Chapter 1
Introduction
1.1
Chapter 1
Objectives
❑ To define three security goals
❑ To define security attacks that threaten security
goals
❑ To define security services and how they are
related to the three security goals
❑ To define security mechanisms to provide security
services
❑ To introduce two techniques, cryptography and
steganography, to implement security mechanisms.
1.2
1.1 Continued
Figure 1.1 Taxonomy of security goals
1.3
1.1.1 Confidentiality
Confidentiality is probably the most common aspect of
information security. We need to protect our confidential
information. An organization needs to guard against those
malicious actions that endanger the confidentiality of its
information.
1.4
1.1.2 Integrity
Information needs to be changed constantly. Integrity
means that changes need to be done only by authorized
entities and through authorized mechanisms.
1.5
1.1.3 Availability
The information created and stored by an organization
needs to be available to authorized entities. Information
needs to be constantly changed, which means it must be
accessible to authorized entities.
1.6
1-2 ATTACKS
The three goals of security⎯confidentiality, integrity,
and availability⎯can be threatened by security
attacks.
Topics discussed in this section:
1.2.1 Attacks Threatening Confidentiality
1.2.2 Attacks Threatening Integrity
1.2.3 Attacks Threatening Availability
1.2.4 Passive versus Active Attacks
1.7
1.2 Continued
Figure 1.2 Taxonomy of attacks with relation to security goals
1.8
1.2.1 Attacks Threatening Confidentiality
Snooping refers to unauthorized access to or interception
of data.
Traffic analysis refers to obtaining some other type of
information by monitoring online traffic.
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1.2.2 Attacks Threatening Integrity
Modification means that the attacker intercepts the
message and changes it.
Masquerading or spoofing happens when the attacker
impersonates somebody else.
Replaying means the attacker obtains a copy
of a message sent by a user and later tries to replay it.
Repudiation means that sender of the message might later
deny that she has sent the message; the receiver of the
message might later deny that he has received the message.
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1.2.3 Attacks Threatening Availability
Denial of service (DoS) is a very common attack. It may
slow down or totally interrupt the service of a system.
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1.2.4 Passive Versus Active Attacks
Table 1.1 Categorization of passive and active attacks
1.12
1-3 SERVICES AND MECHANISMS
ITU-T provides some security services and some
mechanisms to implement those services. Security
services and mechanisms are closely related because a
mechanism or combination of mechanisms are used to
provide a service..
Topics discussed in this section:
1.3.1 Security Services
1.3.2 Security Mechanism
1.3.3 Relation between Services and Mechanisms
1.13
1.3.1 Security Services
Figure 1.3 Security services
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1.3.2 Security Mechanism
Figure 1.4 Security mechanisms
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1.3.3 Relation between Services and Mechanisms
Table 1.2 Relation between security services and mechanisms
1.23
1.24
1-4 TECHNIQUES
Mechanisms discussed in the previous sections are
only theoretical recipes to implement security. The
actual implementation of security goals needs some
techniques. Two techniques are prevalent today:
cryptography and steganography.
Topics discussed in this section:
1.4.1 Cryptography
1.4.2 Steganography
1.25
1.4.1 Cryptography
Cryptography, a word with Greek origins, means “secret
writing.” However, we use the term to refer to the science
and art of transforming messages to make them secure and
immune to attacks.
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1.4.2 Steganography
The word steganography, with origin in Greek, means
“covered writing,” in contrast with cryptography, which
means “secret writing.”
Example: covering data with text
1.27