= ∫ 𝑑𝑥
sin2 𝑥(1−2 cos 𝑥)
sin 𝑥
= ∫ 𝑑𝑥
(1−sin2 𝑥)(1−cos 𝑥)
sin 𝑥
= ∫ 𝑑𝑥
(1−cos2 𝑥)(1−2 cos 𝑥)
sin 𝑥
= ∫ 𝑑𝑥
(1−cos 𝑥)(1+cos 𝑥)(1−2 cos 𝑥)
put 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 = 𝑡
∴ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = – 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡
... 𝐼 = −∫
(1−𝑡)(1+𝑡)(1−2t)
1 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
let = + +
(1−𝑡)(1+𝑡)(1−2t) 1−𝑡 1+𝑡 1−2t
⇒ 1 = 𝐴(1 + 𝑡)(1 − 2t) + 𝐵(1 − 𝑡)(1 − 2t) + 𝐶(1 − 𝑡)(1 + 𝑡)
⇒ 1 = 𝐴(−2𝑡 2 − 𝑡 + 1) + 𝐵(2t 2 − 3t + 1) + 𝐶(1 − 𝑡 2 )
Comp. the coefficient of t 2 , 𝑡 and constant term
0 = – 2𝐴 + 2𝐵 – 𝐶 𝐶 = – 2𝐴 + 2𝐵
0 = – 𝐴 – 3𝐵
1 = 𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐶
∴ 1 = – 𝐴 + 3𝐵
0 = – 𝐴 – 3𝐵
1 = – 2𝐴
−1 1 4
... 𝐴 = , 𝐵 = and 𝐶 =
2 6 3
. −1 1 4
. .𝐼 = −∫ + + 𝑑𝑡
2(1−𝑡) 6(1+𝑡) 3(1−2t)
+1 1 4 −1
= [ log ∣ 1 − 𝑡 ∣ + log ∣ 1 + 𝑡 ∣ + log ∣ 1 − 2t ∣. ( )] + 𝑐
2 6 3 2
−1 1 2
= log ∣ 1 − 𝑡 ∣ − log ∣ 1 + 𝑡 ∣ + log ∣ 1 − 2t ∣ +𝑐
2 6 3
replacing 𝑡
−1 1 2
= 𝐼= ∣ 1 − cos𝑥 ∣ − log ∣ 1 + cos𝑥 ∣ + log ∣ 1 − cos𝑥 ∣ +𝑐 ans.
2 6 3
→ Type : 2 Linear and Quadratic Faction
Q.5) 𝑥 1
(a)𝐼 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 (b)𝐼 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥−1)(𝑥 2 +4) 1+𝑥+𝑥 2 +𝑥 3
𝑥
Sol.5) (a)𝐼 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥−1)(𝑥 2 +4)
𝑥 𝐴 𝐵𝑥+𝐶
let = + 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥−1)(𝑥 2 +4) 𝑥−1 𝑥 2 +4
⇒ 𝑥 = 𝐴(𝑥 2 + 4) + (𝐵𝑥 + 𝑐)(𝑥 − 1)
⇒ 𝑥 = 𝐴(𝑥 2 + 4) + (𝐵𝑥 2 − 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶𝑥 − 𝐶)
 Comp. the coefficient of x2 , x and constant term
0 = 𝐴 + 𝐵
1 = –𝐵 + 𝐶
0 = 4𝐴 – 𝐶
Solving these equations,
1 −1 4
we get 𝐴 = . 𝐵 = and 𝐶 =
5 5 5
−1 4
1 5
𝑥+5
... 𝐼 = ∫ + 𝑑𝑥
5(𝑥−1) 𝑥 2 +4
1 1 1 𝑥 4 1
= ∫ 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥
5 𝑥−1 5 𝑥 2 +4 5 𝑥 2 +4
2
put x + 4 = t
𝑑𝑡
... 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =
2
1 1 𝑑𝑡 4 1 𝑥
.
. .𝐼 = log ∣ 𝑥 − 1 ∣ − ∫ + × tan−1 ( ) + 𝑐
5 10 𝑡 5 2 2
1 1 2 2−1 𝑥
𝐼 = log ∣ 𝑥 − 1 ∣ − log ∣ 𝑥 + 4 ∣ + tan ( ) +𝑐 ans.
5 10 3 2

1
(b)𝐼 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
1+𝑥+𝑥 2 +𝑥 3
1
= ∫ 𝑑𝑥
(1+𝑥)+𝑥 2 (1+𝑥)
1
= ∫ 𝑑𝑥
(1+𝑥)(1+𝑥 2 )
1 𝐴 𝐵𝑥+𝑐
let = +
(1+𝑥)(1+𝑥 2 ) 1+𝑥 𝑥 2 +1
2
1 = 𝐴 (𝑥 + 1) + (𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶)(𝑥 + 1)
1 = 𝐴 (𝑥 2 + 1) + (𝐵𝑥 2 + 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶𝑥 + 𝐶)
Comp. the coefficient of x2 , x and constant
0 = 𝐴 + 𝐵 ⇒ 𝐵 = –𝐴
0 = 𝐵 + 𝐶 ∴ 0 =–𝐴 + 𝐶
1 = 𝐴 + 𝐶 1 = 𝐴 + 𝐶
1 = 2𝐶
1 1 −1
𝐶 = ,𝐴 = and 𝐵 =
2 2 2
−1 1
1 +
2 2
...𝐼 = + 2 𝑑𝑥
2(𝑥+1) 𝑥 +1
1 1 1 𝑥 1 1
= ∫ 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥
2 𝑥+1 2 𝑥 2 +1 2 𝑥 2 +1
2
put 𝑥 + 1 = 𝑡
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥 =
2
1 1 𝑑𝑡 1
= log ∣ 𝑥 + 1 ∣ − ∫ + tan−1 𝑥
2 4 𝑡 2
−1 1 1
𝐼= log ∣ 𝑥 + 1 ∣ − log ∣ 𝑥 + 1 ∣ + tan−1 𝑥 + 𝑐 2
ans.
2 4 2
Q.6) 𝑥
𝐼=∫ 3 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 −1
Sol.6) 𝑥
𝐼=∫ 3 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 −1
 𝑥
= ∫ 𝑑𝑥
(1−𝑥)(𝑥 2 +𝑥+1)
𝑥 𝐴 𝐵𝑥+𝑐
let = +
(𝑥−1)(𝑥 2 +𝑥+1) 𝑥−1 𝑥 2 +𝑥+1
2
𝑥 = 𝐴(𝑥 + 𝑥 + 1) + (𝐵𝑥 + 𝑐) (𝑥 – 1)
𝑥 = 𝐴(𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1) + (𝐵𝑥 – 𝐵𝑥 2 + 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑐)
Comp. the coefficient of x2 , x and constant term
0 = 𝐴 + 𝐵 ⇒ 𝐵 = –𝐴
1 = 𝐴 – 𝐵 + 𝐶 ⇒ 1 = 2𝐴 + 𝐶
0 = 𝐴– 𝐶 ⇒ 0 = 𝐴– 𝐶
1 = 3𝐴
1 −1 1
𝐴 = ,𝐵 = and 𝐶 =
3 3 3
−1 1
1 𝑥+
3 3
...𝐼 = ∫ + 𝑑𝑥
3(𝑥−1) 𝑥 2 +𝑥+1
1 1 1 𝑥−1 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟
= ∫ 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥 {𝑡𝑦𝑝𝑒∫ }
3 𝑥−1 3 𝑥 2 +𝑥+1 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐
1 1
= 𝐼 = log ∣ 𝑥 − 1 ∣ − 𝐼 ….(1)
3 3
𝑥−1
where 𝐼 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 2 +𝑥+1
Proceed Yourself and get I
1 1 1 2x
𝐼 = log ∣ 𝑥 − 1 ∣ − log ∣ 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1 ∣ + tan−1 ( )
3 6 √3 √3
Q.7) tan𝜃+tan3 𝜃
(a)𝐼 = ∫ 𝑑𝜃
1+tan3 𝜃
Sol.7) tan𝜃+tan3 𝜃
(a)𝐼 = ∫ 𝑑𝜃
1+tan3 𝜃
tan𝜃(1+tan2 𝜃)
= ∫ 𝑑𝜃
1+tan3 𝜃
tan𝜃.𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃
= ∫ 𝑑𝜃
1+tan3 𝜃
put tan 𝜃 = 𝑡
𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = 𝑑𝑡
𝑡
... 𝐼 = ∫ 𝑑𝑡
1+𝑡 3
𝑡
= ∫ 𝑑𝑡
(1+𝑡)(𝑡 2 −𝑡+1)
Proceed as above Qns. :-
−1 1 1 2tan𝜃−1
log ∣ 1 + tan𝜃 ∣ + log ∣ tan2 𝜃 − tan𝜃 + 1 ∣ + tan−1 ( ) ans.
3 6 √3 √3
→ Type : 3 Linear and Linear repeating factors
Q.8) 3x+1 𝑥 2 +𝑥+1
(a)𝐼 = ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 (b)𝐼 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥+2)(𝑥+2)(𝑥−2) (𝑥−1)3
Sol.8) 3x+1
(a)𝐼 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥+2)(𝑥+2)(𝑥−2)2
3x+1 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
let = + +
(𝑥+2)(𝑥−2)2 𝑥+2 𝑥−2 (𝑥−2)2
2
3x + 1 = 𝐴(𝑥 − 2) + 𝐵(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 2) + 𝑐(𝑥 + 2)
3x + 1 = 𝐴(𝑥 2 − 4x + 4) + 𝐵(𝑥 2 − 4) + 𝐶(𝑥 + 2)
 Comp. the coefficient of x2, x and constant
0 = 𝐴 + 𝐵 ⇒ 𝐵 =–𝐴
3 = – 4𝐴 + 𝐶 ⇒ 3 = – 4𝐴 + 𝑐
1 = 4𝐴 – 4𝐵 + 2𝐶 ⇒ 1 = 8𝐴 + 2𝐶
solving these equations, we get
−5 5 7
𝐴= ,𝐵 = and 𝐶 =
16 16 4
. −5 5 7
..𝐼 = + + 𝑑𝑥
16(𝑥+2) 16(𝑥−2) 4(𝑥−2)2
−5 5 7 1 −1
𝐼= log ∣ 𝑥 + 2 ∣ + log ∣ 𝑥 − 2 ∣ − + 𝑐 ans. …..{Since∫ 𝑑𝑥 = }
16 16 4(𝑥−2) 𝑥2 𝑥

𝑥 2 +𝑥+1
(b)𝐼 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥−1)3
𝑥 2 +𝑥+1 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
let = + +
(𝑥−1)3 𝑥−1 (𝑥−1)2 (𝑥−1)3
𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1 = 𝐴(𝑥 − 1) + 𝐵(𝑥 − 1) + 𝐶 2

𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1 = 𝐴(𝑥 2 − 2x + 1) + 𝐵(𝑥 − 1) + 𝐶
Comp. the coefficient of x2 , x and constant
1 = 𝐴
1 = – 2𝐴 + 𝐵
1 = 𝐴– 𝐵 + 𝐶
solving these equation we get 𝐴 = 1 , 𝐵 = 3 , 𝐶 = 3
1 3 3
... 𝐼 = ∫ + + 𝑑𝑥
𝑥−1 (𝑥−1)2 (𝑥−1)3
3
= log ∣ 𝑥 − 1 ∣ − + 3∫ (𝑥 − 1)−3 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥−1)
3 (𝑥−1)−2
= log ∣ 𝑥 − 1 ∣ − +3 +𝑐
𝑥−1 −2
3 3
... 𝐼 = log ∣ 𝑥 − 1 ∣ − − +𝑐 ans.
𝑥−1 2(𝑥−1)2
Q.9) 3x+5
𝐼=∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 3 −𝑥 2 −𝑥+1
Sol.9) 3x+5
𝐼=∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 3 −𝑥 2 −𝑥+1
3x+5
= ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 2 (𝑥−1)−1(𝑥−1)
3x+5
= ∫ 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥−1)(𝑥 2 −1)
3x+5
= ∫ 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥−1)(𝑥+1)(𝑥−1)
3x+5
= ∫ 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥+1)(𝑥−1)2
3x+5 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
let = + +
(𝑥+1)(𝑥−1)2 𝑥+1 𝑥−1 (𝑥−1)2
3x + 5 = 𝐴(𝑥 − 1)2 + 𝐵(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 1) + 𝐶(𝑥 + 1)
3x + 5 = 𝐴(𝑥 2 − 2x + 1) + 𝐵(𝑥 2 − 1) + 𝐶(𝑥 + 1)
0 = 𝐴 + 𝐵
3 = – 2𝐴 + 𝐶
5 = 𝐴– 𝐵 + 𝐶
 1 −1
solving these equation , we get 𝐴 = , 𝐵 = ,𝐶 =
2 2
1 1 4
... 𝐼 = ∫ − + 𝑑𝑥
2(𝑥+1) 2(𝑥−1) (𝑥−1)2
1 1 4
𝐼 = log ∣ 𝑥 + 1 ∣ − log ∣ 𝑥 − 1 ∣ − +𝑐 ans.
2 2 𝑥−1
→ Type : 4 Even Power of x let x2 = y (temp.)
Q.10) (a)𝐼 = ∫ 𝑥2 1
2 𝑑𝑥 (b)𝐼 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥 +1)(𝑥+4) (𝑥 4 −1)
Sol.10) (a)𝐼 = ∫ 𝑥2
𝑑𝑥
(𝑥 2 +1)(𝑥 +4 )
let 𝑥 2 = 𝑦
𝑥2 𝑦
... =
(𝑥 2 +1)(𝑥 2 +4) (𝑦+1)(𝑦+4)
𝑦 𝐴 𝐵
let = +
(𝑦+1)(𝑦+4) 𝑦+1 𝑦+4
𝑦 = 𝐴(𝑦 + 4) + 𝐵(𝑦 + 1)
Comp. coefficient of 𝑦 and constant
1 = 𝐴 + 𝐵
0 = 4𝐴 + 𝐵
1 = – 3𝐴
−1 . 4
𝐴= . .𝐵 =
3 3
−1 4
... 𝐼 = ∫ + 𝑑𝑥
3(𝑥 2 +1) 3(𝑥 2 +4)
−1 1 4 1
= ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥
3 (𝑥 2 +1) 3 𝑥 2 +(2)2
−1 4 1 −1 𝑥
= tan−1 𝑥 + × tan ( )+𝑐 ans.
3 3 2 2

1
(b)𝐼 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥 4 −1)
1
= ∫ 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥 2 +1)(𝑥 2 −1)
let 𝑥 2 = 𝑦
1 1
... =
(𝑥 2 +1)(𝑥 2 −1) (𝑦+1)(𝑦−1)
1 𝐴 𝐵
let = +
(𝑦+1)(𝑦−1) 𝑦+1 𝑦−1
1 = 𝐴(𝑦 − 1) + 𝐵(𝑦 + 1)
Comp.
0 = 𝐴 + 𝐵
1 = –𝐴 + 𝐵
1 = 2𝐵
1 −1
... 𝐵 = and 𝐴 =
2 2
. −1 1
..𝐼 = ∫ + 𝑑𝑥
2(𝑥 2 +1) 2(𝑥 2 −1)
−1 1 1 1
= ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥
2 𝑥 2 +1 2 𝑥 2 −1
 −1 1 1 𝑥−1∣
= tan−1 𝑥 + × log ∣∣ +𝑐
2 2 2×1 𝑥+1∣
−1 1 ∣𝑥−1∣
= tan−1 𝑥 + log ∣ ∣ + 𝑐 ans.
2 4 𝑥+1