ACCORDING TO PHYSICAL PROPERTIES TYPES OF POISONOUS GASES
1. COMPRESSED GAS – gas in which at all normal temperature inside its Product of Combustion
container; exist solely in the gaseous state under pressure.
2. LIQUEFIED GAS – gas, which, at normal temperature inside its container, FIRE GASES
exist partly in the liquid state and partly in gaseous state and under pressure the chemical composition of the fuel, percentage of oxygen present,
as long as any liquid remains in the container. and the temperature of the fire.
3. CRYOGENIC GAS – a liquefied gas which exists in its container at These components remain when other products of combustion cool
temperature far below normal atmospheric temperature. to normal temperature.
Examples of this gas are air, carbon monoxide, ethylene, fluorine, helium,
hydrogen, methane, nitrogen, and oxygen. HYDROGEN SULFIDE
gas formed during fires involving organic material containing sulfur.
PHYSICAL CHANGES OF HEAT It is a colorless chalcogen-hydride gas, and is poisonous, corrosive,
and flammable, with trace amounts in ambient atmosphere having a
LATENT HEAT- The amount of heat to produce a change of phase
characteristic foul odor of rotten eggs.
SUBLIMATION - changing from solid to gas
such as: Rubber, hair, wood, meat and hides
MELTING - from solid to liquid
VAPORIZATION - from liquid to vapor
HYDROGEN CYANIDE
CONDENSATION - steam/vapor is condensed to form water/liquid
toxic fire gas found in oxygen starve fires involving nitrogen
containing materials
smells like bitter almonds which may not be easily detected.
such as: fires Wool, silk, urethane, polyamides, and acrylics.
HYDROGEN CHLORIDE
gas which can be fatal after only a few breaths produced in fires
involving chloride containing plastics
Plastics can be found anywhere; from furnishing to electrical insulation,
conduit, and piping.
SMOKE
A visible product of incomplete combustion,
PYROLYSIS A mixture of oxygen, nitrogen, CO, CO2 and finely divided particles
fire consumes the most solid part of the fuel. released from the burning material.
It is the thermal decomposition of a solid fuel through the action of
heat.
FLAME TYPES OF FLAME BASED ON SMOOTHNESS
luminous body of the burning gas which gets hotter and less
luminous when mixed with more oxygen 1. LAMINAR FLAME – when a particle follows smooth path
the visible light emitting part of a fire through a gaseous flame.
considered product of incomplete combustion.
It is the manifestation of fire when the fire is in its gas phased
combustion.
A. TYPES OF FLAME ACCORDING TO COMPLETENESS OF COMBUSTION
1. LUMINOUS FLAME – reddish orange; deposits soot due to
incomplete combustion; low temp.
2. NON-LUMINOUS FLAME – bluish; do not deposit soot; product of 2. TURBULENT FLAME – are those having unsteady, irregular
complete combustion; higher temp. flows.
B. ACCORDING TO BURNING FUEL AND AIR MIXTURE:
1. PREMIXED FLAME - exemplified by a Bunsen-type laboratory burner
where hydrocarbon is thoroughly mixed with air before reaching the
flame zone.
PROPAGATION OF FIRE
simply means the spread of fire.
2. DIFFUSION FLAME - example of flame of the Oxyacetylene torch
(diffused-dispersed: widely spread). observed when gas (fuel) alone SPONTANEOUS HEATING
is forced through a nozzle the automatic chemical reaction that results to spontaneous
combustion due to autoignition of organic materials, the gradual
rising of heat in a confined space until ignition temperature is
reached.
condition that builds up temperature high enough to cause ignition
begins a cycle of oxidation that builds up heat very slowly in its first
stage.
INTENSITY OF FIRE 3. ROLLOVER (also known as flameover)
simply means “how hot the fire is burning” An eruption of flames following the ignition of gas that has collected
determining factors: at the top of an enclosed space or structure.
a. Type of fuel gases produced by Pyrolysis ignites.
b. percentage of oxygen present involves gases and typified by a sudden ignition in the overhead air.
stage of a structure fire when fire gases in a room or other enclosed
MAGNITUDE OF FIRE area ignite.
size of fire
governed by the amount of fuel exposed to the air.
DANGEROUS BEHAVIOR OF FIRE
1. BACKDRAFT
it is the sudden and rapid (violent) burning of heated gases in a
confined area that occurs in the form of explosion.
is the explosive reignition of soot and other fuel sources because of
the introduction of fresh oxygen supplies.
2. FLASHOVER 4. BITEBACK
it is the sudden ignition of accumulated radical gases produced a fatal condition that takes place when the fire resists
when there is incomplete combustion of fuels. extinguishment operations and become stronger and bigger instead
When accumulated volume of radical gases suddenly burns, there
will be a very intense fire that is capable of causing flames to jump 5. FLASH FIRE
at a certain distance in the form of fireball. Fireballs can travel to a better known as dust explosion.
hundred yards with in a few seconds. This may happen when the metal post that is completely covered
with dust is going to be hit by lightning.
The dust particles covering the metal burn simultaneously thus
creating a violent chemical reaction that produces a very bright flash
followed by an explosion.