Chapter no – 1
Organization Structure Of Industry And General Layout
Organization Chart Of Company
AIRAWAT CONSTRUCTION AND CONSULTANTS
Owner
Senior Engineer
Architecture
Junior Engineer
Worker
Skilled Worker Un-skilled Worker
Chapter No – 3
Types of major equipments raw materials instruments/ machines/hardware/software used in
industry with their specifications,approximate cost, specific use and routine maintenance done.
Site Clearance
o Before starting the construction the first step is site clearance.
o A site clearance means to removed the obstruction brush,shrubs,trees and levelling the
ground surface.
o The ground is levelled after the site clearance.
Layout
o After the site clearance the first of construction is layout .
o Show the plan of its foundation on the ground surface according to its drawings.
o The excavation can be carried out exactly where required and position and orientation of
the building is exactly specified.
Layout Equipment is required
1. Wooden post
2. Wooden plank
3. Plumb bob
4. Chalk peat
5. Line dori
6. Measurement tape
7. Center line drawing
8. Excavation for column footing plan
9. Bending wire
[Link] station
Machines used for excavation
1. Excavator
2. Wheel loader
3. Power shovels
Plain cement concrete (P.C.C)
o After the excavation,then a layer of p.c.c is lead in the excavated trench for placing and
binding of foundation reinforcement bar.
Foundation
o It is the lowest part of the structure below the ground level which provides the base of the
superstructure and transport the load superstructure to sub-structure.
o After completing the reinforcement binding work for the foundation it’s casting is done
and preparation for the plinth beam starts.
Plinth beam
o Now bar binding a shuttering work of the plinth beam is complited, then it is pored with
concrete.
o A plinth beam is a components of the superstructure located between the ground level
and floor level to assist in transmitting the load of the structure to the foundation.
o It also offers safety to the building . At the top of the plinth a DPC is provided.
Murum filling / back filling
o It is themethod to restoring soil removed during excavation. Back filling helps in
strengthening the foundation and supporting it and other structural members.
o The soil condition of our site decide the type of back filling material use us.
o The soil is compacted with heavy rammers or a compactor after each layer of backfilling.
Column
o The vertical support of building is called as column.
o Column transfer the load coming from the slab and beam to the footing.
o Column transfer the load of structure vertically .
o The different sizes of columns are as follows. 9”x18” ,6”x15” and 9”x24”,etc.
o Column is a compressive member in the structure.
Beam
o The horizontal support of building is called as beam .
o Beam transfer the load coming from the slab to column.
o Beam transfer the load of structure horizontally.
o Different sizes of beam are as follows.
o 9”x18” 6”x15” and 9”x24”,etc.
SLAB
o Slab is one type of roof provided to the structure.
o Slab is constructed to protect from rain, air and harmful sunrays,etc.
o A slab is flat two dimensional planar structure component of building having a very small
thickness compared to its other two dimensions.
MASONRY WORK
o After removing the slab formwork, masonry works starts using different material such as
bricks and concrete blocks , acc blocks with cement mortar.
o Opening of doors and windows are provided as per the drawing.
LINTEL LEVEL
o The lintels are constructed above the door and windows openings support the masonry
rest above it.
o Then masonry work is completed upto the slab level.
SILL LEVEL
o The level from the floor level to where the window opening starts (moving upwards ) is
called as sill level .
o The sill level helps to hold the water out of the window and keep the inside dry
o It’s gives structure stability for the window opening .
o It is constructed in either rcc or in cement mortor.
Electrical conduits and plumbing pipes
o After completingthe brickwork, grooves are made on walls to install electrical conduits
and plumbing pipes as per the electrical and plumbing drawing.
Doors and windows frame
o After completing the electrical conduits and plumbing pipes and fixing work door and
window frames are set in the opening left for them as per the drawing.
Internal plaster work
o After the installation of plumbing and electrical conduits,plastering work begins.
o The building’s interior and exterior are plastered with cement and sand mixture.
o The internal walls surface has a coating that is 10 mm thick,and the outer wall surface has
a coat that is 15 to 20 mm thick.
o Plastering can strengthen the structure of the structure of the building ,shield it from the
impacts to the weather, and improve its aesthetic appeal.
Parapet and front elevation work
o Now parapet walls are constructed on top of the roof and elevation work is completed as
per the drawing.
Internal finishing
o After proper curing of the plaster for a specified period, internal finishing work starts.
o Experts carry out the interior design in accordance with the steps outlined by the
architect.
o Vinear plywood is used on the site.