SCIENCE

3rd quarter Lessons

Phivolcs – Philippine Institute

of volcanology and seismology
The national government Agency
mandated by law to monitor
occurences, study of volcanoes and its
 Are gigantic pieces of the
activities, and raise awareness and earth’s lithosphere. They are
preparedness of the public regarding made up of oceanic crust and
the hazards associated w/ earthquAKES continental crust.
AND VOLCANOES.
VoLCANOES are typically a cone-shaped
hill or mountain formed by the extrusion TWO TYPES OF PLATE
OF lava or ejection of rock fragrements MARGINS
from a vent. These are naturally
opening in the earth’s surface where Destructive
molten rocks, smoke, gases, and ashes  A destructive plate margin
are ejected. forms when an oceanic and
A volcano is also a mountain formed by continental plate move
the accumulation of these eruptive towards each other, The
products. lighter, thicker continental
plate is subducted by the
LITHOSPHERE heavier, denser oceanic plate.
 The solid, outer part of earth. It
includes the brittle upper
proportion of the mantle and the
crust , the outermost layer of
earth’s structure.

Constructive
 A constructive Plate margin
forms when the plates move
apart from one another. The
movement of the plates over
the mantle can cause
earthquakes.

TECTONIC PLATE
Hotspot - A Region of high
volcanic activity that is not located
at any plate margin.
Lava – Magma expelled from a
volcano during an eruption. It flows
until cools and hardens.
Pyroclastic Flow- Fast-moving flow
of solidified lava pieces, volcanic
ashes, and hot gases.
Lahar – also called mudflows, they
are the following mixtures of
volcanic debris and water.
which solidify before reaching the
ground,

TYPES OF VOLCANOES
SHIELD VOLCANO
 This is formed by the
accumulation of the released lava
from the volcano. Since non-
viscous lava can flow freely, a
Parts of a volcano broad slightly doomed structure
Magma chamber- large that resembles a warrior’s shield
underground pool of liquid rock is formed
found beneath the earth’s crust Cinder-cone volcanoes
Magma-Molten rocks inside the  Also called “ Scoria cones “
earth  This is built from ejected lava
Vent- opening through which an fragments. They have a steep
eruption takes place slope, and wide crater.

Cone- most striking part of the Composite volcanoes

volcano, usually composed of  Also called “ stratovolcano”
mixtures of lava and pyroclastics  This is large, nearly perfect sloped
Crater- basin-like depression over a structure formed from the
vent at the summit of the cone. alternate solidification of both
lava and pyroclastic deposits.
Caldera- a volcanic crater that
formed when a part of the wall of Volcanic Domes
the crater collapses following an  Also called “ Lava dome “
explosive eruption.  A rounded , steep -sided mound
Ash clouds- composed of pulverized that is formed by small , bulging
rocks and volcanic debris created masses of lava primarily
during [Link] Bombs- composed of either dacite or
Chunks of lawa blasted into the air rhyolite
Supervolcano  A violent eruption due to the
contact between water and
 Are described to produce the
magma
largest eruptions on earth.
 The term super volcano implies a Strombolian
volcanic center that has recorded
 A periodic weak to violent
an eruption with a magnitude of 8
eruption characterized by
on the Volcanic Explosivity Index (
fountain lava.
VEI )
Vulcanian
Submarine Volcanoes
 Characterized by tall eruption
 Are created when magma erupts
columns that reach up to 20km
in the underwater fissures of the
high
earth .
Plinian
Subglacial Volcanoes
 Excessively Explosive type of
 Also called “ Glaciovolcano “
eruption of gas and pyroclastics
 It is created by eruptions beneath
the surface of a glacier or sheets
which is then melted into a lake
by the rising lava that resembles
to the pillow lava formed by
submarine volcanoes.

VOLCANIC ERUPTION
 A process wherein molten rock
materials are emitted or ejected
in the form of flowing masses of
lava or pyroclastics

Classifications of volcanoes Steps on how to generate

according to activity electricity on a geothermal
Active Volcano – A volcano that has had
power plant
at least one record of eruption during  Wells are drilled deep into the
past 10,000 years earth to pump hot water to the
Dormant Volcano – An active Volcano surface.
that is not erupting but supposed to  When the water reaches the
erupt again surface, the drop in pressure
causes the water to turn into
Inactive Volcano – A volcano that could steam.
erupt but has not expected for more  The steam spins a turbine, which
than 10,000 years. is connected to a generator that
produces electricity.
TYPES OF VOLCANIC ERUPTION
 Cooling tower cools the steam
PHREATIC OR HYDROTHERMAL which it condenses back into
water.
 Steam-driven eruption as the hot
 The cooled water is pumped back
rocks come in contact with water
into the earth to begin the
Phreatomagmatic process again.
GEOTHERMAL ENERGY GEOTHERMAL HEAT PUMPS

 Geo – Earth IT removes the heat from the fluid in

 Therme – heAT earth connection, concentrates it and
then transfer it to the building.
Heat that comes from the inside of the
earth
The earth is believed to be extremely
hot from within. This heat from the
Earth’s interior is a source of energy
called geothermal energy. The heat of
the earth warms up water which is
trapped in rock formations beneath its
surface.
Geothermal powerplant
It is where heat from within the earth
changes water into steam ( water in the ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF
gas space ), which turns steam turbine USING GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
that generate electicity . ADVANTAGES
 RENEWABLE AND SUSTAINABLE
SOURCE
 PERMANENT POWER SUPPLY
 COMPARATIVELY ECOLOGICALLY
CLEAN
 MINIMUN LAND SPACE
DISADVANTAGES
 Costly ( expensive construction )
 Geographical limits
 Seismic instability
 Inevatible for danger
 Environmental problem

Weather vs. climate

Weather
  The condition of the atmosphere Coolest temperature of all
at a specific place and time climate zone
 The day-to-day state of the  Winters are long, cold, dark
atmosphere, and its short-term  Summers are very short
variation in minutes to weeks  6 months of daylight, 6
months of dark nights
Climate
 The general pattern of weather in
a certain area over a long period  Areas of earth with low
of time. latitudes receive the most
direct sunlight, which makes
FACTORS AFFECTING CLIMATE those areas hotter.
Latitude
 Areas with high latitudes
 An imaginary line parallel to the receives very little amount
equator of direct sunlight, which
 The geographic coordinate that make those areas colder
specifies the north and south from
the equator. TOPOGRAPHY
 A detailed map of the
surface features of land,
such as mountains and hills
 The difference in elevation
and mountain ranges
determines the distribution
of precipitation on earth.
ALTITUDE/ ELEVATION
 Height above sea level
THREE MAJOR CLIMATE  The higher the altitude, the lower
ZONES the temperature
 A higher location in the mountains
Tropic Zone
has lower average temperatures
 Receives a lot of a direct sunlight than one at the base of the
 Temperatures are high most of mountains
the year
 Near or at the equator
Mountainous areas greatly affect the
 Lands here can be desert/tropical
amount of precipitation in a certain
rainforest
region. The area in which the wind
Temperate zone blows is called the WINDWARD SIDE.
Here, the wind is blocked by the
 Indirect sunlight, but receives mountain, forcing it to move upward. As
more sunlight than the polar it moves up, the watervapor condenses
zone. and forms clouds. This will result in
 Has 4 seasons – winter, spring, precipitation on the windward side.
summer , autumn
POLAR ZONE The air moves down towards the
Indirect sunlight all year opposite region called LEEWARD SIDE.
long The cold air mass starts to absorb heat
and becomes warm and dry. As a result,
the area near the leeward side becomes  Wind directions over a
dry and has less precipitation. The dry particular location on earth due
region on the leeward side is called rain to uneven heating from the
shadow. Vegetation in this region sun and the rotation of earth
includes desert plants and grassland. on its axis.
CORIOLIS EFFECT
 The major streams of wind
form loop-like patterns.
 The DEFLECTION of air due to
the rotation of the eartH

PREVAILING WIND SYSTEM IN

THE PHILIPPINES
 Northeast monsoon ( amihan )
( November – February ) cold
BODIES OF WATER winds from the northeast that
 The climate of a place is bring rains over the eastern
influenced by the surrounding side of the country.
bodies of water.  Southwest monsoon ( habagat )
 Places that are far from the ( July – September ) warm moist
bodies of water have extreme winds from the southwest
climates. causing rains over the western
 Places that are near the oceans side of the country.
have moderate climate as the
body of water regulates the
temperature.
OCEAN CURRENTS
 Ocean Currents are the
continuous and directional
movement of ocean.
 The ocean current systems
flow clockwise in the northen
hemisphere and
counterclockwise in the
southern hemisphere in
circular patterns.
WARM CURRENTS
 Originates at the equator and
transports warm water south
and north to the high latitudes.
Cold currents
 Orginates at the high latitudes
and transports cold water
towards the equator
PREVAILING WINDS
 Climate change
Refers to any significant change in the
measures of climate lasting for an
extended period of time.
GREENHOUSE GASES
CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE PHILIPPINES
Any gas that has the property of
PAGASA (Philippine Atmospheric,
absorbing infrared radiation ( net heat
Geophysical and Astronomica Services
energy ) emitted form Earth’s surface
Administration)
and reradiating it back to earth’s
Delivers reliable and relevant weather- surface.
related information, products and
Water Vapor
services to develop communities
resilient to typhoons, floods, rain- - Water vapor is the most abundant
induced landslides, storm surges, greenhouse gases in the
extreme climatic events, climate atmosphere
change and astronomical hazards in the - Water vapor blocks the heat from
Philippines. escaping the atmosphere and
warmer air holds more water
According to the Asian Disaster
vapor. As the Earth heats up,
Reduction Center (ADRC), the
more water vapor can trap more
Philippines is visited by an average of
heat.
20 typhoons each year, of which five
are destructive. Carbon dioxide
GREENHOUSE EFFECT - A naturally occurring chemical
compound that is released
Natural warming process of the earth
through natural processes such as
that results when gases in the
respiration and volcanic eruptions
atmosphere trap heat from the earth
that would otherwise escape into space. By human activities, carbon dioxide
enters the atmosphere through
burning fossil fuels ( coal, natural
gas, and oil ) and other biological
materials such as solid waste and
trees.
NATURAL SINKS – areas on the earth
that have the capacity to take In the
greenhouse gases and clean the air
around us.
Ozone
- Occurs naturally in the
stratosphere where it forms a
layer that blocks ultra violet ( UV )
light
Chlorofluorocarbons ( CFCs )
- Are organic compounds that
contain carbon, chlorine and
fluorine.
Fluorinated gases are typically emitted
in smaller quantities than other green
house gases , but they are the potent
greenhouse gases.
Methane
- A hydrocarbon gas produced
through human activities natural
sources , and by the decay of
organic waste in municipal solid
waste landfills
- Agricuture contributes to
methane production – livestock
sector is one the greatest
contributors of methane
emissions, mainly produced
through the natural digestive
process
Nitrous Oxide
- Commonly known as laughing gas
, is the most important
greenhouse gas after methane
and carbon dioxide and the
biggest human-related threat to
the ozone layer .
GLOBAL WARMING
- Refers to recent and ongoing rise
in global average temperature of
the earth’s atmosphere.