Basic Reinforced Concrete Detailing
Chapter 5
Beam
Longitudinal Bars BEAM
Main Bar
To resist flexural tensile stress
Placed longitudinally at tension face
Grade 500
Compression Bars
For very large bending moment
On compression face
Has to be restrained
Slide 2
Shear Reinforcement BEAM
Links (also called stirrups)
To resist shear
Vertical closed loops
Small size Grade 250 mild steel bars
Grade 500 high yield bars for large shear force
Stirrups and longitudinal bars form a steel cage.
Inclined bars or bent-up bars may be use but
seldom used nowadays.
Slide 3
Other reinforcement BEAM
Torsional reinforcement is also in the form of a
closed loop but with longer lap length.
Axial forces can be resisted by additional
longitudinal bars.
Slide 4
Longitudinal Bar - Steel Area BEAM
Determined by the design bending capacity
in mm2
Tension re-bars are denoted by As.
Compression re-bars are denoted by As’ or Asc.
Elevation Section
Slide 5
Longitudinal Bar – No & Size of Bars BEAM
General guidelines for designing the numbers
and sizes of longitudinal bars:
Symmetrical
Not more than two different bar sizes
Not be smaller than 0.45 times the size of the
larger bars.
One bar for every 100mm width
Slide 6
Example BEAM
The designer specified that As Rq’d = 1760mm2
i). Try 1T20 + 3T25, As = 1787mm2. However, the placement of
the re-bars is unsymmetrical, it is undesirable.
ii). Try 2T10 + 2T32, As = 1765mm2. However, the different in
bar diameter is more than 0.45 times the size of the larger
bar. It is undesirable.
iii). Try 1T16 + 2T20 + 2T25, As = 1811mm2. However, it is
undesirable to have more than 2 different bar sizes in a
single beam.
iv). Try 2T16 + 3T25, As = 1874, or 4T25 As = 1963. The bar
spacing requirement has to be checked.
Slide 7
Maximum Area or Re-bar BEAM
Cl. [Link] of HK COP for Structural Use of
Concrete 2013:
Maximum percentage of re-bar = 4 %.
Example
• The maximum area of re-bar for a 600x300 beam =
600x300x4% = 7200mm2.
• That is no more bars that 9T32 or 6T40.
Slide 8
Minimum Area of Re-bars BEAM
Table 9.1 of HK COP for Structural Use of
Concrete 2013 Definition fy = 250 fy =500
Tension reinforcement
(a) Flanged beams, web in tension:
(1) bw/b < 0.4 100As/bwh 0.32 0.18
(2) bw/b 0.4 100As/bwh 0.24 0.13
(b) Flanged beams, flange in tension:
(1) T-beam 100As/bwh 0.48 0.26
(2) L-beam 100As/bwh 0.36 0.20
(c) Rectangular section 100As/Ac 0.24 0.13
Compression reinforcement
(a) Flanged beam:
(1) flange in compression 100Asc/bhf 0.4 0.4
(2) web in compression 100Asc/bwh 0.2 0.2
(b) Rectangular section 100Asc/Ac 0.2 0.2
Slide 9
Side Bars BEAM
Cl. [Link] of HK COP for Structural Use of
Concrete 2013
For h > 750mm
Provide side bars at spacing 250mm over 2/3h
from the tension face
Bar size = (sbb/fy)
where
sb = bar spacing,
b = breadth of the section or 500mm whichever is lesser
Slide 10
Side Bars BEAM
h > 750
Side bars sb< 250 2/3h
(sbb/fy)
sb< 250
b
Tension Face Main Bar
Slide 11
Example BEAM
At the support of a continuous T-beam, the top
flange is in tension and web in compression. The
following information are given by the designer:
b = 2500
bw = 500
h = 800
hf = 150
Asc = 750mm2
As = 6500mm2
Determine the numbers and sizes of bars for this
section.
Slide 12
Example - solution BEAM
Top bars:
tension steel
nominal bar = 0.26% x 500 x 800 = 1040mm2 <
6500mm2
use 4T40 + 2T32 in two layers, As = 6636mm2.
Slide 13
Example - solution BEAM
Bottom bars:
compression steel
nominal bar = 0.2% x 500 x 800 = 800mm2 >
750mm2
use 2T25, As = 982 mm2.
(Note: usually the amount of bars provided at the
supports of continuous beams would be much more
than that required because at least 30% of the
bottom tension bars at the span of the beam has to
be extended to the support. However, pay attention
that adequate compression lap and restraint are
provided for these bars.)
Slide 14
Example - solution BEAM
Side bars:
try T16
spacing required = 162 x 500 / 500 = 256mm
use 2x3T16 evenly distributed on both sides of the
beam over the whole depth, spacing = 800/4 =
200mm ok.
(Note: according to the code, the side bars is only
required for a depth of 2/3h from the tension face,
however, at the support the tension face is at the top
and, at the span the tension face is at the bottom. For
the sake of convenience, side bars are usually
provided over the whole depth of the beam.)
Slide 15
Minimum Bar Spacing BEAM
For effectively compaction of concrete around
the bars.
The minimum spacing depends on:
Size of the aggregate
Size of Bar
Method of compaction
Slide 16
Minimum Bar Spacing BEAM
Cl. 8.2 of HK COP for Structural Use of
Concrete 2013:
The horizontal distance between bars hagg+5mm,
where hagg is the maximum size of the coarse
aggregate.
Where there are two or more rows, the gap between
corresponding bars in each row should be vertically
in line.
Slide 17
Minimum Bar Spacing - Typical Details BEAM
Typical detail is adopted for the bars are positioned in separate
horizontal layers. The designer should be aware of this detail when
calculating the effective depth of the member.
Slide 18
Bars Over Column and At Lap BEAM
Pay particular attention in detailing of re-bars for
continuous beams over column head.
The re-bars at the beam/column junction would be
very congested.
Cl. 8.7.2 of HK COP for Structural Use of
Concrete 2013:
At laps, the sum of bar sizes in a particular layer
should not exceed 40% of the breadth of the
section at that level.
Slide 19
Bar Spacing at Lap BEAM
0.4B
Slide 20
Maximum Bar Spacing BEAM
Bars in tension
One of the method to control crack width
Slide 21
Maximum Bar Spacing BEAM
Cl. [Link] of HK COP for Structural Use of
Concrete 2013 implies that:
The clear horizontal distance between adjacent
bars, or groups, near the tension face of a beam
should not be greater than:
clear spacing ≤ 70 000 βb/fy ≤ 300 mm
Alternatively, the clear spacing may be assessed
from the relationship:
clear spacing ≤ 47 000 βb/fs ≤ 300 mm
Slide 22
Maximum Bar Spacing BEAM
The distance between the face of the beam and
the nearest longitudinal bar in tension should not
be greater than half the clear distance determined
above.
Slide 23
Maximum Bar Spacing BEAM
In general the maximum bar spacing requirement
can be easily achieved when detailing the re-bars
for the section at point of the maximum bending
moment.
However, extreme care should be taken when
bars are curtailed along the span of the beam.
Slide 24
Bar Spacing - Rule of Thumb BEAM
Provide one bar
for every 100mm width
of the beam
(This only a general guideline
that will comply with the bar spacing requirements
in most of the situations)
Slide 25
Bar Curtailment – General Requirements BEAM
Cl. [Link] of HK COP for Structural Use of
Concrete 2013:
Every bar should extend beyond the theoretical
point of termination for a distance more than the
greater of:
(a) the effective depth of the member; or
(b) twelve times the bar size;
and in addition, for bar in the tension zone, any one
of the following distances:
(c) ultimate anchorage bond length; or
(d) to the point: Vc > 2Vu; or
(e) to the point: Mc of remaining As > 2 x Mu
Slide 26
Bar Curtailment BEAM
In practice, for simplicity, conditions (d) and (e)
are usually ignored and the curtailment points for
each group of bars would not be more than two.
When the outer layer of bars in the tension zone
are to be curtailed, pay particular attention to the
bar spacing.
Slide 27
General Rules on Bar Curtailment
BEAM
Slide 28
General Rules on Bar Curtailment
BEAM
Slide 29
General Rules on Bar Curtailment
BEAM
Slide 30
Bar Curtailment – Simplified Rules
(For Reference) BEAM
Cl. [Link] of BS8110:
Under the following circumstances the simplified
rules can be applied:
(a) The beams are designed for predominantly
uniformly distributed loads.
(b) In case of continuous beams, the spans are
approximately equal.
Slide 31
Bar Curtailment – Simplified Rules BEAM
In general, if the spans deviate less than 15%
from the maximum span, it can be regarded as
approximately equal.
This simplified method is not recommended if
the design live load is much larger than the
design dead load.
Slide 32
Simplied Rules for Bar Curtailment
BEAM
Slide 33
Anchorage BEAM
Slide 34
Anchorage BEAM
Slide 35
Shear Link - Steel Area BEAM
Links (or called stirrups).
The area required is expressed in Asv/sv
(mm2/mm), i.e. area per mm run along the
beam.
A single stirrup (SS) has two legs;
Double stirrups (DS) have four legs;
Triple stirrups (TS) have six legs; and so on.
Usually, Grade 250 bars are used.
Slide 36
Example BEAM
The designer specified the Asv/sv required is
0.750mm2/mm.
Try R10, spacing required = 78.5 x 2 / 0.750 = 209 mm
Therefore, R10-200-SS is used.
Slide 37
Nominal Shear Reinforcement BEAM
Cl. 9.2.2 of HK COP for Structural Use of
Concrete 2013:
The minimum area of shear reinforcement for the
whole length of a beam is given by:
Asv ≧vrbvsv/(0.87fyv)
Slide 38
Example BEAM
For a 750(D) x 450(B) beam
Nominal area of shear reinforcement
= 0.4 x 450 / (0.87 x 250) = 0.828 mm2/mm
Try R10, spacing rq’d = 78.5 x 2 / 0.828 = 189.6 mm
Therefore, R10-175-SS is used.
(Asv/s provided = 0.897)
Slide 39
Maximum Spacing of Links BEAM
Cl. 9.2.2 of HK COP for Structural Use of
Concrete 2013:
In the direction of the span, spacing 0.75d.
At right-angles to the span, the horizontal spacing
should be such that no longitudinal tension bar is
more than 150mm from a vertical leg.
Slide 40
Spacing of Links BEAM
It is common practice also to restrict the
minimum spacing of links.
The spacing 75mm or 8 whichever is larger.
In order to maintain the stiffness of the re-bar
cage during fixing and concreting, it is advisable
to restrict the maximum spacing of the link to
300mm.
Slide 41
Example BEAM
Design the nominal reinforcement for the
following beam:
Dimensions: 300 depth x 1000 breadth
Cover: 40
Bottom bars: 10T20
• Area of nominal links required = 0.4 x 1000 / (0.95 x 250) = 1.68mm2/mm
• Try R10 double stirrups, spacing required = 78.5 x 4 / 1.68 = 187mm
• Effective depth, d = 300 – 40 – 10 – 10 = 240mm
• Minimum spacing = 0.75 x 240 = 180mm
• Spacing of longitudinal bar = (1000 – 2 x 40 – 2 x 10 – 20) / 9 = 97.8mm
• Therefore, use R10-175-DS (Asv/s provided = 1.79)
Slide 42
Example BEAM
10T20
97.5 < 150 ok
Slide 43
Shear Link - Anchorage BEAM
Cl. 8.5 of HK COP for Structural Use of
Concrete 2013:
The anchorage of links and shear reinforcement
should normally be effected by means of bends and
hooks, or by welded transverse reinforcement. A
longitudinal bar of at least the size of the link should
be provided inside a hook or bend.
Slide 44
Anchorage of Links BEAM
Slide 45
Links for Compression Bars BEAM
Cl. [Link] of HK COP for Structural Use of
Concrete 2013:
When part or all of the main bars in the compression
zone required to resist compression, the following
bars required to be restrained by links:-
(a) corner bars
(b) alternate bars in the outer layer
(c) no bar should be more than 150mm from a retrained bar
Details of the links for retraining compression bars:-
(a) size of link ¼ the size of the largest compression bar or
6mm whichever is greater
(b) spacing of link 12 times the smallest compression bar
Slide 46
Bar Label BEAM
Longitudinal bars:
3T32-05
means 3 numbers of 32 nominal size high tensile
type 2 deformed bar with bar mark ‘05’.
Shear Link: 3 alternative methods:
3 x 22R10-300-101,102,103, or
22R10-300 (6 legs)-101,102,103,
or 22R10-300-TS-101,102,103
means 22 numbers of 10mm mild steel round bar
triple stirrups with bar marks 101, 102 & 103.
Slide 47
Bar Mark BEAM
Bars of similar dimension and fixing within the
same structural element are provided with a bar
mark.
It is usually labeled according to the probable
sequence of fixing.
It is common practice in Hong Kong to omit the bar
marks in the bar label.
Slide 48
Presentation BEAM
The re-bars detail of beam is usually presented in
elevation together with sections.
The recommended scale is 1:50 for elevations
and 1:25 for sections. Depending on the size of
the beam and the complexity of the re-bars
fixing, scale of 1:100 or 1:10 may be used.
Slide 49
Presentation BEAM
Slide 50
Presentation BEAM
Slide 51