EEE 306 Power System I Laboratory

Experiment 2
Study of the Transmission Line Models

Objectives:
▪ To study the characteristics of a transmission line at no-load and full-load.
▪ To construct the models of short, medium and long transmission lines and evaluate their
performance in terms of voltage regulation, transmission efficiency etc.

Introduction:
Electric power has three major areas of interest:
a) Power generation
b) Power transmission
c) Power utilization

The experiment is concerned with the transmission of power between a source (power generator)
and a remotely located load (power utilization).

Theory:
A transmission line has four parameters R, L, C and G distributed uniformly along the whole length
of the line. The resistance, R and inductance, L form the series impedance. The capacitance, C and
conductance, G existing between conductors and/or neutral form shunt paths throughout the length
of the line. Depending on the length of the line, transmission lines are classified as

I. Short transmission line: When the length of a transmission line is less than 80 km at 60 Hz
operating frequency, it is usually considered as a short transmission line. Due to small length,
the shunt paths can be neglected.

Short transmission line model:

Is Z = zl
IR

+ +
Gen Vs Load
VL
~ - -

where,
r = series resistance per unit length (m) per phase;
L = inductance per unit length (m) per phase;
z = r + jL = series impedance per unit length (m) per phase;
l = length of the transmission line;

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EEE 306 Power System I Laboratory

II. Medium transmission line: When the length of the transmission line is between 80 km and
240 km at 60 Hz operating frequency, it is considered as a medium transmission line.

Medium length line (nominal-) model:

Is Z = zl
IR

Gen + +
Vs Load
VL
~ - -

where,
Y = yl = jCl = total shunt admittance per phase to neutral
y = shunt admittance per unit length (m) per phase to neutral
C = shunt capacitance per unit length (m) per phase;

III. Long transmission line: When the length of a transmission line is more than 240 km at 60
Hz operating frequency, it is considered as a long transmission line.

Long line (equivalent-) model:

Is

IR
+
Gen
+
~ Vs Load
VL
-
-

where,
𝛾𝑙
𝑌′ 𝑌 tanh( 2 )
=2 𝛾𝑙 𝛾 = √𝑧𝑦 = propagation constant.
2 ( )
2

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EEE 306 Power System I Laboratory

Typical arrangement of a double line three phase transmission line is shown in Fig. 1.

18/
a c/

10/

b/
21/
b

10/

c a/
18/

Fig. 1. Typical arrangement of conductors of a parallel-circuit three phase line

The transmission line parameters are:

r = 0.089655  /km at 50 Hz
L = 2 x 10-6 H/m per phase
Cn = 13.7931 x 10-12 F/m per phase to neutral

We will use these values to model a l = 145 km transmission line using short, medium and long
transmission line model.

Note: The ratio of the actual transmission line and simulated model parameters are:
Voltage ratio: 500
Current ratio: 1,000
Power ratio: 500,000

Procedure:
1. Calculate the circuit parameters of the above-mentioned transmission line using short and
medium line models.

Table 1: Parameters of the transmission line models

Type of the Series Inductive Shunt
model resistance, R reactance, X admittance, Y
short length
line
Medium length
line

2. Construct the equivalent circuit of the transmission line using short length line model as shown
in Fig. 2. Use resistive load of 400. Measure the voltage, current and power factor at both source
and load ends, for no-load and full-load conditions. Calculate the values of line voltage drop,
voltage regulation, line loss, and transmission efficiency.

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EEE 306 Power System I Laboratory

A R+jX A
Is IL

Vs VL
Voltage source
230V, 50 Hz V V Load
~

Fig. 2: Equivalent circuit of transmission line using short line model

Table 2: Calculation for short line model

Loading Sending Receiving

regulation

efficiency
Line loss
condition Vs Is end PF VL IL end PF

Voltage
voltage
drop
No-load

Full-load

3. Repeat step 2 for medium length model keeping the same load current obtained in the short line
model.
Table 3: Calculation for medium-length line model
Loading Sending Receiving
regulation

efficiency
Line loss

condition Vs Is end PF VL IL end PF

Voltage
voltage
drop

No-load

Full-load

Report:
1. Analytically calculate the voltage regulation, line loss, and efficiency and sending end power
factor using short and medium-length line model for the full-load value of VR, IR and
receiving end p. f. measured in the experiment. Compare the results of your analysis with the
values obtained from the experimental measurements.

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EEE 306 Power System I Laboratory

2. Calculate the voltage regulation, line loss, efficiency and sending end power factor for the
same load using long transmission line model.

3. Give comparison of the voltage regulation obtained using the three different models? What is
the limitation of modeling a long transmission line using a short line model?

Reference:
1. Power System Analysis – John J. Grainger and William D. Stevenson, Jr.

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