FLOATING POINT
REPRESENTATION
➢ Floating point numbers are numbers that contain floating decimal points. For
example, the number 12.56 can be represented as 0.1256 × 102 , 1.256 × 101 ,
12.56 × 100 , 1256 × 10−2 .
➢Floating point numbers are used to represent non-integer fractional numbers
and are used in most engineering and technical calculations.
➢Floating point representation of a number is as F= ±M × Base±c., where M,
called mantissa and c, the exponent can be either positive or negative.)
eg: +10.85 × 1046
EXAMPLE
0.00000000005 = 0.5 × 10−10
500000000000 = 5 × 1010
Normalization rules of floating point numbers
1. The integer part should be zero.
2. 0.d1 d2 ...... dn × Base±c then d1 >0
0.1 ≤ Mantissa < 1
0.123 × 104 = 0.0123 × 105 = 1.23 × 103
EXAMPLES
-241.65 = -0.24165 × 103
0.0028 = 0.28 × 10−2
110.11 = 0.11011 × 103
Floating point arithmetic : ADDITION
Steps to add two floating point numbers
1. Compare the magnitudes of the two exponents and make suitable alignment to
the number with smaller magnitude of the exponent.
2. Perform the addition.
3. Perform normalization by shifting the resulting mantissa and adjusting the resulting
exponent.
EXAMPLE :
Add 1.1100 × 𝟐𝟒 and 1.1000 × 𝟐𝟐
[Link] : 1.1000 × 𝟐𝟐 has to be aligned to 0.0110 × 𝟐𝟒
[Link] : Add the two numbers to get 10.0010 × 𝟐𝟒
[Link] : Final normalized result is 0.1000 × 𝟐𝟔
Floating point arithmetic : Multiplication
Multiplication of a pair of FP numbers X = 𝑚𝑥 × 2𝑎 and Y = 𝑚𝑦 × 2𝑏 is represented as
X*Y = (𝑚𝑥 × 𝑚𝑦 )* 2𝑎+𝑏
Steps to multiply two floating point numbers
[Link] the exponent of the product by adding the exponents together.
[Link] the two mantissas.
[Link] and round the final product.
EXAMPLE :
Multiply X=1.000 × 2−2 and Y=-1.010 × 2−1
[Link] exponents : (-2) + (-1) = -3
[Link] Mantissa : 1.000 × -1.010 = -1.010000
[Link] normalization and rounding product is : -0.10100 × 2−2
THANK YOU