CHAPTER 1

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

DISCUSSION:
Describes the local context, the problem, its seriousness, and why the study is
important.

OUTLINE:
1. OPENING
• What is the problem?
• Independent Variable (IV): What is it, and why is it important?
• Dependent Variable (DV): What is it, and why does it matter?
• How does your independent variable affect your dependent variable?
• Who is affected by this problem?
• Origin of Problem: How does the problem exist?
• Why is this problem important to study now?

2. SIMILAR STUDY: What information or facts do you know about this problem?
• What facts or data support this problem?
• Similar Studies: What has prior research found?

3. CLOSING
• Contribution: How will your study help?
• Objective: What is your goal?
• Benefit: Why answer these objectives?
• Method Preview: How will you answer them?
• Location: Where is the study conducted?

TAKE NOTE:
• 1 PARAGRAPH = 6-10 SENTENCES
• OPENING (1-3 PARAGRAPH)
• SIMILAR STUDY (1-3 PARAGRAPH)
• CLOSING (1 PARAGRAPH)
• When you write facts, data, or theories from other authors — YOU MUST CITE
THE SOURCE.
• Do not copy facts or ideas from a book, article, or website without telling the
reader where you got it.
• DO NOT INVENT FACTS.
• Do not treat other authors’ conclusions as your own words.
When Citing:
Do not always use only parenthetical citation (e.g., (Author, Year)).
Use narrative citation too:
• According to Smith (2015),
• Brown and White (2017) state that…
• As found by Orbeta (2019), …

BY: JIGSTER ALEXIS DESTREZA & KL. REQUILME

 EXAMPLE:
In today’s fast-paced academic environment, students often sacrifice sleep to meet the
increasing demands of schoolwork, extracurricular activities, and social responsibilities. Sleep
duration, which refers to the total number of hours an individual spends sleeping each night, has
been recognized as a significant factor affecting students’ cognitive abilities and overall
academic performance (Taras & Potts‐Datema, 2005). Academic performance, which measures
the extent of a student’s achievement in their studies, is a vital indicator of educational success.

Several studies emphasize the link between sleep and learning. According to Curcio,
Ferrara, and De Gennaro (2006), insufficient sleep negatively affects attention, memory, and
problem-solving skills, which are critical for academic success. For Grade 12 students at
PHINMA COC, balancing study requirements and personal time can be challenging, often
leading to irregular sleep schedules. This situation makes it essential to examine how the amount
of sleep students get each night may influence their grades.

A study conducted by Orbeta et al. (2016) in the Philippines found that students with
shorter sleep duration tend to have lower academic performance compared to those with
adequate sleep. This local context highlights the relevance of the current research. Despite
widespread awareness of the importance of sleep, many students still overlook its impact on their
school outcomes.

This research aims to contribute to the growing body of knowledge about student well-
being and academic success by investigating the relationship between sleep duration and
academic performance. The findings may provide a basis for recommendations that could help
students, teachers, and school administrators implement strategies to improve student
performance through better sleep habits. The study will be conducted among Grade 12 students
of PHINMA COC during the School Year 2025–2026.

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK/CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK &

SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM
DISCUSSION:
FRAMEWORK = explain the relationship of the variables (independent & dependent)

Choose ONE or BOTH:

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
= explain relationship through existing studies & scientific basis
= explain through written paragraph
= (TEXT)

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
= explain relationship through your own model or your chosen theory.
= explain through visual design or schematic diagram (and very short
paragraph)
= (TEXT + DIAGRAM)

BY: JIGSTER ALEXIS DESTREZA & KL. REQUILME

HOW TO CHOOSE:

If a theory exists that perfectly matches the topic → use it as the Theoretical
Framework.
If no formal theory exists but there are prior studies → you can adapt a
Conceptual Framework alone, but you must cite those studies.
If both apply → do both: Theoretical Framework first, then Conceptual
Framework showing your variables and diagram.

OUTLINE:
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
Introduction Sentence
• “This study is anchored on the [Name of Theory] proposed by [Author, Year].”
Brief Description of the Theory
• “According to this theory, [state the main idea in 3–6 sentences].”
Explain How the Theory Connects to the Study
• “This theory explains that [explain how the theory supports the idea that the
independent variable affects the dependent variable].”
Closing Statement
• “Therefore, this theory provides a foundation for understanding the relationship
between [IV] and [DV] in this study.”

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
Introduction Sentence
• “Based on the [Name of Theory], the researchers developed the following
conceptual framework.”
State the Variables
• “In this study, the independent variable is [IV], which refers to [explain]. The
dependent variable is [DV], which refers to [explain]. The profile variables are [list
profile variables, if any].”
Explain the Expected Relationship
• “The framework assumes that [explain how the IV affects the DV].”
Introduce the Diagram
• “The paradigm of the study is shown in Figure 1.”

PARADIGM

✔ Label the diagram as Figure 1.

✔ Use simple boxes and arrows to show the flow.
✔ Example formats:
• IV → DV
• Profile Variables → IV → DV
• Or Input – Process – Output (IPO) model

BY: JIGSTER ALEXIS DESTREZA & KL. REQUILME

 TAKE NOTE:
✔ Use the theory name, author, and year correctly.
✔ Keep paragraphs clear, direct, and relevant.
✔ Use simple words — avoid vague generalizations.
✔ Make the paradigm neat and properly labeled.

EXAMPLE:
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

This study is anchored on the Restorative Theory of Sleep proposed by Oswald (1966).
According to this theory, sleep serves to restore the brain’s ability to function efficiently by
repairing and reorganizing neural pathways. It suggests that adequate sleep rejuvenates the mind,
thereby enhancing cognitive functions such as memory, attention, and problem-solving skills.

The Restorative Theory explains that without sufficient sleep, the brain’s capacity to store
and process information is compromised. Therefore, the theory provides a foundation for
understanding how sleep duration can affect the academic performance of students who rely
heavily on cognitive skills for learning and examinations.

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

Based on the Restorative Theory of Sleep, the researchers developed the following conceptual
framework. In this study, the independent variable is Sleep Duration, which refers to the
average number of hours the student sleeps per night. The dependent variable is Academic
Performance, which is measured by the students’ general average grade for the semester.

The framework assumes that longer sleep duration positively affects students’ academic
performance by improving their cognitive and mental functions.

[INSERT SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM HERE]

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

DISCUSSION:
Statement of the Problem (SOP) explains:
• What specifically will be investigated
• The main problem the study wants to solve
• The variables involved
• The population or respondents
• The place and time frame (if relevant)
• The main question (general problem)
• The specific questions (sub-problems) that guide the data gathering

In quantitative research, the SOP is usually structured as:

1. A short paragraph stating the general problem, context, and variables.
2. A list of specific questions that are clear, measurable, and answerable by data.

BY: JIGSTER ALEXIS DESTREZA & KL. REQUILME

 OUTLINE:
A. General Problem (paragraph)
This study aims to determine the effect of __________ (independent variable) on
__________ (dependent variable) among __________ (respondents) in __________
(location). To address this, the following questions will be answered:

B. Specific Questions (numbered)(3-5 Question)

1. Problem
2. Problem
3. Problem

TAKE NOTE:
• The first sentence states the study’s main focus.

• The second sentence clearly transitions to the specific questions without stating
objectives (ex. “To address this, the following questions will be answered”).

• The phrasing “To address this, the following questions will be answered:” is
direct, correct, and standard practice.

EXAMPLE:
This study aims to determine the effect of sleep duration on the academic performance of
Grade 12 students at PHINMA COC during the School Year 2025–2026. To address this, the
following questions will be answered:

1. What is the average sleep duration of Grade 12 students at PHINMA COC?

2. What is the academic performance of Grade 12 students at PHINMA COC?
3. Is there a significant relationship between sleep duration and academic performance
among Grade 12 students at PHINMA COC?

OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

DISCUSSION:
The Objectives of the Study explain what the researcher intends to accomplish
through the research.

OUTLINE:
This study generally aims to [state the overall purpose, with the independent
and dependent variables, respondents, and location].
Specifically, it seeks to:
1. To determine the profile of the respondents in terms of __________.
2. To find out the level or measure of the independent variable (__________).
3. To find out the level or measure of the dependent variable (__________).
4. To determine if there is a significant relationship between __________ and
__________.
5. To identify if there is a significant difference in __________ when grouped
according to __________.

BY: JIGSTER ALEXIS DESTREZA & KL. REQUILME

 TAKE NOTE:
• It must match the Statement of the Problem.
• It must state what will be done, not just what will be asked.
• It usually has one general objective and several specific objectives.
• Each specific objective should match each specific question in the SOP.

EXAMPLE:
This study generally aims to assess the effect of sleep duration on the academic
performance of Grade 12 students at PHINMA COC for the School Year 2025–2026.

Specifically, it seeks to:

1. Determine the average sleep duration of the respondents.

2. Assess the academic performance of the respondents.
3. Identify if there is a significant relationship between sleep duration and academic
performance.

RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS(ES)
DISCUSSION:
HYPOTHESIS = PREDICTION OF YOUR RESULT (MANGHUHULA)

1. SHORT INTRO PARAGRAPH = Purpose of the hypotheses, level of significance,

link to SOP
2. Ho and Ha LIST = Clear, numbered, matches SOP
• null hypothesis always says “no significant…”
• and the alternative hypothesis always says “there is significant…”.

OUTLINE:
In line with the Statement of the Problem, this study formulates null hypotheses
that will be tested at the 0.05 level of significance. These hypotheses will help determine
whether [Independent Variable] has any significant relationship or difference with
[Dependent Variable] among [Respondents]. The results of this study will be tested using
appropriate statistical tools.
The following hypotheses will be tested:
Null Hypothesis (Ho):
There is no significant (relationship/difference) between [independent variable] and
[dependent variable] (or when grouped according to [grouping variable]) among
[respondents].
Alternative Hypothesis (Ha):
There is a significant (relationship/difference) between [independent variable] and
[dependent variable] (or when grouped according to [grouping variable]) among
[respondents].

BY: JIGSTER ALEXIS DESTREZA & KL. REQUILME

 TAKE NOTE:
Remind that the null hypothesis always says “no significant…” and the alternative
hypothesis always says “there is significant…”.

EXAMPLE:
In line with the Statement of the Problem, this study formulates null hypotheses that will
be tested at the 0.05 level of significance. These hypotheses will help determine whether sleep
duration has any significant relationship with academic performance among Grade 12 students at
PHINMA COC.

The following hypotheses will be tested:

Null Hypothesis (Ho):

1. There is no significant relationship between sleep duration and academic performance

among Grade 12 students at PHINMA COC.

Alternative Hypothesis (Ha):

1. There is a significant relationship between sleep duration and academic performance

among Grade 12 students at PHINMA COC.

SCOPE AND DELIMINATION

DISCUSSION:
SCOPE
The SCOPE explains what the study covers:
• Who or what is included (respondents, location, variables)
• Time frame (when it was or will be conducted)
• Where it is done (school, barangay, community, etc.)
• The aspects or topics that will be studied

DELIMITATION
The DELIMITATION explains the boundaries of the study:

• What is NOT INCLUDED

• The limits or narrow focus
• Reasons why certain areas, people, or factors are excluded

OUTLINE:
SCOPE
This study covers the [respondents, e.g., Grade 12 students] of [school name]
during the [semester/school year]. It focuses on [main topic/variables, e.g., the effect
of sleep duration on academic performance]. The variables considered are

BY: JIGSTER ALEXIS DESTREZA & KL. REQUILME

[independent variable], [dependent variable], and [profile variables, if any]. The
study is conducted within [location] from [start date] to [end date].

DELIMITATION
This study is limited only to [respondents, e.g., Grade 12 students] enrolled in
[school name] and does not include other grade levels or schools. Other factors that
may affect [dependent variable], such as [examples, e.g., study habits, parental
support], are not covered in this study. The findings of this research may not be
generalized to other students outside the [school or area]. The study focuses only on
the relationship between [independent variable] and [dependent variable] and does
not test other possible variables.

TAKE NOTE:
✔ Write clearly who, what, where, and when.
✔ State what is included and what is excluded.
✔ Do not use vague or very broad statements — be specific.
✔ Keep each paragraph around 5–7 clear sentences.

EXAMPLE:
SCOPE

This study covers Grade 12 students enrolled at PHINMA COC during the School Year
2025–2026. It focuses on investigating the relationship between sleep duration and academic
performance. The variables included are sleep duration as the independent variable and academic
performance as the dependent variable. The research will be conducted within the PHINMA COC
campus from August 2025 to March 2026.

DELIMITATION

This study is limited only to Grade 12 students of PHINMA COC and does not include students
from other year levels or institutions. Other factors that may affect academic performance, such as
study habits, motivation, and parental involvement, are not covered in this study. Therefore, the
findings cannot be generalized to other populations outside PHINMA COC.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

DISCUSSION:
1. FIRST PARAGRAPH - OPENING STATEMENT — says the study is
important and why.

2. BODY — discusses the specific beneficiaries:

• Students (1 paragraph)
• Teachers (1 paragraph)

BY: JIGSTER ALEXIS DESTREZA & KL. REQUILME

 • School administrators (1 paragraph)
• Parents (1 paragraph)
• Future researchers (1 paragraph)
• (Optional) Policy makers, community, government (1 paragraph)

3. LAST PARAGRAPH - CLOSING LINE — connects the study’s results to

future improvements or practical use.

OUTLINE:
This study is significant because it aims to provide information and insights about
[main topic], which may help improve [related area/field]. The findings will be useful to
different groups who can benefit from the results.

This research will benefit the following:

Students, because they will become more aware of how [variable/issue] affects
their [performance/behavior], helping them make better choices.

Teachers, because they can use the results to develop [strategies,

interventions, activities] to help students perform better.

School administrators, because they may use the findings to create programs
or policies that support [improvement related to the topic].

Parents, because they will be informed about how [variable/issue] influences

their children’s [performance/behavior], allowing them to guide them better at home.

Future researchers, because this study may serve as a reference or basis for
further studies related to [topic].

(Optional) Policy makers / Community, because the results may help in

developing [policies or community actions] that address [issue].

Overall, the results of this study may serve as a guide for practical improvements
and future actions that can help address [main problem/issue] effectively.

TAKE NOTE:
✔ Start with a clear general statement — what is the study about and why is it
important?

✔ In the body, list beneficiaries in logical order, using short clear sentences.

✔ Use active verbs: help, guide, inform, support.

✔ Close with one final sentence linking the study’s value to real actions or next steps.

✔ Keep it formal and direct — no unnecessary repetition.

EXAMPLE:
This study is significant because it seeks to provide clear evidence on how sleep duration
influences the academic performance of Grade 12 students at PHINMA COC. By determining this
relationship, the research aims to guide various stakeholders in creating better support systems for
student well-being and academic excellence.

BY: JIGSTER ALEXIS DESTREZA & KL. REQUILME

 Students, will benefit from this study as it will make them more aware of the importance
of adequate sleep in achieving better academic outcomes. With this information, they may be
encouraged to practice healthier sleep habits, manage their time more effectively, and make
informed choices that contribute to improved performance in school.

Teachers, will gain insights from the findings, which can help them understand how
students’ sleep patterns may affect their classroom performance. With this knowledge, teachers
may design appropriate interventions, adjust workloads when necessary, and provide guidance to
students on balancing study requirements and personal rest.

School administrators, can use the results as a basis for developing policies and programs
that promote student health and academic achievement. By recognizing the role of sleep in student
success, administrators may implement initiatives such as time management workshops, wellness
campaigns, or scheduling adjustments that support healthy sleep routines.

Parents, will also find this study valuable as it will inform them about how their children’s
sleep duration directly impacts their grades. The findings may encourage parents to monitor their
children’s sleeping habits more closely, set healthy household routines, and provide a supportive
environment that prioritizes sufficient rest for their children’s well-being.

Future researchers, may use this study as a reference for conducting similar or expanded
investigations related to student sleep habits and academic performance. The findings may inspire
further research on other contributing factors, interventions, or related topics that aim to enhance
student outcomes through evidence-based recommendations.

Overall, this study may contribute to the improvement of academic success at PHINMA
COC by highlighting the importance of healthy sleep practices and encouraging stakeholders to
take practical actions based on the research results.

DEFINITION OF TERMS
DISCUSSION:
The Definition of Terms explains the meaning of important words or phrases used
in the study.

OUTLINE:
For better understanding of the study, the following terms are defined operationally:
• [TERM 1] — refers to [simple, clear explanation of what it means in this
research].

• [TERM 2] — refers to [meaning of this term as used in the study].

• [TERM 3] — refers to [meaning, measurement, or how it is used in this

research].
(Continue as needed)

TAKE NOTE:
✔ Do not include common words — only technical or core research terms.
✔ Use clear, easy-to-understand language.

BY: JIGSTER ALEXIS DESTREZA & KL. REQUILME

 EXAMPLE:
For better understanding of the study, the following terms are defined operationally:

Sleep Duration — refers to the average number of hours students sleep per night during a
regular school week.

Academic Performance — refers to the general average grade of Grade 12 students for the
semester, as officially recorded by the school.

Grade 12 Students — refers to senior high school students enrolled in the Grade 12 level at
PHINMA COC during the School Year 2025–2026.

BY: JIGSTER ALEXIS DESTREZA & KL. REQUILME