1.
5 Laboratory safety
- Wear safety goggles
- Wear protective gloves
- Ensure good ventilation
- Tie your hair
1.6 Common apparatus in chemistry laboratory
1. test tube 2. fireproof mat
3. test tube holder 4. evaporating dish
5. test tube rack 6. crucible with lid
7. beaker 8. measuring cylinder
9. wash bottle 10. dropper
11. reagent bottle 12. stand and clamp
13. Round/ flat bottomed flask 14. filter funnel
15. spatula 16. mortar and pestle
17. wire gauze 18. electronic balance
19. tripod 20. triple beam balance
21. Bunsen burner 22. safety goggles
*remember to label your drawing correctly
Hazard warning label:
Drawing refer to book*
- explosive
- toxic
- corrosive
- carcinogenic
- flammable
- oxidizing
- irritant (only a cross)
- harmful (usually with feather(?) inside the cross)
Ch.5 Atomic structure
*Definitions*
1. element : substance which cannot be broken down into simpler substances by
chemical methods
2. atom: the smallest part of an element which has the property of element
3. isotope: different atoms of an element which have the same number of protons
but a different number of neutrons
4. octet rule: atom become stable when it has 8 outermost shell electrons
5. physical change: a change in which no new substance formed
6. chemical change: a change in which one or more new substance(s) is formed
7. relative isotopic mass: the mass of an atom of that isotope compare with the mass
of a carbon-12 atom.
8. relative atomic mass: the weighted average mass of the relative isotopic mass of
all its naturally occurring isotopes of that element compare
with the mass of an carbon-12 atom
Metalloid (semi-metal) : Boron B / Silicon Si
Metal vs. non-metal
solid Gas/ liquid / solid
shiny dull
High melting point Low melting point
High density Lower density
hard brittle
malleable Non-malleable
ductile Non-ductile
Good conductor of electricity Poor conductor of electricity
Most abundant element : oxygen
Most abundant metal : aluminium
Liquid state metal : bromine , mercury
Proton --- +ve
Neutron --- neutral (Element with no neutron: hydrogen H)
Electron --- -ve
Atomic numer = no. of proton
Mass number = no. of proton + no. of neutron
Number of electron = no. of proton à neutral atom
Isotopes: same chemical properties (as same number of electrons)
Member of same group: similar chemical properties (same number of outermost.
shell electrons)
(no. of electron shell 越多，越小吸引力吸住 electron，越容易 lose
Group I / II à reactivity increase down the grp
electron = more reactive)
Group 7 à reactivity decrease down the grp
Gain electron 相反！
Group 0 à unreactive
Group 1 Alkaline metals
Properties:
- soft, can be cut by knife
- low density, can float on water
- react vigorously with water, form hydroxide + give hydrogen gas H2
à observation: 1. Float on water, move around water surface
2. melt to form a silvery ball
3. fizzes
(*very reactive à store in paraffin oil)
Group 2 Alkaline earth metals
Properties:
- react with acid (eg. Hydrochloric acid à form chloride + hydrogen gas)
Observation: colourless gas is given out (H2 gas)
Group 7 Halogen
- changes down the group : 1. Colour intensity (eg. Cl2 yellowish green , Br2 brown)
2. State (eg. Cl2 gas , Br2 liquid)
Group 0 Noble gas
- unreactive
- 8 electrons on outermost shell ( except Helium He à 2 only !)
- Functions of noble gas (eg. Argon à fill light bulb ; Helium à aircraft)
Hydrochloric acid àH2 gas produced + metal chloride
Sulphuric acid à metal sulphate
Nitric acid à metal nitrate
Positive ions
1+ 2+ 3+
Li+ Lithium ion Mg2+ Magnesium ion Al3+ Aluminium ion
+ 2+ 3+
Na Sodium ion Ca Calcium ion Fe Iron(III) ion
K+ Potassium ion Zn2+ Zinc ion Cr3+ Chromium(III) ion
Ag+ Silver ion Fe2+ Iron(II) ion
+ 2+
H Hydrogen ion Pb Lead(II) ion
NH4+ Ammonium ion Cu2+ Copper(II) ion
+ 2+
Cu Copper (I) ion Co Cobalt(II) ion
Negative ions
1- 2- 3-
F- Fluoride ion O2- Oxide ion N3- Nitride ion
Cl- Chloride ion S2- Sulphide ion PO43- Phosphate ion
- 2-
Br Bromide ion SO3 Sulphite ion
I- Iodide ion SO42- Sulphate ion
- 2-
NO2 Nitrite ion CO3 Carbonate ion
NO3- Nitrate ion Cr2O72- Dichromate ion
OH- Hydroxide ion CrO42- Chromate ion
-
HCO3 Hydrogencarbonate ion
HSO4- Hydrogensulphate ion
MnO4- Permanganate ion
Colour of ions in aqueous solution:
Ion Chemical formula Colour
2+
Iron (II) Fe Pale green
Iron (III) Fe3+ Yellow
Copper (II) Cu2+ Blue or green
-
Permanganate MnO4 Purple
Dichromate Cr2O72- Orange
Chromium (III) Cr3+ Green
2+
Nickel (II) Ni Green
Manganese (II) Mn2+ Very pale pink
Migration of ion
- +ve ion migrate to -ve terminus
- -ve ion migrate to +ve terminus
Giant ionic structure
- Ions packed closely in regular pattern à form lattice
- Held by strong ionic bond between oppositely charged ions
Giant metallic structure
- Positively charged metallic ions and sea of free electrons are held together by
strong metallic bond
Migration of ion
- +ve ion migrate to -ve terminus
- -ve ion migrate to +ve terminus
Giant ionic structure
- Ions packed closely in regular pattern à form lattice
- Held by strong ionic bond between oppositely charged ions
Giant metallic structure
- Positively charged metallic ions and sea of free electrons are held together by
strong metallic bond